Abstract
Purpose
There have not been well-designed survey studies investigating the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on orthopaedic resident education.
Methods
A 58-question, web-based survey was administered to orthopaedic residents in South Korea. A total of 229 orthopaedic residents from 43 hospitals completed the survey questionnaire.
Results
The average working time of 72.7 hours/week before the pandemic was decreased to 65.6 hours/week during the pandemic (p < 0.001). The time working in the operating room was significantly decreased during the pandemic, but not in the emergency centre and outpatient clinic. The education times for lecture and clinical case discussion were decreased during the pandemic (both, p < 0.001), respectively. While the use of traditional teaching methods was decreased, the use of online-based teaching methods was increased (p < 0.001). However, satisfaction level with online-based teaching methods was significantly lower compared with that of traditional teaching methods. The average working time exposed to the patients with COVID-19 was 9.7 hours/week. About 47.6% of orthopaedic residents experienced isolation or quarantine. The average score for quality of life, which was 68.9 out of 100 scores before the pandemic, decreased to 61.7 during the pandemic (p < 0.001). The most stressful factor for orthopaedic residents during the pandemic was family/relative health, followed by their own health and residency program.
Conclusion
The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on orthopaedic resident education in South Korea. Therefore, flexible and sustainable strategies are necessary to prepare for the future as well as the current pandemic situation.
Keywords: COVID-19, Orthopaedic, Resident, Education, Impact
Introduction
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or human coronavirus 2019 (HCoV-19), was first detected in Wuhan, China, in November 2019 [1]. Its potential to generate explosive outbreaks in confined settings and cross borders following human mobility patterns has already been reported [1–6]. Since the first COVID-19 patient was found in South Korea on January 19, 2020, COVID-19 has spread nationwide rapidly. In order to cope with this pandemic situation, the Korean government raised the crisis alert level to the highest and reacted actively and quickly. The Korean Society of Laboratory Medicine set up and operated rapid, large-scale laboratories for COVID-19 screening testing in 638 hospitals throughout South Korea. At the same time, the Korean government has conducted aggressive contact tracing and quarantine of contacted people with confirmed active COVID-19 patients to prevent the spread of it. As of May 2, 2020, the same time as the survey, the total numbers of confirmed and deceased COVID-19 patients were 10,780 and 250, respectively [2, 3].
There have been many discussions about the issues that confront orthopaedic residents in the COVID-19 pandemic situation [7–9]. Redefined concepts of education for orthopaedic residents have been reported owing to the rapidly evolving crisis [10]. Particularly, with respect to education during the COVID-19 pandemic, a great deal of flexibility and a sustainable system delivered by providers and accepted by learners as well as novel institutional education methods are essential for orthopaedic residents [11]. However, there have not been well-designed survey studies investigating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on orthopaedic resident education. Therefore, this nationwide survey study aimed to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on orthopaedic resident education in South Korea.
Materials and methods
Study design and survey responders
A 58-question, web-based survey was conducted to orthopaedic residents through our research group from April 27 to May 2, 2020, by web link or e-mail invitation. The questions were divided into six subgroups:
General demographics: orthopaedic residents were asked about their age, sex, housing, working place, and grade.
Details of residency programs before the onset of COVID-19: average working time/week; number of hours spent/week in specific locations including an operation room, emergency centre, and outpatient clinic; number of hours/week participating in teaching programs; and institutional methods for education before the COVID-19 pandemic.
Assessment of training level in handling the COVID-19 pandemic: experiences with previous outbreaks, level of expertise, and valid training with certifications.
Changes in residency program: most questions were similar to subgroup 2 except that this was during the COVID-19 pandemic. We considered further questions about the working hours/week and specific locations of exposure to patients with COVID-19, the level of providing personal protective equipment (PPE), and the experiences of dispatch, isolation, or quarantine for orthopaedic residents.
Mental health assessment of orthopaedic residents: the level of worry, the degree of social acceptance, and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Institution preparedness assessment: PPE availability and whether or not there were formal guidelines to tackle such outbreaks in institutions.
The survey questionnaire was developed by two study co-authors (AB and HWDH). The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB number: UC20QADI0086).The primary goal was to collect data on orthopaedic resident education during the COVID-19 pandemic and the secondary goal was to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on orthopaedic resident education in South Korea.
Data collection and statistical analysis
Data were initially elaborated using Google online survey platforms. We calculated that a sample size of 229 orthopaedic residents would provide and detect mean values using a two-sided significance level of 0.05. Working and education hours, satisfaction level with education methods, and participant quality of life were compared using mean difference on 95% confidence intervals, and Student’s t test (paired two sample for means) was used for statistical analysis. Detailed working and education patterns were assessed by Cochran-Armitage test for trend. Institutional methods of education were compared using the chi-square test of independence. Stressful factors for subjects were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc analysis using the Scheffe test. Statistical analyses were performed with the use of SAS software, version 9.4 (SAS Institute). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Demographic data
A total of 229 orthopaedic residents from 43 hospitals in South Korea completed an online survey questionnaire. The participant demographic data are presented in Table 1. The mean age was 30.7 years (range, 25–39); 219 residents were male, seven were female, and three were not answered. Most orthopaedic residents lived alone (university resident quarters, 32.8%; alone in residence, 31.4%) or with their family (24.9%) except for not answered orthopaedic residents (1.7%). According to the structural characteristics of hospitals in South Korea, 51.5% of them were working at a private university-affiliated hospital/college, 37.6% at a public university-affiliated hospital/college, and 7.9% at training hospitals other than university-affiliated hospitals. Three percent were not answered. The grades of orthopaedic residents were normally distributed (grade 1, 23.6%; grade 2, 26.2%; grade 3, 21.0%; grade 4, 25.8%; not answer, 3.4%).
Table 1.
Demographic data of orthopaedic residents responding to survey questionnaire
| Variables | No. of residents (N = 229) | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | ||
| 25–29 | 81 | 35.4 |
| 30–34 | 109 | 47.6 |
| 35–39 | 28 | 12.2 |
| Not answered | 11 | 4.8 |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 219 | 95.6 |
| Female | 7 | 3.1 |
| Not answered | 3 | 1.3 |
| Housing | ||
| In university resident quarters | 75 | 32.8 |
| Alone in residence | 72 | 31.4 |
| With friends or colleagues | 14 | 6.1 |
| With own family | 57 | 24.9 |
| With own extended family | 7 | 3.1 |
| Not answered | 4 | 1.7 |
| Working place | ||
| Private non-university hospital | 8 | 3.5 |
| Private university-affiliated hospital/college | 118 | 51.5 |
| Public non-university hospital | 10 | 4.4 |
| Public university-affiliated hospital/college | 86 | 37.6 |
| Not answered | 7 | 3.0 |
| Residents’ grades | ||
| 1 | 54 | 23.6 |
| 2 | 60 | 26.2 |
| 3 | 48 | 21.0 |
| 4 | 59 | 25.8 |
| Not answered | 8 | 3.4 |
N number of responders
Working time of orthopaedic residents
The average working time for orthopaedic residents was 72.7 hours/week (95% confidence interval (CI), 70.6 to 74.8) before the COVID-19 pandemic and 65.6 hours/week (95% CI, 61.0 to 70.2) during the COVID-19 pandemic, which was significantly different (p < 0.001, [95% CI, mean difference 3.57 (3.20–11.09)]) (Table 2). Working time in the operating room was significantly decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic (p < 0.001). The majority (68.1%) of orthopaedic residents participated in surgeries for more than ten hours/week before the COVID-19 pandemic, but about half (47.6%) participated in surgeries for more than ten hours/week during the COVID-19 pandemic. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). However, changes in working time in the emergency centre and outpatient clinic were not statistically different before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. About 34.5% of orthopaedic residents participated in the emergency centre for more than 25 hours/week before the COVID-19 pandemic, but the percentages decreased to 25.8% of that time during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, this was not statistically different (p = 0.104). About 31.9% of orthopaedic residents participated in outpatient clinic practice for more than ten hours/week before the COVID-19 pandemic, but the percentages decreased to 25.8% of that time during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, this was not statistically different (p = 0.192).
Table 2.
Working and education times of orthopaedic residents
| Variables | Before COVID-19 pandemic | During COVID-19 pandemic |
P value Mean difference (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Working time (hours/week) |
72.7 (70.6–74.8) |
65.6 (61.0–70.2) |
< 0.001* 3.57 (3.20–11.09)** |
| Detailed working time | |||
| Operation room (hours/week)—No. | < 0.001† | ||
| 0–2 | 11 | 26 | |
| 3–5 | 29 | 44 | |
| 6–10 | 27 | 43 | |
| 11–15 | 37 | 35 | |
| 16–20 | 30 | 22 | |
| > 20 | 89 | 52 | |
| Not answered | 6 | 7 | |
| Total | 229 | 229 | |
| Emergency centre (hours/week)—No. | 0.104† | ||
| 0–6 | 42 | 56 | |
| 7–12 | 47 | 50 | |
| 13–24 | 56 | 57 | |
| 25–48 | 49 | 35 | |
| 49–72 | 11 | 9 | |
| > 72 | 19 | 15 | |
| Not answered | 5 | 7 | |
| Total | 229 | 229 | |
| Outpatient clinic (hours/week)—No. | 0.192† | ||
| 0–2 | 42 | 43 | |
| 3–5 | 41 | 52 | |
| 6–10 | 66 | 68 | |
| 11–15 | 43 | 35 | |
| > 15 | 30 | 24 | |
| Not answered | 7 | 7 | |
| Total | 229 | 229 | |
| Detailed education time | |||
| Lecture (hours/week)—No. | < 0.001† | ||
| 0–2 | 51 | 99 | |
| 3–5 | 110 | 88 | |
| 6–10 | 45 | 25 | |
| > 10 | 17 | 8 | |
| Not answered | 6 | 9 | |
| Total | 229 | 229 | |
| Clinical case discussion (hours/week)—No. | < 0.001† | ||
| 0–2 | 70 | 135 | |
| 3–5 | 108 | 65 | |
| 6–10 | 45 | 22 | |
| Not answered | 6 | 7 | |
| Total | 229 | 229 |
*P value is calculated by paired t test for working time
**Mean difference for working time is expressed on 95% confidence level
†P values are calculated by Cochran-Armitage trend test for detailed working and education times
COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019, No. number of responders, CI confidence interval
Education time for orthopaedic residents
The education times for lecture and clinical case discussion were significantly decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic (Table 2). With respect to time for lectures, about 27.1% of orthopaedic residents attended more than six hours/week before the COVID-19 pandemic. However, only about 14.4% of orthopaedic residents attended more than six hours/week during the COVID-19 pandemic, which was statistically different (p < 0.001). With respect to time for clinical case discussion, about 19.7% of orthopaedic residents attended more than six hours/week before the COVID-19 pandemic. However, only about 9.6% of orthopaedic residents attended more than six hours/week during the COVID-19 pandemic, which was also statistically different (p < 0.001).
Institutional methods of education for orthopaedic residents
Institutional methods for education were significantly changed during the COVID-19 pandemic (p < 0.001) (Table 3). Traditional teaching methods including lecture delivery by faculty, clinical demonstration by faculty, journal club and other interactive classes, and symposium were significantly decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic. On the contrary, online-based teaching methods including webinar and online symposium, telecasting of recorded lectures, and telecasting recorded video of surgeries with discussion by faculty significantly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the average satisfaction level for online-based teaching methods (2.7 of 5) was significantly lower compared with that of traditional teaching methods (3.4 of 5) (p < 0.001, [95% CI, mean difference 0.70 (0.58–0.81)]) (Table 3).
Table 3.
Institutional methods of education used for orthopaedic residents
| Variables | No. response of survey | Satisfaction level$ (Score) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Before COVID-19 pandemic | During COVID-19 pandemic | ||
| Institutional methods of education | p < 0.001* |
p < 0.001† 0.70 (0.58–0.81)†† |
|
|
Traditional teaching methods Lecture delivery by faculty Clinical demonstration by faculty Journal club-interactive classes Symposium |
394 (95.6%) 130 (31.6%) 114 (27.7%) 90 (21.8%) 60 (14.6%) |
366 (89.7%) 128 (31.4%) 119 (29.2%) 76 (18.6%) 43 (10.5%) |
3.4 3.6 3.7 3.1 3.1 |
|
Online-based teaching methods Webinar and online symposium Telecasting recorded lecture Telecasting recorded video of surgeries with discussion by faculty |
18 (4.4%) 10 (2.4%) 3 (0.7%) 5 (1.2%) |
42 (10.3%) 23 (5.6%) 10 (2.5%) 9 (2.2%) |
2.7 2.7 2.6 2.7 |
$Satisfaction level is calculated by score 1 to 5 and measured mean value
*P value is calculated by chi-square test of independence between traditional and online-based teaching methods
†P value is calculated by paired t test for satisfaction level
††Mean difference for satisfaction level is expressed on 95% confidence level
1 being not satisfied, 2 being least satisfied, 3 being satisfied, 4 being more than satisfied, 5 being well satisfied
No. number, COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019
Risk of COVID-19 exposure for orthopaedic residents
The average time of exposure to both infected and suspected patients with COVID-19 in orthopaedic residents was about 9.7 hours/week from our survey. The main exposure locations were in the wards (37.5%) and outpatient clinic (18.7%) (Table 4). The percentage of experience with isolation or quarantine was 47.6% (Table 4). The average satisfaction level of PPE was 3.3 of 5 and the average training percentage for donning and doffing of PPE was 53.3%.
Table 4.
Risk of COVID-19 exposure on orthopaedic residents
| Variables | No. of response | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|---|
| COVID-19 patient exposure | ||
|
In ward In the intensive care units (not on ventilators) With ventilator support In outpatient clinic Screening Unspecified |
94 29 13 47 10 58 |
37.5 11.6 5.2 18.7 4.0 23.0 |
| Isolation or quarantine | ||
|
Yes No Not answered |
109 117 3 |
47.6 51.1 1.3 |
| Donning and doffing of PPE as trained | ||
|
Yes No Not answered |
122 97 10 |
53.3 42.4 4.3 |
COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019
COVID-19 patients mean both infected and suspected patients
No., N number, PPE personal protective equipment
Assessment of orthopaedic resident mental health
The average score for quality of life was 68.9 of 100 scores (95% CI, 68.8 to 69.0) before the COVID-19 pandemic and was decreased to 61.7 of 100 scores (95% CI, 61.6 to 61.9) during the COVID-19 pandemic, which was statistically different (p < 0.001, [95% CI, mean difference 7.14 (4.30–9.98)]) (Table 5). The average score for stressful factors felt by orthopaedic residents during the COVID-19 pandemic was the highest for family/relative health, followed by their own health and their residency program (p < 0.001) (Table 5). In post hoc analysis, the comparisons between their own health and family/relative health and family/relative health and residency program were significant (both, p < 0.001), but their own health and residency program were not significant (p = 0.557).
Table 5.
Assessment of mental health of orthopaedic residents
| Variables | Before COVID-19 pandemic | During COVID-19 pandemic |
P value Mean difference (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Quality of life$ (Score 0–100) |
68.9 (68.8–69.0) |
61.7 (61.6–61.9) |
< 0.001* 7.14 (4.30–9.98)** |
|
Stressful factors$$ (Score 0–5) |
< 0.001† | ||
|
Their own health Family/relative health Residency program |
2.8 3.2 2.6 |
$Quality of life is calculated by score 1 to 100 and measured mean value
*P value is calculated by paired t test for quality of life
**Mean difference for quality of life is expressed on 95% confidence level
$$Stressful factors are calculated by score 1 to 5 and measured mean value on 95% confidence level
†P values are calculated by one-way ANOVA test for stressful factors
$$Post hoc analysis of different groups by Scheffe test on 95% confidence level
Their own health vs family/relative health: p < 0.001
Family/relative health vs residency program: p < 0.001
Their own health vs residency program: p = 0.557
1 not worried at all, 2 least worried, 3 mild worried, 4 moderate worried, 5 most worried
COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019, CI confidence interval
Discussion
The COVID-19 pandemic has upended nearly every medical discipline and dramatically affected patient care and has had far-reaching effects on surgeon education [12–15]. In most countries of the world, elective orthopaedic surgery has mostly been cancelled or postponed to insure that resources are available for the critically ill and to minimize the spread of disease [16]. In addition, the majority of national and international orthopaedic conferences, training programs, and workshops have been postponed or cancelled. Therefore, there is a strong need to make a new delivery system for education to our colleagues, residents, and fellows [7, 8, 17–21].
Orthopaedic surgeons are considered non-essential healthcare providers during the COVID-19 pandemic [22, 23]. Many such residents have been redeployed. However, it is an unfamiliar territory for orthopaedic surgeons owing to lack of experience in intensive care unit (ICU) and respiratory care [9]. Moreover, there are unexpected, rapid, and comprehensive responses from the profession to reallocate its resources and to help the overall drive to reduce morbidity and mortality caused by the COVID-19 pandemic [17]. The COVID-19 pandemic presents a challenge to orthopaedic resident education. Worldwide, elective surgeries are being deferred, and orthopaedic residents are asked to make drastic changes to their daily routines [10]. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate orthopaedic residents (n = 229) in terms of working hours, education, and mental health and demonstrated useful results about the actual impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on orthopaedic resident education in South Korea.
The total working hours for orthopaedic residents significantly decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea, which was considered to have been due to several reasons, including cancellation of elective outpatient visits, significant decrease in the number of elective surgery, deployment to COVID-19 clinic, and isolation or quarantine [13]. Working time in the operating room was significantly decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic due to significant reduction in the number of elective surgery. A significant difference in the distribution of working time between elective and emergent surgery was considered due to the cancellation of a lot of elective orthopaedic surgery. This study did not show a significant change in time spent working in the emergency centre and outpatient clinic. Even though the number of patients visiting the outpatient clinic decreased to avoid COVID-19 infection, the actual working time at the emergency centre and outpatient clinic for orthopaedic residents was not less affected than expected [16]. This may be due to medical activities such as wearing PPE and preparing patients for treatment which require a lot of time.
Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, almost all academic meetings and conferences around the world have been cancelled or postponed, and this is the same in South Korea [16, 22, 23]. In addition, hospitals were ordered to minimize face-to-face education and conferences conducted by traditional teaching methods as much as possible. These regulations have made in-person orthopaedic resident education difficult and have reduced total education time. Accordingly, most departments of orthopaedic surgery began to conduct education and conferences using online-based teaching methods. Our results showed that the education times for lecture and clinical case discussion for orthopaedic residents significantly decreased in South Korea.
Institutional methods of education were significantly changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. While the use of traditional teaching methods was significantly decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of online-based teaching methods was significantly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the average satisfaction levels for online-based teaching methods were significantly lower than that of traditional teaching methods. Several studies have reported that virtual meetings and telecasting are considered to be more useful compared with conventional techniques such as staff lectures. These are also expected to be cost-effective even under normal circumstances [23]. Unlike other papers, our actual survey results showed that although online-based teaching methods increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, orthopaedic residents were not yet satisfied with these methods of education compared with traditional teaching methods.
The social distancing measure was considered to be one of the most successful methods for preventing the spread of COVID-19 in South Korea [1–3]. The PPEs were adequately provided to orthopaedic residents who reported their degree of satisfaction with PPE provision was above average. Regarding the risk of COVID-19 exposure, there have been few reports that the main location for COVID-19 exposure was mostly in general wards. In our study, the main locations of risk for COVID-19 exposure in orthopaedic residents were the general wards, followed by the outpatient clinic and emergency centre. This result is consistent with the previous study [17]. Forty-eight percent of the orthopaedic residents’ experience with isolation or quarantine was considered to be due to the aggressive contact tracing and active self-quarantine policy implemented by the Korean government to prevent the spread of COVID-19.
The quality of life of orthopaedic residents in South Korea is usually not high due to their heavy workload. In this study, the average score for quality of life was 68.9 of 100 score before the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the satisfaction level was significantly decreased to 61.7 of 100 scores during the COVID-19 pandemic. This result is thought to be closely related to the stressful factors felt by orthopaedic residents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Orthopaedic residents were most stressed by the possibility that they could spread the COVID-19 to their family/relatives rather than their own health and residency program. Therefore, hospitals and departments of orthopaedic surgery should pay more attention to the most serious stressors experienced by orthopaedic residents.
There are several limitations of this study. First, while data analysis using online survey questionnaires is considered useful and cost-effective during the COVID-19 pandemic, fundamental problems with the online survey itself cannot be completely excluded. Second, the number of orthopaedic residents in South Korea is 836, of which 229 responded to the survey for a response rate of 27.4%.
Conclusions
In summary, the results of this nationwide survey study showed a significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on orthopaedic resident education program in South Korea. It is thought to be necessary to develop and expand non-contact education program during the COVID-19 pandemic period.
Acknowledgements
We thank Sunghoon Choi, MS (Department of Statistics, Seoul National University), for the contribution of statistical analysis.
Funding information
The authors indicated that there was no external funding for this study.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Informed consent
Informed consent was waived from all the participants included in the study.
Ethical approval
This nationwide survey study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital (IRB number: UC20QADI0086), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, and an informed written consent was waived from the participants for the survey study and publication of this study.
Footnotes
IRB status: This nationwide survey study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital (IRB number: UC20QADI0086), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, and an informed written consent was waived from the participants for the survey study and publication of this study.
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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