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. 2020 Jul 1;2020:8172673. doi: 10.1155/2020/8172673

No Association between Ischemic Stroke and Portal Vein Thrombosis in Liver Cirrhosis

Kexin Zheng 1,2, Xiaozhong Guo 1,✉, Fangfang Yi 1,3, Le Wang 1,3, Andrea Mancuso 4, Xingshun Qi 1,✉
PMCID: PMC7352149  PMID: 32714987

Abstract

Background and Aims

There seems to be a higher risk of ischemic stroke and portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis. Both of them may be associated with hypercoagulability. We aim to explore the association between ischemic stroke and portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis. Study Design and Methods. We selected patients from our prospectively established database of liver cirrhosis from December 2014 to July 2019. The difference between patients with and without stroke was compared. A 1 : 1 propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was performed to adjust the effect of age, sex, Child-Pugh score, and MELD score on our statistical results.

Results

There were 349 cirrhotic patients in the cross-sectional study. The prevalence of stroke, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and portal vein thrombosis was 8.88% (31/349), 8.31% (29/349), 1.15% (4/349), and 28.65% (100/349) in liver cirrhosis, respectively. Patients with ischemic stroke were significantly older and had significantly higher proportions of alcohol abuse, smoking, and arterial hypertension and higher levels of white blood cell and low-density lipoprotein. However, statistical analyses with and without PSM did not find any significant association between ischemic stroke and portal vein thrombosis in patients with liver cirrhosis.

Conclusion

Ischemic stroke might not be associated with portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis.

1. Introduction

Stroke, an acute cerebrovascular disease, is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, especially in Asia [1]. It has been traditionally considered that stroke, especially atherosclerotic ischemic stroke, is closely associated with hypercoagulability, such as increased homocysteine and lipoprotein(a) and antiphospholipid antibodies [2]. Liver cirrhosis, which often has an increased level of factor VIII (FVIII) and decreased level of protein C (PC) and mean lifetime of platelet, has been also considered as a potential risk factor of stroke [3, 4]. Besides, it is associated with the development of venous thromboembolism, including portal vein thrombosis [5].

Development of stroke and portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis seems to share several common pathophysiological mechanisms or risk factors. First, both of them relate to the hypercoagulability of cirrhosis [3], which is characterized as reduced PC in combination with increased FVIII [6]. Second, both stroke and portal vein thrombosis relate to portal hypertension. Reduced portal vein flow velocity and portosystemic collateral shunt are common characteristics of portal hypertension, which aggravate the development of portal vein thrombosis [7]. Ascites and esophageal variceal bleeding are major clinical manifestations of portal hypertension, which result in the decrease of effective circulating blood volume and hypovolemia of organs, thereby leading to ischemic stroke [8]. Third, diabetic patients have approximately 2-4 times higher risk of ischemic stroke than those with normal glucose levels [9]. Meanwhile, diabetes is also an independent risk factor of portal vein thrombosis [10]. Fourth, antiphospholipid syndrome may increase the risk of ischemic stroke as well as portal vein thrombosis. Irregular thickening of the valve leaflets secondary to antiphospholipid syndrome and lupus anticoagulants are significant risk factor of stroke [11]. Meanwhile, anticardiolipin antibodies levels were higher in liver cirrhosis with portal vein thrombosis than that without portal vein thrombosis [12, 13]. Fifth, Helicobacter pylori not only acts as a promoter of antiphospholipid syndrome through chronic inflammation [14] but also stimulates the production of plasminogen activator inhibitor-2, which has an effect on increasing the risk of ischemic stroke and portal vein thrombosis [15]. Sixth, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) mutation is a common risk factor of stroke and portal vein thrombosis, which relates to endothelial damage [16]. MTHFR activity is reduced in the patients with MTHFR mutations, thereby leading to the deficiency of folate and hyperhomocysteinemia. MTHFR is responsible for catalyzing the reduction of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in the folate cycle, which further produces the active form of folate for the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine [17]. There is a significant association between hyperhomocysteinemia and stroke [18]. An elevated homocysteine concentration significantly increases the risk of stroke [19]. Folic acid supplementation is effective in stroke prevention [20]. And MTHFR A1298C mutation is associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke [21]. On the other hand, MTHFR C677T mutation may increase the risk of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients [22]. The prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia is significantly higher in cirrhotic patients with portal vein thrombosis than those without portal vein thrombosis [22]. Taken together, we hypothesized that cirrhotic patients with stroke might have an increased risk of portal vein thrombosis. Herein, this retrospective study was aimed at elucidating this issue.

2. Methods

2.1. Study Design

The study population was selected from our prospectively established database of cirrhotic patients without malignancy of the Department of Gastroenterology of our hospital from December 2014 to July 2019. All included patients must undergo abdominal enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance and endoscopy at their first enrollment. Age, sex, and the etiologies of liver cirrhosis were not limited. Repeated admissions of the same patients were excluded. Patients with abdominal surgery, including splenectomy, and splenic arterial embolization were excluded. Patients in whom a history of stroke cannot be accurately evaluated were excluded. Patients in whom the location of portal vein thrombosis cannot be evaluated due to missing images were also excluded. The study protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of our hospital. The ethical approval number was k(2019)39. The patient's informed consent was not required in our retrospective study.

2.2. Medical Data

The data were collected as follows.

  1. Demographic information: age and sex

  2. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure at admission

  3. Etiologies of liver diseases: hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), alcohol abuse, drug related liver diseases, Budd-Chiari syndrome, and autoimmune liver diseases, etc.

  4. Clinical presentations at admission: hepatic encephalopathy, acute gastrointestinal bleeding, and ascites

  5. Medical history: venous thrombus, hematological diseases, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, smoking, and cardiac diseases

  6. Laboratory tests: red blood cell, hemoglobin, white blood cell, platelet, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, albumin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, blood urea nitrogen, serum, creatinine, potassium, sodium homocysteine, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, lipoprotein α, prothrombin time, international normalized ratio (INR), activated partial thromboplastin time, D-dimer, antithrombin III, PC activity, and PS activity

  7. Child-Pugh and model for the end-stage liver diseases (MELD) score

2.3. Definitions

Stroke was defined as previous history of stroke as well as a diagnosis of stroke at their enrollment. Type of stroke was divided into ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke according to previous medical history, clinical manifestations, and/or the results of brain imaging examination. Location of portal vein thrombosis was determined by our study group via the images of enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance. Portal system vessels include left portal vein (LPV), right portal vein (RPV), main portal vein (MPV), confluence of superior mesenteric vein (SMV) and splenic vein (SV), SMV, and SV.

2.4. Statistical Analyses

Continuous and categorical variables were expressed by median (range) and frequency (percentage), respectively. The difference between patients with and without stroke was compared using Mann-Whitney U test and χ2 test, as appropriate. A 1 : 1 propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was performed to adjust the effect of age, sex, Child-Pugh score, and MELD score on our statistical results. If a p value was less than 0.05, it would be considered statistically significant. SPSS statistical software, version 22.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA), was employed to perform statistical analyses.

3. Results

3.1. Patients' Characteristics

Overall, 349 cirrhotic patients were included, of whom 31 (8.88%) had stroke and 318 did not have stroke. Among the 31 patients with stroke, 29 (8.31%), 4 (1.15%), and 2 (0.57%) patients had ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and hemorrhagic combined with ischemic stroke, respectively. The prevalence of portal vein thrombosis was 28.65% (100/349). The prevalence of thrombosis within LPV, RPV, MPV, confluence of SMV and SV, SMV, and SV was 8.31% (29/349), 9.46% (33/349), 16.05% (56/349), 11.46% (40/349), 15.19% (53/349), and 3.72% (13/349), respectively.

3.2. Comparison between Liver Cirrhosis with and without Stroke

Compared with the patients without stroke, those with stroke were significantly older (60.21 versus 54.21 years, p = 0.003) and had significantly higher proportions of alcohol abuse (64.5% versus 43.7%, p = 0.026), smoking (67.7% versus 42.5%, p = 0.007), and arterial hypertension (38.7% versus 12.9%, p < 0.001) and higher levels of white blood cell (4.50 versus 3.40 × 109/L, p = 0.001) and low-density lipoprotein (2.12 versus 1.65 mmol/L, p = 0.013) (Table 1). There was no difference in the prevalence of portal vein thrombosis and location of portal vein thrombosis between patients with and without stroke.

Table 1.

Comparison between patients with and without stroke.

Variables Stroke No stroke p value
No. pts Median (range) or frequency (percentage) No. pts Median (range) or frequency (percentage)
Age (years) 31 60.21 (38.72-77.30) 318 54.21 (20.57-88.73) 0.003
Gender (male) 31 25 (80.6%) 318 230 (72.3%) 0.319
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) 31 125.00 (90.00-173.00) 317 122.00 (83.00-193.00) 0.594
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) 31 75.00 (50.00-117.00) 317 75.00 (34.00-118.00) 0.844
Etiology of liver diseases
 Hepatitis B virus infection 31 10 (32.3%) 318 125 (39.3%) 0.442
 Hepatitis C virus infection 31 1 (3.2%) 318 20 (6.3%) 0.494
 Alcohol abuse 31 20 (64.5%) 318 139 (43.7%) 0.026
 Drug related 31 4 (12.9%) 318 21 (6.6%) 0.194
 Budd-Chiari syndrome 31 0 (0.0%) 318 1 (0.3%) 0.755
 Autoimmune liver diseases 31 0 (0.0%) 318 22 (6.9%) 0.130
Clinical presentations at admission
 Hepatic encephalopathy 31 1 (3.2%) 318 8 (2.5%) 0.812
 Acute gastrointestinal bleeding 31 9 (29.0%) 318 101 (31.8%) 0.755
 Ascites (no/mild/moderate-severe) 31 16 (51.6%)/8 (25.8%)/7 (22.6%) 318 127 (39.9%)/108 (34.0%)/83 (26.1%) 0.440
History
 History of venous thrombus 31 0 (0.0%) 318 7 (2.2%) 0.404
 History of hematological diseases 31 1 (3.2%) 318 5 (1.6%) 0.499
 History of diabetes mellitus 31 8 (25.8%) 318 51 (16.0%) 0.166
 History of arterial hypertension 31 12 (38.7%) 318 41 (12.9%) <0.001
 History of smoking 31 21 (67.7%) 318 135 (42.5%) 0.007
 History of cardiac diseases 31 5 (16.1%) 318 23 (7.2%) 0.082
Laboratory tests
 Red blood cell (1012/L) 31 3.33 (1.15-5.20) 318 3.27 (1.45-5.46) 0.432
 Hemoglobin (g/L) 31 101.00 (37.00-174.00) 318 92.50 (28.00-156.00) 0.104
 White blood cell (109/L) 31 4.50 (1.30-22.70) 318 3.40 (0.70-20.80) 0.001
 Platelet (109/L) 31 86.00 (37.00-377.00) 318 73.00 (19.00-470.00) 0.169
 Total bilirubin (μmol/L) 31 21.10 (5.70-132.70) 318 22.00 (5.20-281.10) 0.775
 Direct bilirubin (μmol/L) 31 8.90 (2.00-78.20) 318 9.45 (2.00-210.40) 0.920
 Indirect bilirubin (μmol/L) 31 11.90 (3.60-76.00) 318 11.30 (3.20-93.80) 0.677
 Albumin (g/L) 31 32.50 (22.10-44.50) 316 32.35 (14.20-50.60) 0.482
 Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) 31 20.06 (7.74-176.68) 318 24.34 (4.23-613.24) 0.396
 Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) 31 30.73 (9.74-143.00) 318 34.33 (9.63-761.63) 0.824
 Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) 31 88.23 (28.83-337.00) 318 94.40 (31.00-983.93) 0.641
 γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase (U/L) 31 70.00 (10.00-1779.18) 318 42.64 (7.54-1283.02) 0.121
 Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L) 31 5.85 (3.52-47.25) 314 5.31 (0.64-24.80) 0.226
 Serum creatinine (μmol/L) 31 70.90 (42.82-267.63) 314 64.07 (23.83-178.55) 0.228
 Potassium (mmol/L) 31 4.01 (2.80-5.41) 317 3.86 (2.42-5.28) 0.066
 Sodium (mmol/L) 31 138.00 (134.10-145.50) 317 138.90 (118.00-152.90) 0.574
 Homocysteine (μmol/L) 16 10.49 (6.70-31.79) 170 9.16 (1.59-102.81) 0.145
 Total cholesterol (mmol/L) 20 3.68 (1.82-6.58) 208 3.11 (1.14-6.29) 0.148
 Triglyceride (mmol/L) 20 0.83 (0.41-6.22) 208 0.85 (0.35-4.81) 0.661
 High-density lipoprotein (mmol/L) 20 0.93 (0.47-1.39) 208 0.94 (0.24-2.29) 0.766
 Low-density lipoprotein (mmol/L) 20 2.12 (0.99-4.37) 208 1.65 (0.47-4.06) 0.013
 Lipoprotein α (mg/L) 20 88.70 (17.90-466.40) 208 63.20 (3.60-911.40) 0.108
 Prothrombin time (seconds) 31 15.30 (12.70-20.40) 314 15.70 (10.30-28.00) 0.188
 International normalized ratio 31 1.23 (0.99-1.75) 314 1.27 (0.89-2.77) 0.164
 Activated partial thromboplastin time (seconds) 31 40.20 (19.80-53.80) 314 39.90 (23.10-71.30) 0.808
 D-dimer (mg/L) 19 1.32 (0.16-10.56) 252 0.86 (0.10-46.17) 0.873
 Antithrombin III (%) 11 65.30 (40.00-84.00) 118 63.00 (21.00-123.00) 0.933
 Protein C activity (%) 6 57.30 (49.80-75.10) 54 59.65 (24.00-119.30) 0.721
 Protein S activity (%) 6 61.55 (55.60-73.30) 54 63.50 (20.70-123.60) 0.873
Child-Pugh score 31 7.00 (5.00-10.00) 313 7.00 (5.00-13.00) 0.837
MELD score 31 10.46 (7.23-18.00) 312 10.41 (6.43-30.03) 0.736
Portal vein thrombosis 31 8 (25.8%) 318 92 (28.9%) 0.713
 LPV 4 (12.9%) 25 (7.9%) 0.332
 RPV 2 (6.5%) 31 (9.7%) 0.549
 MPV 4 (12.9%) 52 (16.4%) 0.617
 Confluence of SMV and SV 5 (16.1%) 35 (11.0%) 0.393
 SMV 2 (6.5%) 51 (16.0%) 0.156
 SV 0 (0.0%) 13 (4.1%) 0.251
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No. pts: number of patients; MELD: model for the end-stage liver diseases; LPV: left portal vein; RPV: right portal vein; MPV: main portal vein; SMV: superior mesenteric vein; SV: splenic vein.

3.3. Comparison between Cirrhotic Patients with Ischemic Stroke and Those without Stroke

Compared with the patients without stroke, those with ischemic stroke were significantly older (61.08 versus 54.21 years, p = 0.002) and had significantly higher proportions of alcohol abuse (65.5% versus 43.7%, p = 0.024), smoking (69.0% versus 42.5%, p = 0.006), and arterial hypertension (37.9% versus 12.9%, p < 0.001) and higher levels of white blood cell (4.90 versus 3.40 × 109/L, p < 0.001), potassium (4.05 versus 3.86 mmol/L, p = 0.047), and low-density lipoprotein (2.12 versus 1.65 mmol/L, p = 0.008) (Table 2). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of portal vein thrombosis and location of portal vein thrombosis between patients with and without stroke.

Table 2.

Comparison between patients with ischemic stroke and those without stroke.

Variables Ischemic stroke No stroke p value
No. pts Median (range) or frequency (percentage) No. pts Median (range) or frequency (percentage)
Age (years) 29 61.08 (38.72-77.30) 318 54.21 (20.57-88.73) 0.002
Gender (male) 29 23 (79.3%) 318 230 (72.3%) 0.418
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) 29 124.00 (90.00-173.00) 317 122.00 (83.00-193.00) 0.975
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) 29 73.00 (50.00-108.00) 317 75.00 (34.00-118.00) 0.700
Etiology of liver diseases
 Hepatitis B virus infection 29 10 (34.5%) 318 125 (39.3%) 0.610
 Hepatitis C virus infection 29 1 (3.4%) 318 20 (6.3%) 0.539
 Alcohol abuse 29 19 (65.5%) 318 139 (43.7%) 0.024
 Drug related 29 4 (13.8%) 318 21 (6.6%) 0.152
 Budd-Chiari syndrome 29 0 (0.0%) 318 1 (0.3%) 0.762
 Autoimmune liver diseases 29 0 (0.0%) 318 22 (6.9%) 0.143
Clinical presentations at admission
 Hepatic encephalopathy 29 1 (3.4%) 318 8 (2.5%) 0.762
 Acute gastrointestinal bleeding 29 8 (27.6%) 318 101 (31.8%) 0.643
 Ascites (no/mild/moderate-severe) 29 15 (51.7%)/7 (24.1%)/7 (24.1%) 318 127 (39.9%)/108 (34.0%)/83 (26.1%) 0.424
History
 History of venous thrombus 29 0 (0.0%) 318 7 (2.2%) 0.420
 History of hematological diseases 29 1 (3.4%) 318 5 (1.6%) 0.458
 History of diabetes mellitus 29 8 (27.6%) 318 51 (16.0%) 0.113
 History of arterial hypertension 29 11 (37.9%) 318 41 (12.9%) <0.001
 History of smoking 29 20 (69.0%) 318 135 (42.5%) 0.006
 History of cardiac diseases 29 5 (17.2%) 318 23 (7.2%) 0.058
Laboratory tests
 Red blood cell (1012/L) 29 3.33 (1.15-5.20) 318 3.27 (1.45-5.46) 0.471
 Hemoglobin (g/L) 29 101.00 (37.00-174.00) 318 92.50 (28.00-156.00) 0.126
 White blood cell (109/L) 29 4.90 (1.30-22.70) 318 3.40 (0.70-20.80) <0.001
 Platelet (109/L) 29 90.00 (37.00-377.00) 318 73.00 (19.00-470.00) 0.068
 Total bilirubin (μmol/L) 29 25.10 (5.70-132.70) 318 22.00 (5.20-281.10) 0.606
 Direct bilirubin (μmol/L) 29 9.00 (2.00-78.20) 318 9.45 (2.00-210.40) 0.892
 Indirect bilirubin (μmol/L) 29 12.40 (3.60-76.00) 318 11.30 (3.20-93.80) 0.576
 Albumin (g/L) 29 31.10 (22.10-44.50) 316 32.35 (14.20-50.60) 0.401
 Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) 29 21.33 (7.74-176.68) 318 24.34 (4.23-613.24) 0.643
 Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) 29 31.44 (9.74-143.00) 318 34.33 (9.63-761.63) 0.902
 Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) 29 92.49 (28.83-337.00) 318 94.40 (31.00-983.93) 0.921
 γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase (U/L) 29 70.00 (10.00-1779.18) 318 42.64 (7.54-1283.02) 0.073
 Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L) 29 5.82 (3.52-47.25) 314 5.31 (0.64-24.80) 0.271
 Serum creatinine (μmol/L) 29 70.90 (42.82-267.63) 314 64.07 (23.83-178.55) 0.253
 Potassium (mmol/L) 29 4.05 (2.80-5.41) 317 3.86 (2.42-5.28) 0.047
 Sodium (mmol/L) 29 137.90 (134.10-145.50) 317 138.90 (118.00-152.90) 0.430
 Homocysteine (μmol/L) 15 10.47 (6.70-31.79) 170 9.16 (1.59-102.81) 0.179
 Total cholesterol (mmol/L) 19 3.77 (1.82-6.58) 208 3.11 (1.14-6.29) 0.104
 Triglyceride (mmol/L) 19 0.86 (0.47-6.22) 208 0.85 (0.35-4.81) 0.414
 High-density lipoprotein (mmol/L) 19 0.92 (0.47-1.39) 208 0.94 (0.24-2.29) 0.762
 Low-density lipoprotein (mmol/L) 19 2.12 (0.99-4.37) 208 1.65 (0.47-4.06) 0.008
 Lipoprotein α (mg/L) 19 91.70 (17.90-466.40) 208 63.20 (3.60-911.40) 0.114
 Prothrombin time (seconds) 29 15.30 (12.70-20.40) 314 15.70 (10.30-28.00) 0.198
 International normalized ratio 29 1.23 (0.99-1.75) 314 1.27 (0.89-2.77) 0.170
 Activated partial thromboplastin time (seconds) 29 40.00 (19.80-53.80) 314 39.90 (23.10-71.30) 0.952
 D-dimer (mg/L) 19 1.32 (0.16-10.56) 252 0.86 (0.10-46.17) 0.873
 Antithrombin III (%) 11 65.30 (40.00-84.00) 118 63.00 (21.00-123.00) 0.933
 Protein C activity (%) 6 57.30 (49.80-75.10) 54 59.65 (24.00-119.30) 0.721
 Protein S activity (%) 6 61.55 (55.60-73.30) 54 63.50 (20.70-123.60) 0.873
Child-Pugh score 29 7.00 (5.00-10.00) 313 7.00 (5.00-13.00) 0.749
MELD score 29 10.46 (7.23-18.00) 312 10.41 (6.43-30.03) 0.892
Portal vein thrombosis 29 7 (24.1%) 318 92 (28.9%) 0.584
 LPV 3 (10.3%) 25 (7.9%) 0.638
 RPV 2 (6.9%) 31 (9.7%) 0.616
 MPV 4 (13.8%) 52 (16.4%) 0.720
 Confluence of SMV and SV 5 (17.2%) 35 (11.0%) 0.314
 SMV 2 (6.9%) 51 (16.0%) 0.190
 SV 0 (0.0%) 13 (4.1%) 0.267
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No. pts: number of patients; MELD: model for the end-stage liver diseases; LPV: left portal vein; RPV: right portal vein; MPV: main portal vein; SMV: superior mesenteric vein; SV: splenic vein.

3.4. PSM Analysis between Cirrhotic Patients with Ischemic Stroke and Those without Stroke

Twenty-eight patients were matched in each group after a 1 : 1 PSM analysis (Table 3). There was no significant difference in demographics, etiology of liver disease, laboratory tests, clinical presentations, Child-Pugh score, and MELD score between the two groups. Notably, we still did not find any significant association between ischemic stroke and portal vein thrombosis.

Table 3.

Characteristics of cirrhotic patients with ischemic stroke and those without stroke after propensity score matching.

Variables Overall (n = 56) Ischemic stroke (n = 28) No stroke (n = 28) p value
Age (years) 59.68 (35.18-77.30) 60.65 (38.72-77.30) 58.44 (35.18-75.72) 0.258
Gender (male) 47 (83.9%) 22 (78.6%) 25 (89.3%) 0.275
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) 125.00 (83.00-173.00) 124.50 (90.00-173.00) 126.50 (83.00-158.00) 0.491
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) 75.50 (44.00-108.00) 72.00 (50.00-108.00) 81.00 (44.00-107.00) 0.161
Etiology of liver diseases
 Hepatitis B virus infection 23 (41.1%) 10 (35.7%) 13 (46.4%) 0.415
 Hepatitis C virus infection 1 (1.8%) 1 (3.6%) 0 (0.0%) 0.313
 Alcohol abuse 35 (62.5%) 18 (64.3%) 17 (60.7%) 0.783
 Drug related 6 (10.7%) 4 (14.3%) 2 (7.1%) 0.388
 Budd-Chiari syndrome 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) NA
 Autoimmune liver diseases 1 (1.8%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (3.6%) 0.313
Clinical presentations at admission
 Hepatic encephalopathy 2 (3.6%) 1 (3.6%) 1 (3.6%) 1.000
 Acute gastrointestinal bleeding 13 (23.2%) 7 (25.0%) 6 (21.4%) 0.752
 Ascites (no/mild/moderate-severe) 27 (48.2%)/14 (25.0%)/15 (26.8%) 15 (53.6%)/6 (21.4%)/7 (25.0%) 12 (42.9%)/8 (28.6%)/8 (28.6%) 0.710
History
 History of venous thrombus 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) NA
 History of hematological diseases 1 (1.8%) 1 (3.6%) 0 (0.0%) 0.313
 History of diabetes mellitus 12 (21.4%) 8 (28.6%) 4 (14.3%) 0.193
 History of arterial hypertension 13 (23.2%) 10 (35.7%) 3 (10.7%) 0.027
 History of smoking 39 (69.6%) 20 (71.4%) 19 (67.9%) 0.771
 History of cardiac diseases 8 (14.3%) 5 (17.9%) 3 (10.7%) 0.445
Laboratory tests
 Red blood cell (1012/L) 3.52 (1.15-5.20) 3.34 (1.15-5.20) 3.69 (1.74-5.08) 0.456
 Hemoglobin (g/L) 109.00 (37.00-174.00) 102.00 (37.00-174.00) 110.50 (58.00-156.00) 0.812
 White blood cell (109/L) 4.25 (1.30-22.70) 4.70 (1.30-22.70) 4.05 (1.30-20.80) 0.063
 Platelet (109/L) 84.50 (37.00-423.00) 88.00 (37.00-377.00) 75.00 (37.00-423.00) 0.961
 Total bilirubin (μmol/L) 24.25 (5.70-132.70) 25.30 (5.70-132.70) 24.15 (6.60-47.00) 0.718
 Direct bilirubin (μmol/L) 9.55 (2.00-78.20) 9.30 (2.00-78.20) 9.60 (2.50-27.00) 0.961
 Indirect bilirubin (μmol/L) 12.45 (3.60-76.00) 12.60 (3.60-76.00) 12.35 (4.10-27.70) 0.967
 Albumin (g/L) 32.55 (22.10-46.20) 30.75 (22.10-44.50) 33.95 (24.50-46.20) 0.201
 Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) 24.79 (7.53-176.68) 21.66 (7.74-176.68) 25.59 (7.53-140.00) 0.793
 Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) 33.94 (9.74-166.49) 34.22 (9.74-143.00) 33.94 (13.94-166.49) 0.857
 Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) 98.86 (28.83-337.00) 93.60 (28.83-337.00) 102.83 (52.28-337.00) 0.481
 γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase (U/L) 60.87 (10.00-1779.18) 69.50 (10.00-1779.18) 56.00 (10.93-552.26) 0.611
 Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L) 5.62 (2.96-47.25) 5.81 (3.52-47.25) 5.38 (2.96-20.15) 0.502
 Serum creatinine (μmol/L) 66.64 (42.82-267.63) 68.96 (42.82-267.63) 64.19 (44.50-117.53) 0.870
 Potassium (mmol/L) 3.99 (2.74-5.41) 4.03 (2.80-5.41) 3.89 (2.74-4.75) 0.517
 Sodium (mmol/L) 138.50 (133.50-145.50) 137.95 (134.10-145.50) 139.65 (133.50-145.20) 0.210
 Prothrombin time (seconds) 15.30 (12.70-20.40) 15.30 (12.70-20.40) 15.25 (12.00-18.90) 0.774
 International normalized ratio 1.24 (0.93-1.75) 1.24 (0.99-1.75) 1.24 (0.93-1.64) 0.883
 Activated partial thromboplastin time (seconds) 40.10 (19.80-53.80) 40.10 (19.80-53.80) 40.30 (27.50-50.80) 0.961
Child-Pugh score 7.00 (5.00-10.00) 7.00 (5.00-10.00) 7.00 (5.00-13.00) 0.259
MELD score 10.43 (6.43-18.00) 10.52 (7.23-18.00) 10.32 (6.43-15.58) 0.676
Portal vein thrombosis 14 (25.0%) 7 (25.0%) 7 (25.0%) 1.000
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MELD: model for the end-stage liver diseases.

4. Discussion

Recently, a large population-based cohort study using Danish National Patient Registry demonstrated that splanchnic vein thrombosis significantly increased the risk of bleeding and arterial cardiovascular events as compared to patients with venous thromboembolism and general population [23]. In this study, splanchnic vein thrombosis referred to venous thrombosis within the portal, hepatic, mesenteric, and splenic veins; and arterial cardiovascular events included unstable angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction, and ischemic stroke. They included 1,915 patients with splanchnic vein thrombosis, of whom 1,711 patients had portal vein thrombosis. They found that patients with splanchnic vein thrombosis had higher risk of bleeding and arterial cardiovascular events up to 1 year after diagnosis. In contrast to these findings, we did not find any significant association between stroke and portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis, even in the PSM analysis. There were several potential reasons for this unexpected phenomenon. First, HCV infection, which should be regarded as a possible causative factor in the antiphospholipid syndrome with an increased prevalence of anticardiolipin antibodies [24] and an aggravated risk of hypercoagulability, is more prevalent in Western countries; by comparison, in our Chinese patients, HBV infection is the major etiology of liver cirrhosis, and the prevalence of HCV infection was only 6.02% (21/349) in our patients, which might lead to a low probability of antiphospholipid syndrome. Second, because Helicobacter pylori is an indirect risk factor of hypercoagulation and is not routinely detected in liver cirrhosis, our study did not have such data and could not compare the difference in the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection between patients with and without stroke. Third, our study demonstrated that the level of homocysteine was higher in patients with stroke or ischemic stroke than in patients without stroke, but the difference was not significant. This finding should be validated by expanding the number of patients who underwent laboratory tests of homocysteine levels.

Our study had several limitations. First, the number of our study population, especially patients with ischemic stroke, might not be adequate. Among the patients admitted to our Department of Gastroenterology, most of stroke events are usually asymptomatic. Therefore, in our retrospective observational study, the imaging examination of the brain has not been performed in every cirrhotic patient to evaluate the risk of asymptomatic stroke. Indeed, the imaging examination of the brain in every cirrhotic patient might not be approved by any ethical committee. Herein, the history of asymptomatic stroke, such as lacunar infarction, might be missed. Second, in the present study, we selected study population from a prospectively established database, in which only the patients undergoing enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance are included. Although enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance can evaluate more precisely the existence, extent, and degree of portal vein thrombosis, there was a potential bias in patient selection in this setting. Third, hypercoagulability is not evaluated in all patients. Fourth, Helicobacter pylori infection, which may be associated with both portal vein thrombosis and stroke, has not been studied in our study.

In conclusion, our study could not establish any association between stroke and portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis. Certainly, well-designed large-scale prospective cohort studies will be necessary to confirm this finding.

Acknowledgments

We are indebted to our study team for establishing and updating our prospective database, including Han Deng, Ran Wang, Qianqian Li, Xiangbo Xu, Zhaohui Bai, Yanyan Wu, Li Luo, Shixue Xu, Yanglan He, and Yingying Li, of whom all had worked for our study group.

Abbreviations

FVIII:

Factor VIII

PC:

Protein C

MTHFR:

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase

HBV:

Hepatitis B virus

HCV:

Hepatitis C virus

INR:

International normalized ratio

MELD:

Model for the end-stage liver diseases

LPV:

Left portal vein

RPV:

Right portal vein

MPV:

Main portal vein

SMV:

Superior mesenteric vein

SV:

Splenic vein

PSM:

Propensity score matching.

Contributor Information

Xiaozhong Guo, Email: guo_xiao_zhong@126.com.

Xingshun Qi, Email: xingshunqi@126.com.

Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Disclosure

The abstract was published in Asian-Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) 2020 Conference. Please see the following link: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12072-020-10030-4.pdf.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Authors' Contributions

Kexin Zheng, Xiaozhong Guo, and Xingshun Qi were responsible for conceptualization. Kexin Zheng, Fangfang Yi, Le Wang, and Xingshun Qi were responsible for data curation. Kexin Zheng and Xingshun Qi were responsible for the formal analysis, investigation, methodology, software, and writing of the original draft. Xiaozhong Guo and Xingshun Qi were responsible for the funding acquisition, project administration, and supervision. Xingshun Qi provided resources and was responsible for the validation and visualization. Kexin Zheng, Xiaozhong Guo, Fangfang Yi, Le Wang, Andrea Mancuso, and Xingshun Qi were responsible for the writing, reviewing and editing.

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Data Availability Statement

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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