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Chinese Journal of Hematology logoLink to Chinese Journal of Hematology
. 2017 Aug;38(8):690–694. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2017.08.008

PCR检测肠黏膜HHV6在异基因造血干细胞移植术后重度腹泻患者中的意义

Significance of PCR detection of HHV6 in gastro biopsy on the course of diarrhea in patients with severe diarrhea after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Tingting Han 1, Xiaosu Zhao 1, Xiaojun Huang 1, Xiaohui Zhang 1, Kaiyan Liu 1, Yu Wang 1, Chenhua Yan 1, Lanping Xu 1,
Editor: 王 叶青1
PMCID: PMC7348244  PMID: 28954348

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the clinical significance of PCR detection of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6) in gastro biopsy on the course of diarrhea in patients with severe diarrhea after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).

Methods

Data from a cohort of 45 HSCT recipients (including age, sex, transplantation conditions, graft-versus-host disease, treatments, clinical signs, outcome, HHV6, and other infections) performed between 2015 and 2016 were collected. Univariate analysis was used to evaluate influences between the different parameters.

Results

Of the 45 enrolled recipients, 21 patients (46.7%) presented HHV6 positive in gastro-biopsy during the analyzed period. The incidence of CMV viremia in the positive HHV6 group was comparable with that in the negative HHV6 group. But the incidence of EBV viremia in the positive HHV6 group was significantly higher than in the negative HHV6 group (P=0.028). 44 out of 45 patients with severe diarrhea were given antiviral treatment with foscarnet and/or ganciclovir, the latter didn't influence the course of the diarrhea.

Conclusion

Positive PCR results in GI tract samples didn't necessarily reflect reactivation of HHV6. Further studies are needed to define the significance of HHV6 for GI tract symptoms after allo-HSCT.

Keywords: Herpesvirus 6, human; Diarrhea; Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation


异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)越来越多用于治疗血液系统疾病,而腹泻是allo-HSCT术后常见的合并症[1]。移植后腹泻最常见的原因是移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)[2][3]和感染[4]。病毒感染也是移植后常见的合并症,疱疹类病毒感染,如CMV和EBV感染被认为和急性移植物抗宿主病(aGVHD)、移植物排斥相关[5][6];有报道认为人疱疹病毒6型(HHV6)与aGVHD和非复发死亡(NRM)相关[7][8],但是关于肠道HHV6与移植后腹泻的关系报道很少。Amo等[9]报道4例造血干细胞移植术后出现重度腹泻的患者,在外周血和肠黏膜组织中均发现HHV6,同时通过病理原位杂交方法证实在杯状细胞或者组织细胞中HHV6-DNA阳性,提示HHV6感染或者再激活可能是腹泻的原因;Mousset等[10]回顾性分析结果提示肠黏膜HHV6阳性并不能提示肠道感染HHV6。本研究通过回顾性分析我院allo-HSCT术后出现重度腹泻患者的临床资料,分析肠黏膜HHV6感染在重度腹泻患者中的发生率、临床特征、治疗及与预后的关系,以探讨肠黏膜HHV6检测在allo-HSCT后腹泻中的意义。

病例与方法

1.病例:回顾性分析2015年2月至2016年8月于我所行allo-HSCT后出现重度腹泻并行肠镜检查的45例患者的临床资料,其中男26例,女19例,中位年龄29(11~67)岁。原发病包括急性髓系白血病20例,急性淋巴细胞白血病15例,其他疾病10例。移植类型包括同胞全相合移植3例,亲缘半相合移植40例,非血缘移植2例。所有患者均为临床诊断GVHD,经过常规抗GVHD治疗无效的患者。患者的详细临床资料见表1

表1. 肠黏膜人疱疹病毒6型(HHV6)阳性患者与HHV6阴性患者临床特征比较.

特征 HHV6阳性组(21例) HHV6阴性组(24例) 统计量 P
性别[例(%)] 0.275 0.600
 男 13(61.9) 13(54.2)
 女 8(38.1) 11(45.8)
年龄[岁,M(范围)] 29(14~54) 28.5(11~67) 0.665 0.832
移植类型[例(%)] 0.100 0.751
 同胞全相合 1(4.8) 2(8.3)
 亲缘单倍体 19(90.4) 21(87.5)
 非血缘全相合 1(4.8) 1(4.2)
疾病[例(%)] 4.694 0.096
 AML 8(38.1) 12(50.0)
 ALL 5(23.8) 10(41.7)
 其他 8(38.1) 2(8.3)
CMV血症[例(%)] 16(76.2) 21(87.5) 0.980 0.322
EBV血症[例(%)] 6(28.6) 1(4.2) 4.815 0.028

注:AML:急性髓系白血病;ALL:急性淋巴细胞白血病

2.预处理方案及GVHD预防:采用我所常规预处理方案,GVHD预防均采用环孢素A(CsA)加短程甲氨蝶呤(MTX)和霉酚酸酯(MMF)方案[11]。急、慢性GVHD诊断和分度同文献[12][13]。植活标准:白细胞植活是指中性粒细胞绝对计数连续3 d>0.5×109/L,血小板植活是指在不输注血小板的情况下连续7 d PLT>20×109/L。

3.病毒监测及治疗:移植后180 d内,每周至少行血CMV和EBV监测1次,如果为阳性,则每周监测2次直至阴性;腹泻患者行肠镜检查时包括检测肠黏膜HHV6、CMV-DNA和EBV-DNA,同时肠黏膜活组织送病理科检查CMV早晚期抗原及EBER。如果CMV阳性,给予更昔洛韦和(或)膦甲酸钠治疗。HHV6检测:采用RT-PCR方法检测肠黏膜匀浆中的HHV6 DNA,检测方法按照HHV6核酸测定试剂盒(荧光PCR法,上海之江生物科技有限公司产品)的说明书进行,对于结果为阳性的标本反复检测3次。

4.GVHD处理措施:诊断GVHD后首选糖皮质激素(1 mg/kg)治疗,如果激素耐药的GVHD,加用二线CD25单抗治疗。

5.统计学处理:随访截止时间为2016年10月31日。采用SPSS16.0软件进行统计学分析,对于临床特征采用描述性统计学方法,组间比较采用卡方检验和Fisher's精确检验;采用SPSS中Kaplan-Meier生存曲线计算移植后1年的总体生存率。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果

1.发生率:45例患者中肠黏膜HHV6阳性者21例,阳性率为46.7%,肠黏膜CMV-DNA阳性率为6.0%,CMV原位抗原检测仅有2例阳性,阳性率为4.4%。肠黏膜其他病毒检测共有8例(17.8%)阳性。

2.临床表现:与HHV6相关的临床表现有发热、腹痛、肝功能不全、肾功能不全及中枢神经系统症状,研究结果显示在HHV6阳性患者中,腹痛、恶心、乏力、肌痛、肾功能损害、出血性膀胱炎和中枢神经系统症状的发生率显著高于HHV6阴性组患者(表2)。

表2. 肠黏膜人疱疹病毒6型(HHV6)阳性和阴性组患者临床表现比较[例(%)].

症状 HHV6阳性组(21例) HHV6阴性组(24例) 统计量 P
发热 10(47.6) 9(37.5) 0.470 0.493
腹痛 18(85.7) 11(45.8) 7.774 0.005
恶心 15(75) 5(25.0) 11.612 0.001
皮疹 5(55.6) 4(44.4) 0.357 0.550
乏力 19(61.3) 12(38.7) 8.562 0.003
肌痛 5(23.8) 0 6.429 0.011
肝功能异常 7(33.3) 7(29.2) 0.091 0.763
肾功能异常 6(28.6) 1(4.2) 5.078 0.024
膀胱炎 10(47.6) 4(16.7) 5.007 0.025
出血 18(85.7) 19(79.2) 0.328 0.567
精神症状 8(38.1) 3(12.5) 3.973 0.046

3.腹泻的治疗转归:所有45例患者均是在诊断GVHD、经过治疗腹泻无好转情况下行肠镜检查,44例患者在抗GVHD治疗基础上接受了更昔洛韦和(或)膦甲酸钠的抗病毒治疗,1例患者仅接受阿昔洛韦抗病毒。所有患者中共有35例患者腹泻治愈,其中21例HHV6阳性患者中18例治愈,3例未治愈;24例HHV6阴性患者中17例腹泻治愈,7例未治愈。腹泻发生的时间、次数、量以及腹泻持续时间等方面在HHV6阳性与阴性患者中差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05),两组间在抗病毒周期以及抗病毒治疗后腹泻的转归方面差异亦无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)(表3)。

表3. 肠黏膜人疱疹病毒6型(HHV6)阳性和阴性组患者腹泻的临床特征比较.

临床特征 HHV6阳性组(21例) HHV6阴性组(24例) 统计量 P
腹泻发生时间[d,M(范围)] 37(19~443) 39.5(11~543) −0.736 0.466
腹泻次数[次/d,M(范围)] 7(1~13) 5.5(1~11) 1.192 0.240
腹泻量[ml/d,M(范围)] 800(200~3 055) 600(205~1 810) 0.915 0.365
抗病毒周期[d,M(范围)] 23(6~62) 33.5(11~434) −1.330 0.193
腹泻最大量[ml,M(范围)] 1 925(365~4 435) 1 805(715~4 030) 0.156 0.877
应用CD25单抗[例(%)] 17(81.0) 21(87.5) 0.366 0.545
应用CD25单抗次数[次,M(范围)] 4.5(2~10) 3(2~7) 2.156 0.038
腹泻持续时间[d,M(范围)] 37(10~99) 32(7~90) 0.110 0.913
活检CMV阳性[例(%)] 1(4.8) 1(4.2) 0.009 0.923
合并其他病毒[例(%)] 4(19.0) 4(16.7) 0.043 0.835

4.生存情况:截至随访终点,45例患者中有36例(80.0%)存活,其中21例肠黏膜HHV6阳性患者存活18例(85.7%),24例HHV6阴性患者存活18例(75.0%),移植后1年累积生存率分别为79.4%和71.7%,两组间差异无统计学意义(图1)。

图1. 肠黏膜人疱疹病毒6型(HHV6)阳性组及阴性组生存情况.

图1

讨论

GVHD和病毒感染均为移植后常见的合并症,移植后严重腹泻的及时干预对于改善患者预后有重要意义,因此,腹泻的原因显得至关重要。HHV6感染在移植后常见[14][17],但是关于HHV6与腹泻关系的文献报道很少。Amo等[9]报道4例患者通过肠黏膜PCR和病理检查均检测到HHV6,提示HHV6再激活可能为移植后重度腹泻发生的原因。也有回顾性研究显示基于PCR方法的肠黏膜HHV6阳性的检出对于腹泻患者无临床意义[10]。为此,我们回顾性分析了我院allo-HSCT术后出现重度腹泻并且经过糖皮质激素、CD25单抗抗GVHD治疗无好转的患者,所有患者均行肠镜检查,活检取肠黏膜行HHV6-PCR检测。

关于HHV6在肠道活检标本中阳性率的报道很少。Hentrich等[18]分析228例allo-HSCT患者,其中17例有腹泻的患者结肠黏膜检出HHV6;Mousset等[10]回顾性分析50例移植后1年内出现严重消化道症状的患者,通过胃镜或者肠镜检查并行肠黏膜活检组织PCR检测HHV6以及其他疱疹类病毒,50例患者中共行102次活检,其中75份初次活检的标本中,HHV6阳性38份(50.7%)。本研究45例患者中21例(46.7%)肠黏膜HHV6 PCR阳性,与文献报道结果一致。

HHV6感染通常合并有其他临床表现,如发热、腹痛等,本研究显示HHV6阳性患者中腹痛、恶心、乏力、肌痛、肾功能损害、出血性膀胱炎和中枢神经系统症状的发生率显著高于HHV6阴性组患者,但是这些表现在其他病毒感染时也可以出现,因此目前这些临床表现并不能提示一定存在HHV6感染,只能说明可能与HHV6阳性具有相关性。

本研究结果显示在HHV6阳性患者中EBV血症发生率显著高于HHV6阴性患者。目前绝大多数学者认为HHV6与EBV均属于嗜淋巴细胞疱疹病毒,其在体内均有一定的潜伏期,研究发现由于EBV感染的B淋巴细胞表面伴有HHV6结合位点增加,受染细胞表面包括EBV受体在内的蛋白也增加,可激活潜伏期EBV至增殖感染期。也有研究发现EBV能激活体内潜伏的HHV6,改变其携带状况,使其相应抗体滴度增长4倍以上,同时也有研究表明HHV6的多个基因能反式激活B淋巴细胞中的EBV,使EBV从潜伏状态过渡到激活状态,进而导致与EBV相关疾病的发生[19][22]。因此本研究提示在EBV感染的同时出现HHV6的激活,但并不能证明HHV6感染。

Burns等[23]和Manichanh等[24]证实HHV6对于更昔洛韦或膦甲酸钠等抗病毒药物均很敏感。Mousset等[10]的回顾性研究显示HHV6阳性的患者经过抗病毒治疗后HHV6仍持续阳性,而且患者临床表现无好转。本研究中45例患者中44例均使用了更昔洛韦和(或)膦甲酸钠抗病毒治疗,但是腹泻持续时间、腹泻的转归在HHV6阳性与阴性两组间差异并无统计学意义,因此提示肠黏膜HHV6 PCR阳性并不一定代表HHV6感染,最近Halme等[25]报道在免疫功能正常的患者中有19%胃镜黏膜活检HHV6阳性,所以,单纯通过原位杂交检测方法似乎并不能明确病毒感染或者说在应用了抗病毒药物的腹泻人群中,用PCR方法是否在肠黏膜组织检测到HHV6 DNA,对于疾病的转归没有再增加临床意义。

总之,本研究结果及文献报道均显示肠黏膜HHV6 PCR阳性并不能证明HHV6在肠道的感染,但是限于本研究及文献均为回顾性研究,病例数也不多,患者没有复查肠镜,也不能排除抗病毒药物起效,所以关于HHV6在肠道感染的情况还需要前瞻性的研究来进一步证实。

Funding Statement

基金项目:国家自然科学基金(81370666);国家自然科学基金创新研究群体科学基金(81621001)

Fund program: National Natural Science Foundation of China(81370666); Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81621001)

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