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. 2020 Jun 18;20(7):5207–5213. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01499

Signature of Large-Gap Quantum Spin Hall State in the Layered Mineral Jacutingaite

Konrád Kandrai †, Péter Vancsó †, Gergő Kukucska ‡, János Koltai ‡, György Baranka †, Ákos Hoffmann †, Áron Pekker , Katalin Kamarás , Zsolt E Horváth †, Anna Vymazalová §, Levente Tapasztó †, Péter Nemes-Incze †,*
PMCID: PMC7349644  PMID: 32551708

Abstract

graphic file with name nl0c01499_0005.jpg

Quantum spin Hall (QSH) insulators host edge states, where the helical locking of spin and momentum suppresses backscattering of charge carriers, promising applications from low-power electronics to quantum computing. A major challenge for applications is the identification of large gap QSH materials, which would enable room temperature dissipationless transport in their edge states. Here we show that the layered mineral jacutingaite (Pt2HgSe3) is a candidate QSH material, realizing the long sought-after Kane–Mele insulator. Using scanning tunneling microscopy, we measure a band gap in excess of 100 meV and identify the hallmark edge states. By calculating the Inline graphic invariant, we confirm the topological nature of the gap. Jacutingaite is stable in air, and we demonstrate exfoliation down to at least two layers and show that it can be integrated into heterostructures with other two-dimensional materials. This adds a topological insulator to the 2D quantum material library.

Keywords: Topological insulator, Low-dimensional materials, Quantum spin Hall effect (QSH), Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)

The QSH state1,2 has first been realized experimentally, at cryogenic temperatures, in HgTe quantum wells.3 Interestingly, the prototype QSH insulator is actually graphene, when it was realized by Kane and Mele that its Dirac quasiparticles are gapped and characterized by a Inline graphic topological invariant if spin orbit coupling (SOC) is considered.4,5 However, the low SOC in graphene results in a gap of only a few μeV, making its topological properties a mere theoretical curiosity. To realize a Kane–Mele insulator, a material is needed with the honeycomb lattice of graphene, but having large SOC.4 In the past few years there has been a tremendous effort to find a layered material conforming to these requirements. From the point of view of applications, the candidate material forming this “heavy metal graphene”, should ideally have the following characteristics. It should have a topological gap above room temperature, to enable room temperature dissipationless charge transport. The van der Waals bonding between the layers of the material should be weak enough6 to enable exfoliation by the well-known methods developed for 2D materials. This would enable integration into heterostructures with the vast numbers of other 2D quantum materials discovered to date.7,8 Such a combination with other 2D materials can enable a high degree of control over the edge states.7 For example, in proximity with 2D superconductors, Majorana quasiparticles could be formed.9 Lastly, it should be stable in air under ambient conditions, making the material widely usable.

One possibility to realize a QSH system, is to increase the SOC in graphene by placing it in proximity to materials with a large atomic number,10−12 either with adatoms13,14 or in a substrate.15−17 The resulting SOC induced gap is on the order of 10 meV at best. An alternative is to find a material with an intrinsically large topological gap,18 such as a bismuth honeycomb layer on SiC,19,20 with a band gap of 0.8 eV. However, the crystal structure and therefore the topological properties of this bismuthene are linked to the SiC support, limiting its applicability. Similar constraints arise in the case of stanene21 and other group IV honeycomb layers and perhaps for bismuth (111) bilayers.22,23

Among materials that exist as freestanding single layers, the 1T′ phase of transition metal dichalcogenides are predicted to be QSH insulators.24 For MoS2, WSe2, and WTe2 the hallmark edge states have been identified by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)25−29 and by charge transport measurements for WTe2.30 However, MoS2 and WSe2 are metastable and easily convert to the 2H phase,31 while WTe2 is stable in the 1T′ polymorph but rapidly oxidizes in air. None of the above examples are stable under ambient conditions, with the possible exception of Bi14Rh3I9.32 However, due to the complex crystal structure and ionic bonding between the layers,33 it is not clear if it is possible to isolate a single layer of it.

Here we present evidence via STM measurements that jacutingaite (Pt2HgSe3), a naturally occurring mineral,34,35 realizes a room temperature Kane–Mele insulator, satisfying all of the above criteria. By measuring on the basal plane of exfoliated multilayer crystals, we identify a bulk band gap and edge states within this gap, localized to monolayer step edges, showing a decay length of 5 Å into the bulk. We reproduce the measured band gap and edge states by density functional theory calculations (DFT) of the monolayer. By calculating the Inline graphic invariant, we show that the band gap is expected to be topologically nontrivial, in accordance with the previous prediction of Marrazzo et al.36 Within our experiments Pt2HgSe3 has proven to be stable under ambient conditions, on a time scale of months to a year, as either bulk or exfoliated crystals with a thickness down to 1.3 nm, equivalent to one or two layers. This is no surprise since jacutingaite is a mineral;34,35 therefore, it should be stable not just under ambient but at pressures and temperatures relevant to geological processes.

The sample we investigated was grown synthetically, as described previously.35 For preparation and characterization details, see supplementary section S1. Additionally, we have measured and calculated the Raman spectrum of bulk crystals; see supplementary section S6. In the following, we focus on STM measurements of exfoliated thick crystals on a gold surface. The measurements were carried out in UHV at a base pressure of 5 × 10–11 Torr and a temperature of 9 K.

Jacutingaite is a ternary compound having a “sandwich-like” structure reminiscent of transition metal dichalcogenides, with a platinum layer between selenium and mercury. It can be regarded as “heavy metal graphene”, since states around the SOC induced gap are localized on the honeycomb lattice formed by Pt and Hg atoms (see bottom inset in Figure 1a).36 Indeed, in the absence of SOC these bands give rise to a Dirac cone at the K points of the Brillouin zone (see Figure 1b).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Atomic and electronic structure of Pt2HgSe3. (a) Atomic resolution, topographic STM image of Pt2HgSe3, stabilization parameters: 10 pA, −0.8 V. Sublattices are marked with a red triangle and rectangle, respectively. Right inset: atomic structure of Pt2HgSe3, top and side view. Bottom inset: Contour plot of the density of states within the conduction band in a 200 meV interval. (b) Band structure of Pt2HgSe3 single layer, from DFT calculation, without (gray) and with (colored) SOC. Size and color of the dots is proportional to the weight of Pt, Hg, or Se in the respective electronic state. (c) Comparison of measured dI/dV(V) signal (blue) and calculated (red) density of states. The measurement was conducted on the defect free basal plane of Pt2HgSe3. The calculation is for a monolayer of Pt2HgSe3. Band gap highlighted in gray. (d) Measured dI/dV spectra as a function of distance from a step edge on the basal plane. The spectra are offset for clarity. Topographic STM image of the step shown on the left side of the spectra. The positions of the spectra are shown by dots with the respective colors.

The atomic resolution STM images of the basal plane reflect this honeycomb structure; for an example, see Figure 1a. The topographic image shows a sublattice symmetry broken graphene-like arrangement of the local density of states (LDOS), with the unit cell shown by a red rhombus. The unit cell size is measured to be 7.3 Å, in agreement with the expected unit cell size (7.34 Å) measured via X-ray diffraction.35 Upon closer examination, we can observe a difference in the apparent height of the two sublattices, marked by red squares and triangles in Figure 1a. This sublattice symmetry breaking is a consequence of the buckled honeycomb nature of the Pt–Hg lattice. The buckling means that each inequivalent sublattice resides on opposing sides of the single layer, similarly to silicene or germanene.

Measuring the differential tunneling conductivity (dI/dV(V)) on the defect free basal plane reveals a bulk band gap of 110 mV, shown by the gray shading in Figure 1c. Importantly, if measured far away from any surface defects or edges, the dI/dV signal goes to zero inside the gap, showing that this energy range is indeed devoid of electronic states. The measured LDOS is in excellent agreement with density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the monolayer; see red plot in Figure 1c. The 110 meV gap shown here is a best case scenario, where we purposely selected an area devoid of any surface defects. The large defect concentration of the basal plane (see supplementary section S3) makes the local electronic structure inhomogeneous. In order to characterize the gap rigorously, we have measured the band gap from 982 individual spectra in an area 10 × 10 nm2. The mean gap value was found to be 78 meV, with a standard deviation of 27 meV (for details see supplementary section S4). The topological nature of the band gap is established by calculating the Inline graphic index (see supplementary section S7). By comparing the red and blue plots in Figure 1c, we can immediately see that the calculated LDOS of the monolayer accurately reproduces the dI/dV spectrum measured on the top layer of a bulk crystal. Also considering that the measurement is not reproduced by the calculated surface DOS of a four layer slab, suggests that the top Pt2HgSe3 layer in our measurement is decoupled from the bulk (see supplementary section S7.1). This is supported by our STM measurements of the monolayer step height, which is found to be 0.7 Å larger than the intrinsic interlayer distance of 5.3 Å (see inset in Figure 2a and Figure 1Sc of the Supporting Information).

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Characterizing the edge state. (a) Topographic STM image of a zigzag edge. Stabilization parameters: −0.85 V bias, 30 pA. dI/dV spectra shown in (e) are measured along the green line. Black dotted lines mark the edge, as in (a–c, e–g). Inset: height section of the step. (b) dI/dV image, measured in the same area as the topographic image in (a), outside the gap in the conduction band, at bias voltage −0.85 V. (c) dI/dV image, measured in the same area as (a, b), at a bias voltage of −1.15 V inside the gap. The position of the edge state is marked between two dotted black lines. (d) Top: dI/dV signal modulation along the edge state. Section between the black dotted lines in (c). Bottom: fast Fourier transform of the line section. (e) Plot of dI/dV spectra measured as a function of distance from the edge. The spectra are recorded along the green line in (c). (f) Calculated LDOS of the conduction band. (g) Calculated LDOS of the edge state, using a broadening of 2.6 Å. LDOS periodicity along the edge is equal to the unit cell size (shown by arrowed black line). Edge state LDOS is concentrated between the dotted black lines. (h) Averaged section across the edge state within the purple dotted box shown in (c). The decay of the edge state into the bulk is of the order of 5 Å, the same as the decay in the calculation: (g) For extended data, see section 10 of the Supporting Information.

Although the measured LDOS is reproduced by the DOS of the monolayer, the sample is heavily n doped. In the case of the measured curve in Figure 1c, the Fermi level marked by zero bias is shifted above the conduction band, leaving the band gap at −1.15 eV. A possible source of the high n doping might be defects or inhomogeneities in the bulk crystal (see supplementary section S3). A strong indicator of these is the presence of PtSe2 in the sample and that, in the case of all crystals, we observe a large number of adsorbates even on the freshly cleaved basal plane. Investigating the doping in exfoliated crystals down to the bilayer thickness, we find that the n doping is considerably less, with the Fermi level being at least 0.5 V closer to the topological gap than for the bulk (see supplementary Figures 13S and 14S). This points to inhomogeneities and defects as being the most likely cause of the doping, as well as the enlarged interlayer spacing.

Having established the location of the band gap in the dI/dV spectra, let us focus on investigating the presence of the predicted QSH edge states.36 Other QSH material candidates, such as WTe2,29 Bi14Rh3I9,33 and ZrTe537 also reproduce the LDOS of the monolayer, when measuring the top of bulk crystals with STM. For these materials, monolayer steps on the bulk surface show the hallmark edge states residing in the band gap. In Figure 1d, we show individual dI/dV spectra measured near a monolayer step edge on a thick flake, having hundreds of layers. The positions of the spectra are marked by similarly colored dots on the STM image of the step. At a position 2 nm away from the step edge, the spectra reproduce the LDOS measured deep in the bulk of the sample. Moving even closer to the edge, at a distance of ∼1 nm, the LDOS inside the band gap starts to increase, indicating the presence of an in gap state. An extra state localized to the edge also appears above the conduction band, at −0.2 V, which is a fingerprint of the edge structure. During our STM investigation, straight and atomically clean edges were always of the zigzag kind. Therefore, we checked the atomic and electronic structure of this edge orientation terminated by Se, Pt, and Hg, by optimizing the atomic lattice of monolayer ribbons in DFT. The only atomic configuration that shows the hallmark edge state above the conduction band and is energetically stable, is a Se terminated zigzag edge (see Figure 3 and supplementary section S8). Thus, we have used this trivial edge state above the conduction band to identify the type of zigzag edge present in the measurement. This allows us to accurately reproduce the LDOS of the edge in our calculations.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Pt2HgSe3 nanoribbon. Topological edge states. (a) Band structure of a 3.2 nm wide zigzag ribbon, calculated using DFT. The topological edge state is shown in red, while the trivial edge state above the conduction band is shown in green. (b) LDOS contour plot of the topological edge state integrated over the whole topological band.

In the following we examine in more detail the increased LDOS near the monolayer step edge. In Figure 2c we show an image of the dI/dV signal at a voltage inside the gap, measured along an edge shown in Figure 2a. An increased dI/dV signal indicates an increased LDOS near the step. In all panels on Figure 2 the black dotted lines mark the position of the edge. The decay of the edge state into the bulk is found to be on the order of 5 Å, in agreement with prediction.36 Taking a section between the dotted black lines (Figure 2d), one observes that the edge LDOS is modulated by the atomic periodicity, as expected for a topological edge state.20,38 A further hallmark of topological edge states is that the state is not perturbed by the presence of a defect, visible in the top-right area of Figure 2a. If backscattering would take place due to the defect this would result in a modulation of the local density of states along the edge. The wavelength of this modulation is determined by the change is crystal momentum of the scattered electron, which can be obtained from the dispersion relation along the edge, shown in Figure 3a. The voltage used in the measurement (−1.15 V) corresponds to an energy in the middle of the gap. At this energy, the change in crystal momentum would result in a periodicity of 13.1 Å related to intraband scattering.20 To check the presence of backscattering, we show the Fourier transform of the dI/dV signal along the edge in Figure 2d. We observe the peak corresponding to 1/0.73 nm–1 unit cell periodicity, but the peak for backscattering is clearly absent. This conclusion is further strengthened by additional Fourier analysis on a longer, irregular edge (see supplementary section S5). This analysis is essentially a 1D analogue of probing the suppression of backscattering on the 2D surface state of strong topological insulators by STM measurement of quasiparticle interference patterns.39

Finally, comparing the dI/dV images with the calculated LDOS map inside the topological gap (Figure 2g) and of the complete valence band (Figure 2f), we find that there is good agreement with the measurements. The calculated LDOS maps reproduce both the atomic periodicity along the edge state, as well as its decay length of 5 Å. With such a small decay length, it is expected that the edge state would start to develop at defect sites inside the basal plane, such as in the bottom-right corner of Figure 2c. A better example of this effect can be observed in the supplementary Figure 4Sd.

The relatively weak van der Waals bond between the monolayers of Pt2HgSe3 makes it possible to exfoliate the material, potentially to the monolayer limit.6 We demonstrated this possibility by using the standard “scotch tape method” to exfoliate thin flakes onto a SiO2 substrate or a polymer stack, as used in dry stacking of 2D materials40 (see Figure 4a–c). Using dry stacking, it should be possible to place Pt2HgSe3 on the surface of a high Tc superconductor, enabling the investigation of high temperature Majorana zero modes.9 The thinnest crystals we were able to prepare by conventional scotch tape exfoliation onto SiO2 substrates was 5 layers. However, these crystals have lateral sizes below 1 μm (see Figure 4c), severely limiting their usefulness. Exfoliating onto fresh gold surfaces41 increases the lateral size of the flakes significantly and their thickness, measured by AFM is 1.3 nm (see Figure 4d,e). However, these thin flakes are found to be highly disordered. For more details, see supplementary section S9. These results show that it should be possible to exfoliate single layers of Pt2HgSe3 onto SiO2 and especially gold substrates, but the material homogeneity and defect density of the bulk crystals needs to be improved significantly. Further improvements in crystal quality could also be a key to probing the dual topological nature42,43 of Pt2HgSe3 such as in the case of Bi2TeI.44 This is because Pt2HgSe3 is predicted to not only be the long sought after Kane–Mele insulator, but in bulk form it is also a topological crystalline insulator and a Inline graphic insulator.42,43,45

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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Exfoliation of Pt2HgSe3. (a) Stack of jacutingaite on graphite, prepared by dry stacking. (b) AFM image of the flake before the transfer supported on a PMMA substrate. (c) AFM image of a thin flake, having a thickness of 2.6 nm, corresponding to approximately five single layers. Inset: height section of the flake along the green line. (d) Exfoliation of jacutingaite onto a gold (111) surface. The thinnest flakes are marked by the red dotted line. (e) AFM image of the thinnest flakes, inside the area marked with red in (d). Inset: height section along the blue line.

One of the most promising QSH materials is monolayer 1T′-WTe2, but the chemical stability of Pt2HgSe3 in air and it is band gap above room temperature, clearly sets it aside. The main difference being that WTe2 rapidly oxidizes under ambient conditions and shows the QSH effect only below a temperature of 100 K.30 Our results establish that jacutingaite is a new and widely accessible platform to explore the properties of helical one-dimensional electron systems20,46 and should be available for charge transport measurements, even in the monolayer, if the defect concentration and sample homogeneity can be improved. Recent theoretical studies highlight the possibility of superconductivity in doped Pt2HgSe3,47 this could open a way to explore the coexistence of topological edge states in proximity to a superconductor in the same material system. Additionally, a nonzero Inline graphic index48 makes Pt2HgSe3 a fertile playground to explore higher order topology. In our samples the Fermi level is already shifted above the type-II van Hove singularity where superconductivity is expected, possibly due to the presence of lattice defects. Our results hint at the possibility that tuning the composition, may be an effective tool to control the doping of Pt2HgSe3, similarly to quaternary topological insulators.49

Acknowledgments

L.T. acknowledges financial support from the ERC Starting grant NanoFab2D. P.N-I. acknowledges support form the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Lendület Program, grant no. LP2017-9/2017. The work was conducted within the Graphene Flagship, H2020 Graphene Core2 project no. 785219 and the Quantum Technology National Excellence Program (Project No. 2017-1.2.1-NKP-2017-00001). Work was supported by the National Research, Development and Innovation Office (Hungary) grant No. FK 125063 (Á.P., Ka.K.), K-115608 (J.K. and G.K.), KH130413 (V.P.), and K108753 (L.T.). J.K. and G.. acknowledge the ELTE Excellence Program (1783-3/2018/FEKUTSTRAT) supported by the Hungarian Ministry of Human Capacities. V.P. acknowledges the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. J.K. was supported by the UNKP-19-4 New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology. A.V. acknowledges financial support from the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic (project No. 18-15390S). We acknowledge NIIF for awarding us access to computing resources based in Hungary at Debrecen. Ka.K. acknowledges grant no. VEKOP-2.3.2-16-2016-00011.

Supporting Information Available

The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01499.

  • Sample preparation and STM measurement, X-ray diffraction, additional information on defects, band gap statistics, measurements on irregular, monolayer edges, Raman measurements, density functional theory and DOS calculation details, various edge configurations, details on exfoliation (PDF)

Author Contributions

Ko.K. did the exfoliation experiments and STM measurements, with the supervision of P.N-I. Á.H. helped with sample preparation. A.V. provided the sample. P.V., G.K., and J.K. performed the DFT calculations. G.B., Á.P., and Ka.K. performed the Raman measurements, while G.K. calculated the Raman spectrum, under the supervision of J.K. A.V. and Z.E.H. performed the XRD measurement. P.N-I. conceived the project and coordinated it together with L.T. P.N-I. wrote the manuscript, with contributions from all authors.

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Supplementary Material

nl0c01499_si_001.pdf (17.7MB, pdf)

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