Table 3.

DNA damage parameters derived from the alkaline comet assay, where different superscript letters in the same row (a, b, c) indicate significant differences between means (p ≤ 0.05) according to Tukey’s test; the values after ± represent the standard deviation of the mean.

DNA Damage Parameters	Negative Control (NC)	Positive Control (PC)	Vehicle Control (VC)	CHEN	CDEN
Average tail DNA (%)	0.02 ± 0.00 a	0.15 ± 0.03 b	0.03 ± 0.01 a	0.02 ± 0.01 a	0.01 ± 0.01 a
Average tail length	23.75 ± 3.28 a	86.61 ± 3.97 b	17.48 ± 1.22 c	19.60 ± 1.65 c	19.87 ± 1.88 c
Average tail moment value	0.53 ± 0.09 a	12.93 ± 0.51 b	0.48 ± 0.13 a	0.29 ± 0.06 c	0.26 ± 0.12 c