Abstract
目的
分析血清游离轻链(sFLC)κ/λ比率(sFLCR)在初诊多发性骨髓瘤(MM)患者诊断和预后中的作用。
方法
回顾性分析2012年9月至2015年7月收治的82例初诊MM患者的临床资料,采用血清蛋白电泳(SPE)和免疫固定电泳(IFE)法检测血清单克隆蛋白(M蛋白)的表达,采用免疫比浊法检测sFLCκ、λ的表达水平,分析初诊时sFLCR在MM患者诊断和预后中的作用。
结果
初诊时82例患者中SPE法检测M蛋白阳性率为85.5%,IFE法检测M蛋白阳性率为93.9%,sFLC异常以及sFLCR异常者占96.3%。初诊时高比率组(sFLCR≥100或≤0.01,42例)与低比率组(0.01 <sFLCR<100,40例)患者40个月的总生存率分别为87%和61%,差异有统计学意义(P=0.034)。与低比率组患者比较,高比率组患者初诊时血肌酐值、浆细胞数、β2微球蛋白增高,血红蛋白降低,肾功能不全及需要透析者、DS分期Ⅲ期B组者、ISS分期Ⅲ期者、FISH检查异常者、λ轻链异常者较多,κ轻链异常者较少(P值均<0.05)。两组患者经过3~4个疗程诱导治疗后,高比率组和低比率组患者的治疗有效率(非常好的部分缓解及其以上)差异有统计学意义(45.2%对72.5%,P=0.012)。初诊肾功能不全者(肌酐≥178 µmol/L, 14例)与肾功能正常者(68例)的2年总生存率差异无统计学意义(85.7%对91.2%,P=0.894)。
结论
初诊时sFLC的检测相对于SPE和IFE法检测M蛋白对诊断MM有更高的敏感性;初诊时sFLCR明显异常的患者可能具有更高的肿瘤负荷和更强的侵袭性,可提示患者预后不良;初诊时伴有肾功能不全的MM患者经积极治疗后可获得与肾功能正常患者同样的疗效。
Keywords: 血清游离轻链比率, 多发性骨髓瘤, 诊断, 预后
Abstract
Objective
The roles of serum free light chain ratio (sFLCR) in the diagnosis and prognosis of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) patients were analyzed.
Methods
The clinical data was retrospectively analyzed for 82 newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) patients in the first affiliated hospital of Soochow University from September 28, 2012 to July 18, 2105. The serum free light chain levels were measured and κ/λ ratios were calculated, so we could analyze the roles of sFLCR in the diagnosis and prognosis of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) patients.
Results
It was 85.5% (70/82) positive of M protein by serum protein electrophoresis (SFE) and 93.9%(77/82) by serum immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE). Both sFLC and sFLCR abnormalities were 96.3% (79/82). The estimated 40-months overall survival was 87% for the high free light chain ratio group (sFLCR ≥100 or≤0.01) and 61% for the low free light chain ratio group (0.01<sFLCR<100), respectively, with a statistical significance (P=0.034). Compared with low sFLCR group, high sFLCR group had elevated levels of serum creatinine, bone marrow plasma cells and β2-MG; lower level of hemoglobin; higher proportion of patients with renal dysfunction and selecting hemodialysis; more patients with DS stage ⅢB and ISS stage Ⅲ; higher proportion of abnormal fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and λ chain isotype. The low risk group had a rise of κ chain isotype (all P<0.05). And the difference was not statistically significant when compared with the age, sex, TP, ALB, CRP, LDH, Ca2+, M protein and chromosome. After 3–4 courses of induction chemotherapy, based on the response criteria formulated by the IMWG for patients who could reach the Very Good Remission or better (VGPR+), the responses of VGPR+ were 45.2% (19/42) in high sFLCR group and 72.5% (29/40) in low group (P=0.012). Among them, there were 14 cases (17.1%) of NDMM with renal dysfunction. The 2-year survivals in patients with renal insufficiency and normal renal function were 85.7% and 91.2% (P=0.894), respectively.
Conclusion
sFLC assay is much more sensitive than the common methods used, such as SPE and IFE for the diagnosis of MM. The patients with significantly abnormal sFLCR have more tumor burden, higher aggressive progression, and adverse prognosis. Compared with the patients who have normal renal function, the patients with renal insufficiency acquire the same effect after receiving reasonable treatment actively.
Keywords: Free light chain ratio, Muliple myeloma, Diagnosis, Prognosis
多发性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma,MM)是浆细胞恶性增殖性疾病,其特征为骨髓中克隆性浆细胞异常增生,分泌单克隆免疫球蛋白或其片段(M蛋白),并导致相关器官或组织损伤。常见临床表现为骨痛、贫血、肾功能不全和感染等[1]。自2001年起,血清游离轻链(sFLC)的检测开始应用于临床,欧洲骨髓移植协作组(EBMT)和国际骨髓瘤工作组(IMWG)均将sFLC检测引入MM的诊疗指南中,用于疾病的诊断和疗效评判[1]–[2]。有研究者报道sFLC κ/λ比率(sFLCR)异常提示MM患者预后不良[3]–[7],国内亦有专家学者呼吁应重视sFLC检测在MM中的应用[8]。在本研究中我们回顾性分析了单中心82例初诊MM患者的临床资料,旨在对sFLCR在初诊MM患者中的诊断、预后作用进行初步探讨。
病例与方法
1.病例:收集2012年9月28日至2015年7月18日确诊并入住我院接受治疗的82例MM患者的临床资料。入组患者参照2013年修订的《中国MM诊治指南》[1]进行诊断和治疗。82例患者中接受以硼替佐米为基础化疗方案治疗者70例(85.4%),接受以沙利度胺为基础化疗方案者8例(9.8%),接受以卡菲佐米为基础化疗方案者4例(4.8%)。22例(26.8%)患者在诱导化疗后行自体造血干细胞移植治疗。
2.血清蛋白电泳(SPE)和免疫固定电泳(IFE)法检测血清单克隆免疫球蛋白(M蛋白)的表达:开始治疗前30 d内采集患者外周血2 ml,收集血清样本。SPE和IFE法均采用法国SEBIA公司生产的HYDRASYS2全自动电泳仪进行检测,SPE和IFE试剂盒均为法国SEBIA公司产品,按试剂盒说明书操作。由专业技师判断结果并出具检测报告。
3.免疫比浊法检测sFLC κ、λ的表达水平:样本采集同上。采用美国贝克曼库尔特IMMAGE 800特定蛋白分析系统进行检测,κ、λ轻链检测试剂盒为英国Binding Site公司产品,按照试剂盒说明书进行操作。sFLC的正常值范围为试剂盒自带,取值为:κ轻链3.3~19.4 mg/L,λ轻链5.71~26.3 mg/L,sFLCR 0.26~1.65。参考文献[4]–[5],[9],结合我中心的实际经验,将sFLCR≥100或≤0.01定义为高比率组,0.01<sFLCR<100定义为低比率组。
4.随访和疗效评估:随访截止时间为2015年8月17日,中位随访时间为13.6 (2.1~51.9)个月。采用门诊、住院病历查阅及电话联系方式进行随访。总生存(OS)时间定义为从患者诊断明确到死亡或随访截止日期。治疗后疗效评价采用文献[9]标准,分为完全缓解(CR)、严格意义的CR (sCR)、非常好的部分缓解(VGPR)、部分缓解(PR)、疾病稳定(SD)、疾病进展(PD)、CR后复发。
5.统计学处理:采用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计学分析。计量资料比较用两独立样本的非参数检验(Mann Whitney U检验),计数资料的比较用独立样本R×C列联表资料的卡方检验。生存分析应用Kaplan-Meier检验,组间比较应用Log-rank检验,单因素分析和多因素分析应用Cox比例分险回归模型,采用Pearson相关系数进行简单相关性分析。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
结果
1.一般特征:82例患者中,男47例,女35例,中位年龄为59(29~73)岁,年龄≥65岁者19例(23.2%)。M蛋白分型:完整Ig型63例(76.8%)、轻链型18例(22.0%)、双克隆型1例(1.2%);以κ轻链增高为主型36例(43.9%),以λ轻链增高为主型46例(56.1%);Durie-Salmon(DS)分期:Ⅲ期A组者62例(75.6%)、Ⅲ期B组者15例(18.3%),Ⅱ期者4例(4.9%),Ⅰ期者1例(1.2%);国际分期体系(ISS)分期:Ⅲ期者30例(36.6%),Ⅱ期者34例(41.4%)。Ⅰ期者18例(22.0%)。
2. sFLC检测的敏感性分析:82例患者中初诊时SPE法M蛋白阳性检出率为85.5%(70/82),IFE法M蛋白阳性检出率为93.9%(77/82),免疫比浊法检测sFLC κ或λ异常以及sFLCR异常者占96.3%(79/82),SPE法与sFLC检测阳性检出率比较,差异有统计学意义(P=0.015);IFE法与sFLC检测阳性检出率比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.717),但有5例患者初诊时IFE法检测为阴性,而免疫比浊法检测sFLC κ或λ值均高于正常值范围,sFLCR均不在正常值范围。
3.不同sFLCR分组患者临床特征比较:按初诊时不同sFLCR分组患者的临床特征比较结果见表1。与低比率组患者比较,高比率组患者初诊时血肌酐值、浆细胞比例、β2微球蛋白(β2-MG)增高,血红蛋白降低,肾功能不全及需要透析者、DS分期Ⅲ期B组者、ISS分期Ⅲ期者、FISH检查异常者、λ轻链异常者较多,κ轻链异常者较少(P值均<0.05)。初诊时两组患者年龄、性别、血清总蛋白、血清白蛋白、C反应蛋白(CRP)、LDH、Ca2+、M蛋白水平、染色体异常发生率差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。
表1. 初诊时不同血清游离轻链κ/λ比率(sFLCR)分组多发性骨髓瘤患者的临床特征比较.
临床特征 | 高sFLCR组(42例) | 低sFLCR组(40例) | P值 |
年龄(岁,x±s) | 59.5±9.5 | 59.0±9.3 | 0.820 |
性别(男/女,例) | 26/16 | 21/19 | 0.389 |
Ig分型(完整Ig型/轻链型/双克隆型,例) | 31/11/0 | 32/7/1 | 0.325 |
分型(κ增高为主型/λ增高为主型,例) | 12/30 | 24/16 | 0.004 |
DS分期(ⅠA/ⅡA/ⅢA/ⅢB期,例) | 0/3/26/13 | 1/1/36/2 | 0.005 |
(ⅠA + ⅡA + ⅢA期/ⅢB期,例) | 29/13 | 38/2 | 0.002 |
ISS分期(Ⅰ/Ⅱ/Ⅲ期,例) | 4/18/20 | 14/16/10 | 0.016 |
(Ⅰ+Ⅱ期/Ⅲ期,例) | 22/20 | 30/10 | 0.034 |
HGB(g/L,x±s) | 84.5±22.8 | 94.5±30.4 | 0.031 |
血清总蛋白(g/L,x±s) | 86.8±21.2 | 85.4±19.8 | 0.603 |
血清白蛋白(g/L,x±s) | 34.3±8.5 | 33.8±7.7 | 0.507 |
C反应蛋白[mg/L,M(范围)] | 4.90(0.03~13.70) | 5.40(0.05~15.00)a | 0.544 |
LDH[U/L,M(范围)] | 175.5(93.0~3 740.0) | 159(89~338)a | 0.430 |
血肌酐[µmol /L,M(范围)] | 82.5(24.0~1 563.0) | 68.5(39.0~204.0) | 0.003 |
Ca2+(mmol /L,x±s) | 2.24±0.40 | 2.08±0.3 | 0.056 |
单克隆免疫球蛋白[g/L,M(范围)] | 28.2(0~98.5) | 27.0(0~94.0) | 0.766 |
骨髓浆细胞比例[M(范围)] | 0.355(0.080~0.860) | 0.215(0.010~0.740) | 0.043 |
β2微球蛋白[mg/L,M(范围)] | 5.5(1.5~20.1) | 3.5(1.3~20.0) | 0.002 |
染色体核型检查[异常例数/检测例数(%)] | 7/38(18.4) | 2/37(5.4) | 0.169 |
FISH检查[异常例数/检测例数(%)] | 28/38(73.7) | 14/35(40.0) | 0.004 |
肾功能不全[例(%)] | 13(31.0) | 1(2.5) | 0.001 |
血液透析术治疗[例(%)] | 10(23.8) | 0 | 0.003 |
注:DS分期:Durie-Salmon分期;ISS:国际分期体系;FISH检查异常:检测13q14/Rb1/P53/1q21/IgH重排,定义:13q14/Rb1/P53缺失阳性率大于等于20%为阳性;1q21扩增大于等于20%为阳性;IgH重排大于等于10%为阳性,未再加做IgH重排;以上5项中任意一项阳性定义为FISH检查异常,5项均阴性者定义为FISH检查正常;a:检测例数为39例
4.不同sFLCR分组患者的治疗方案和疗效比较:高比率组42例患者中有38例接受以硼替佐米、地塞米松为基础的化疗方案,有3例接受以沙利度胺、脂质体阿霉素、地塞米松为主的方案,有1例接受以卡菲佐米、马法兰、地塞米松为主的化疗方案。低比率组40例患者中有32例接受以硼替佐米、地塞米松为基础的化疗方案,有5例接受以沙利度胺、脂质体阿霉素、地塞米松为主的方案,有3例接受以卡菲佐米、马法兰、地塞米松为主的化疗方案。两组患者经过3~4个疗程诱导治疗后,高比率与低比率组患者比较,CR率差异无统计学意义(21.4%对35.0%,P=0.171),VGPR以上有效率差异有统计学意义(45.2%对72.5%,P=0.012)。
5.高比率与低比率组患者生存情况比较:中位随访时间为13.6 (2.1~51.9)个月。高比率组与低比率组患者40个月的OS率分别为87%和61%,差异有统计学意义(P=0.034)(图1)。应用Cox比例风险回归模型分析sFLCR异常对患者生存时间的影响,高比率组与低比率组比较,HR为3.821,95%CI为0.92~15.85,P=0.065。
图1. 血清游离轻链κ/λ比率(sFLCR)对多发性骨髓瘤患者总生存的影响.
6.初诊时sFLC值与肌酐值的关系分析:82例患者中,κ轻链增高为主型36例(43.9%), λ轻链增高为主型46例(56.1%)。结果显示初诊时κ轻链值(r2=0.973,P=0.000)、λ轻链值(r2=0.421,P=0.004)均与肌酐值呈正相关。
7. sFLCR与肾功能不全的关系分析:82例患者中,初诊时肾功能不全者(肌酐≥178 µmol/L)14例(17.1%),10例患者在治疗初期需要联合血液透析术治疗(4例接受硼替佐米联合地塞米松治疗,5例接受硼替佐米、沙利度胺联合地塞米松治疗,1例接受沙利度胺、脂质体阿霉素联合地塞米松治疗)。14例患者中,6例接受硼替佐米、沙利度胺联合地塞米松治疗,5例接受硼替佐米联合地塞米松治疗,2例接受沙利度胺、脂质体阿霉素联合地塞米松治疗,1例接受硼替佐米、脂质体阿霉素联合地塞米松治疗。
初诊时肾功能不全的14例患者中有13例属于高比率组,仅1例属于低比率组。治疗早期行化疗联合血液透析术治疗的10例患者中,4例接受化疗1个疗程后无需血液透析术治疗,2例治疗早期(3个月内)死亡,4例目前仍需要血液透析术治疗。肾功能不全患者(14例)与肾功能正常患者(68例)的OS时间(33.4个月对43.1个月,P=0.433)和2年OS率(85.7%对91.2%,P=0.894)差异均无统计学意义。初诊时高sFLCR合并肾功能不全患者(13例)与初诊时低sFLCR合并肾功能正常患者(39例)的中位OS时间分别为33.1(95% CI为25.6~40.5)个月和40.6(95%CI为35.8~45.5)个月,差异无统计学意义(P=0.154)。
讨论
尿本周蛋白、SPE、IFE检测均是诊断MM常用的方法。尿本周蛋白常用于筛查,其敏感性较低;SPE的检测敏感性为500~2 000 mg/L[7];IFE的检测敏感性为100~150 mg/L;而sFLC检测敏感性较高,可达2~4 mg/L [11]–[13],Yan等[9]对121例初诊MM患者的sFLC值及sFLCR进行分析,发现初诊时SPE阳性率为81.9%(86/105),IFE阳性率为89.3%(108/121),sFLC κ或λ异常者占97.5%(118/121),sFLCR异常者占99.2%(120/121),均验证了sFLC检测在诊断MM时较SPE、IFE有更高的敏感性。
有报道称κ或λ轻链增高伴随sFLCR异常间接反映了克隆性浆细胞扩增的出现[7]。在本研究中我们发现与低比率组患者比较,高比率组患者初诊时浆细胞数和β2-MG水平高、FISH检查异常者人数多。浆细胞数、β2-MG水平增高提示有更高的肿瘤负荷和肿瘤细胞高增殖率[14];FISH检查异常者人数增多提示骨髓浸润程度重、抑制程度深,贫血程度更严重。同时我们还发现高比率组患者血肌酐值较高,患者sFLC κ或λ值均与肌酐值呈正相关。因高比率组患者肿瘤负荷重,其克隆性的浆细胞分泌更多的轻链,这些过多分泌的轻链经肾小球过滤时损伤了肾小管,造成肾功能不全或衰竭[7],因此高比率组有更多的肾功能不全及需要血液透析术治疗的患者,DS分期Ⅲ期B组患者人数增多。
此外在本研究中我们还发现低比率组较高比率组患者更易获得VGPR以上的缓解,可能与低比率组患者肿瘤负荷及肿瘤细胞增殖率低、侵袭性小有关,治疗缓解率相对较高。
国外研究报道异常的sFLCR是意义未明的单克隆丙种球蛋白血症、冒烟性骨髓瘤、孤立性骨髓瘤进展的不良因素,sFLCR异常可作为独立的不良预后因素[3],[5],[7],[15]–[19]。2007年Kyrtsonis等[4]对94例初诊MM患者sFLCR与预后的关系进行研究,将sFLCR≤3.57 mg/L或≥45.09 mg/L者定义为高比率组,余定义为低比率组,发现两组患者5年OS率分别为82%和30%,首次报道了sFLCR异常是MM独立的不良预后因素。2008年,Snozek等[5]检测了790例初诊MM患者的sFLC值,将sFLCR<0.03或>32者定义为高比率组(479例),0.03≤sFLCR≤32者定义为低比率组(311例),发现两组患者中位OS期分别为30和39个月,表明初诊时sFLCR为患者重要的预后因素,并建议将sFLCR与ISS分期联合进行患者的预后评估。之后有报道得出相似的结论[6],[9]。此外,有研究者报道治疗后sFLCR正常化是MM患者预后良好的指标[20]–[22],从另一方面说明了治疗后sFLCR正常化与预后的关系。本研究组患者的中位随访时间为13.6个月,有8例死亡,高、低比率组患者的中位OS时间均未达到,两组患者40个月时的OS率差异有统计学意义(P=0.034),与文献[4]–[6],[9]报道相符。
有研究报道初诊时伴有肾功能不全的MM患者预后差,而以硼替佐米为基础的化疗对伴有肾功能不全的MM患者疗效显著[14],[23]–[26],硼替佐米联合血液透析术治疗严重肾损伤的患者可明显改善肾功能及预后[27]。本研究中,14例伴肾功能不全的患者中仅有2例死亡,可能的原因为14例患者中有13例接受了含有硼替佐米为基础的联合方案,有10例患者早期还联合了血液透析术治疗,提示初诊时伴有肾功能不全的MM患者经积极治疗后可获得与肾功能正常患者同样的疗效。
总之,初诊时sFLC检测对MM的诊断、预后评估均有很高的临床价值;初诊时sFLCR明显异常者可能有更高的肿瘤负荷和更强的侵袭性,可提示患者预后不良;初诊时伴有肾功能不全者经积极治疗后可获得与肾功能正常患者同样的疗效。
Funding Statement
基金项目:国家自然科学基金(81302046);江苏省临床医学中心项目(ZX201102);国家临床重点专科建设项目;卫生公益性行业科研专项(201202017)
Fund program: National Natural Science Foundation of China(81302046); Jiangsu Province's Key Medical Center(ZX201102); National Clinical Key Subject Project; National Public Health Grand Research Foundation(20120207)
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