Table 1.
Effect of ultrasound time, hydrodistillation time and drying temperature on the yield of O. basilicum essential oil and its toxicity on adults of S. zeamais.
| Experiment | Replicate | Sonication Time (min) | HD Time (min) | Drying Temperature (°C) | Mortality (Average of Dead Insects) | Average Oil Yield (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | 8 (‒) | 30 (‒) | 30 (‒) | 20 | 0.08 |
| 2 | 1 | 8 (‒) | 30 (‒) | 30 (‒) | 21 | 0.09 |
| 3 | 1 | 8 (‒) | 60 (+) | 60 (+) | 20 | 0.09 |
| 4 | 1 | 8 (‒) | 60 (+) | 60 (+) | 21 | 0.08 |
| 5 | 1 | 31(+) | 30 (‒) | 30 (‒) | 21 | 0.09 |
| 6 | 1 | 31 (+) | 30 (‒) | 60 (+) | 23 | 0.13 |
| 7 * | 1 | 31(+) | 60 (+) | 30 (‒) | 24 | 0.16 |
| 8 | 1 | 31(+) | 60 (+) | 60 (+) | 25 | 0.13 |
| 9 | 1 | 0 (0) | 45 (0) | 45 (0) | 20 | 0.07 |
| 10 | 1 | 38 (+α) | 45 (0) | 45 (0) | 25 | 0.16 |
| 11 | 1 | 19 (0) | 20 (-α) | 45 (0) | 21 | 0.08 |
| 12 * | 1 | 19 (0) | 70 (+α) | 45 (0) | 25 | 0.09 |
| 13 | 1 | 19 (0) | 45 (0) | 20 (-α) | 20 | 0.08 |
| 14 * | 1 | 19 (0) | 45 (0) | 70 (+α) | 24 | 0.11 |
| 15 | 1 | 19 (0) | 45 (0) | 45 (0) | 20 | 0.08 |
| 16 | 1 | 19 (0) | 45 (0) | 45 (0) | 20 | 0.08 |
| 17 | 1 | 19 (0) | 45 (0) | 45 (0) | 21 | 0.08 |
| 18 | 2 | 8 (‒) | 30 (‒) | 30 (‒) | 20 | 0.08 |
| 19 | 2 | 8 (‒) | 60 (+) | 30 (‒) | 21 | 0.09 |
| 20 | 2 | 8 (‒) | 30 (‒) | 60 (+) | 20 | 0.09 |
| 21 | 2 | 8 (‒) | 60 (+) | 60 (+) | 21 | 0.08 |
| 22 | 2 | 31 (+) | 30 (‒) | 30 (‒) | 21 | 0.09 |
| 23 | 2 | 31 (+) | 60 (+) | 60 (+) | 23 | 0.13 |
| 24 | 2 | 31 (+) | 30 (‒) | 30 (‒) | 23 | 0.16 |
| 25 * | 2 | 31 (+) | 60 (+) | 60 (+) | 26 | 0.13 |
| 26 | 2 | 0 (-α) | 45 (0) | 45 (0) | 24 | 0.06 |
| 27 * | 2 | 38 (+α) | 45 (0) | 45 (0) | 28 | 0.16 |
| 28 | 2 | 19 (0) | 45 (0) | 45 (0) | 20 | 0.08 |
| 29 | 2 | 19 (0) | 45 (0) | 45 (0) | 24 | 0.13 |
| 30 | 2 | 19 (0) | 45 (0) | 20 (-α) | 20 | 0.08 |
| 31 | 2 | 19 (0) | 70 (+α) | 70 (+α) | 24 | 0.11 |
| 32 | 2 | 19 (0) | 45 (0) | 45 (0) | 20 | 0.08 |
| 33 | 2 | 19 (0) | 45 (0) | 45 (0) | 20 | 0.08 |
| 34 | 2 | 19 (0) | 45 (0) | 45 (0) | 21 | 0.08 |
HD—Hydrodistillation. * Experiments highlighted (samples of the essential oil of O. basilicum that obtained the highest yield and greater toxicity on adults of S. zeamais).