Table 2.

HCoVs and their clinical symptoms30

HCoVs	Clinical Symptoms	Incubation Period	References
HKU1	Fever, Cough, Respiratory Tract Illness (RTI), Sneezing, Dyspnea, Pneumonia	2–4 days	31
229E	Fever, Chills, Cough, Acute Rhinorrhea, Malaise, Nasal Congestion and Discharge, Headache, Throat Sore	2–5 days	32
OC43	Fever, Cold, Cough, Sputum, Dyspnea, Headache, Nasal Congestion and Discharge, Sneezing, Throat Sore	2–5 days	33
NL63	Fever, Cold, Cough, Respiratory Distress, Wheeze, Rales, Rhinorrhea, Tachypnea, Hypoxia	2–4 days	34
MERS‐CoV	Fever, Cough, Cold, Shortness of Breath, Gastrointestinal Symptoms, Sore Throat, Arthralgia, Diarrhea and Vomiting, Pneumonia, Acute Renal Impairment, Multiple Organ Failures, Rapid Kidney Failure	2–13 days	35
SARS‐CoV	Fever, Cough, Cold, Rigor, Shortness Of Breath, Gastrointestinal Symptoms, Myalgias, Headache, Malaise, Dyspnea, Respiratory Distress, Diarrhea, Pneumonia	2–11 days	35a, 36
SARS‐CoV‐2 (COVID‐19)	Fever, Coughing, Cold, Sore Throat, Nasal Congestion and Rhinorrhea, Diarrhea, Asymptomatic, Organ Function Damage, Acute Kidney And Cardiac Infection, Liver Dysfunction, Pneumothorax	2–14 days but in some cases extended to 24 days	10, 37

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