Figure 1.

Costunolide inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation response in BV2 cells. (A) Costunolide. (B–G) BV2 microglia were treated with gradient concentrations of Costunolide (CTL) and 1 μg/mL of LPS or vehicle for 24 h. (B) The cell viability was determined by MTT method. The levels of NO (C), TNF-α (D), IL-6 (E) and PGE₂ (F) were detected by Griess method and ELISA assay. (G) The protein expression of COX2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were detected by Western blot assay. Quantitative analysis for relative levels of cyclooxygenase2 (COX2) (H), and iNOS (I) were performed by normalizing to the control group. Data are mean ± SEM for three individual experiments. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs. control group. ^# p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01 vs. LPS group. p values were calculated by ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc test.