Response to paper by Tsioufis et al.

Sirs:

We were interested to read Tsioufis et al.’s [1] study which demonstrated a significant decrease in patients presenting with myocardial infarctions (MI) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Daily attendance to the Emergency Cardiology Department of a tertiary hospital in Athens, Greece was 41.1% lower in March 2020 and 32.7% lower in April 2020, as compared to January 2020 (p < 0.001). However, Tsioufis et al.’s study was limited to a single hospital which did not admit COVID-19 patients and, therefore, the results may not be generalisable.

Gupta et al. [2] demonstrated a significant decrease in cardiac catherization laboratory procedural volumes in the New York metropolitan area during the COVID-19 pandemic. Prior to March 2020, 57% of institutions estimated their average monthly percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) volume to be greater than 150, while 70% expected there to be less than 25 cases in April 2020. These findings are in keeping with Tsioufis et al.’s and, furthermore, Havenon et al. [3] described similar results throughout the USA in 36,551 acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients. Hospitalizations with any discharge diagnosis of ACS in March 2020 decreased by 7.5%, compared to March 2018 and 2019. Interestingly, there was a disproportionate reduction in PCI numbers of 14.7% which likely reflects a loss of both elective and emergency work.

Hammad et al. [4] demonstrated that the reduction in cardiovascular presentations also extended to ‘non-hot-spot’ regions of COVID-19. Of the 143 ST-elevation myocardial infarctions (STEMIs) presenting between January 1st 2020 and April 15th 2020, patients in the post-COVID-19 period had significantly lower ejection fractions (EF) at admission compared to the pre-COVID-19 period (EF 45 vs. 50%, respectively, p = 0.015). This supports the notion that patients may have delayed seeking medical attention, and Tsioufis and colleagues may wish to report the average pre- and post- COVID-19 EF in their STEMI cohort to see if they have similar findings.

Hammad et al. [4] also demonstrated that patients in the post-COVID-19 group were more likely to present with a greater than 12-h delay and these patients had increased rates of high-risk features including a higher peak troponin (58 [9–73] vs. 8.5 [4–10] ng/ml, p = 0.03) and EF of less than 40%. Upon questioning, 27% of patients reported that they avoided hospital due to anxiety surrounding COVID-19, 18% believed that their symptoms were COVID-19 related, and 9% did not want to burden the hospital during the pandemic. This demonstrates the need for a broad public health campaign to prevent these late clinical presentations. Tsioufis and colleagues may wish to assess the longer-term implications of the reduced ACS presentations during the COVID-19 pandemic on long-term morbidity and mortality.