Abstract
Background and Aims
In December 2019, an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) emerged in Wuhan, China. Although it has been reported that some patients with COVID‐19 showed elevated liver biochemistries, there are few studies regarding the clinical features and prognosis of these patients.
Approach and Results
In this multicenter, retrospective study, we collected data on laboratory‐confirmed patients with COVID‐19 from three hospitals in Wuhan, China, who died or were discharged between February 1, 2020, and February 20, 2020. Data on demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, laboratory examinations on admission, complications, treatment, and outcome were collected. A total of 482 patients were enrolled in this study. Of those, 142 (29.5%) patients showed abnormal liver biochemistries on admission, and patients with elevated alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and total bilirubin (TBIL) accounted for 67.6%, 69.0%, and 16.2%, respectively. Those with abnormal liver biochemistries showed higher percentages of severe cases and comorbidities and were more likely to have dyspnea, chest distress or pain, and increased hemoglobin (Hb) on admission. Higher rates of complications and mortality and worse recovery when discharged were observed in patients with abnormal AST or TBIL. Multivariable regression analysis showed that chest distress or pain (odds ratio [OR], 1.765; P = 0.018), dyspnea (OR, 2.495; P = 0.001), elevated C‐reactive protein level (OR, 1.007; P = 0.008), elevated white blood count (OR, 1.139; P = 0.013), and elevated Hb concentration (OR, 1.024; P = 0.001) were independent factors associated with elevated liver biochemistries in patients with COVID‐19.
Conclusions
Elevated liver biochemistries were common in patients with COVID‐19. Patients with hypoxia or severe inflammation are more likely to experience increased liver biochemistries on admission. Those with abnormal AST or TBIL on admission are more likely to suffer from severe complications and death.
Abbreviations
- ALT
alanine aminotransferase
- ARDS
acute respiratory distress syndrome
- AST
aspartate aminotransferase
- CI
confidence interval
- COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- COVID‐19
coronavirus disease 2019
- CRP
C‐reactive protein
- CT
computed tomography
- DBIL
direct bilirubin
- Hb
hemoglobin
- hs‐cTnI
high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin I
- ICU
intensive care unit
- IQR
interquartile range
- LDH
lactate dehydrogenase
- NAFLD
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- OR
odds ratio
- SARS‐CoV‐2
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- TBIL
total bilirubin
- WBC
white blood count
In December 2019, a coronavirus named “severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2” (SARS‐CoV‐2) caused an outbreak in Wuhan, China. The World Health Organization named the disease “coronavirus disease 2019” (COVID‐19).( 1 ) As of May 8, 2020, the cumulative number of infected people worldwide had risen sharply to more than 3.7 million, with an alarming mortality rate of 6.9%.( 2 ) The main clinical manifestations of COVID‐19 include fever, cough, diarrhea, myalgia, and dyspnea. Although most patients show mild symptoms, some progress rapidly to critical conditions and develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute respiratory failure, coagulopathy, septic shock, and even death.( 3 )
Retrospective studies have found that liver biochemical abnormalities occurred in some patients infected with COVID‐19,( 4 , 5 , 6 ) whereas a large‐scale, multicenter study on the detailed manifestations and clinical features of these patients was absent. In this study, we analyzed the clinical characteristics and factors related to abnormal liver biochemistries in patients with COVID‐19 to explore the value of these liver biochemical indexes.
Patients and Methods
Study Design
In this multicenter, retrospective study, data on patients with laboratory‐confirmed COVID‐19 were collected from Wuhan Tongji Hospital, Union Hospital main district, and Jin Yin‐tan Hospital (Wuhan, China) who died or were discharged between February 1, 2020, and February 20, 2020. Laboratory confirmation was defined as a positive result for the SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA on real‐time RT‐PCR assay of pharyngeal swab specimens. All patients enrolled received standard diagnosis and treatment based on the Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (7th interim edition).
The study was approved by the Ethics Commission of Wuhan Tongji Hospital, Union Hospital, and Jin Yin‐tan Hospital, and written informed consent was waived. To ensure the accuracy and completeness of the data, all authors reviewed the extracted data and revised errors immediately by checking the original case data after the errors were found.
Data Collection
From the three hospitals, 484 patients who died or were discharged from February 1, 2020, to February 20, 2020, were included. After exclusion of 2 cases due to the large amount of missing data, a total of 482 cases were finally enrolled into analysis. Data on demographics, comorbidities (cardiovascular disease, chronic pulmonary disease, diabetes, malignancy, chronic liver disease, and chronic kidney disease), clinical symptoms (fever, rigor, cough, chest distress or pain, dyspnea, fatigue, myalgia, anorexia, and diarrhea), laboratory examinations (complete blood count, serum biochemical test, coagulation profile, renal and liver function, C‐reactive protein [CRP], and lactate dehydrogenase [LDH]), imaging examination, complications, and treatment (antiviral agents, antibiotics, traditional Chinese medicine, corticosteroids, and mechanical ventilation) were collected from electronic medical records. In this study, “liver biochemical abnormality” was defined as any parameter more than the upper limit of normal value of alanine aminotransferase (ALT; 40 U/L), aspartate aminotransferase (AST; 40 U/L), and total bilirubin (TBIL; 21 μmol/L). All laboratory findings were the first laboratory test results on admission.
Statistical Analysis
Continuous variables were described as medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs), and categorical variables were expressed as counts and percentages. We adopted the independent t test or Mann‐Whitney U test to analyze continuous variables based on normally distributed data or nonnormally distributed data. Categorical variables were compared with a χ 2 test or Fisher’s exact test. We divided patients into a normal liver biochemistries group and an abnormal liver biochemistries group to compare the differences of baseline characteristics, laboratory findings, and treatment between the two groups. To further analyze liver biochemical abnormality, the cases were divided into an ALT normal group and an ALT elevation group, an AST normal group and an AST elevation group, and a TBIL normal group and a TBIL elevation group. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression methods were used to investigate the factors associated with abnormal liver biochemistries on admission. Odds ratios (ORs) were expressed with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All of the data were analyzed in SPSS version 22.0. Statistical tests were two‐tailed, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Clinical Features
A total of 482 laboratory‐confirmed patients with COVID‐19 were enrolled in this study (Table 1). The median age was 56.5 years (IQR, 39.0‐67.3; range, 14‐91 years), and 243 (50.4%) cases were male. Relevant laboratory results on admission are shown in Table 2. Of these patients, 142 (29.5%) had abnormal liver biochemistries on admission, and most of them were male (55.6%; P = 0.139) and older (median, 57.0; IQR, 42.8‐67.0; P = 0.413). The proportion of severe cases in the abnormal liver biochemistries group was significantly higher than in the normal liver biochemistries group (52.8% versus 33.2%; P < 0.001). The proportion of severe cases in the TBIL elevation group was the highest (69.6%; P = 0.002), followed by the AST elevation group (58.2%; P < 0.001), whereas the ALT elevation group was the lowest (47.9%; P = 0.045) (Table 3). The common comorbidities were hypertension (25.3%), chronic liver disease (19.9%), diabetes (14.9%), cardiovascular disease (7.7%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (3.7%), malignancy (2.9%), and chronic kidney disease (1.2%). The proportion of patients with diabetes (22.5%; P = 0.002) and chronic liver disease (26.1%; P = 0.029) was higher in the abnormal liver biochemistries group. Chronic liver disease (96; 19.9%) included viral hepatitis (91; 18.9%) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (5; 1%). Compared with the normal liver biochemistries group, the proportion of patients with viral hepatitis in the abnormal liver biochemistries group was significantly higher (24.6% versus 16.5%; P = 0.037), and the proportion of patients with NAFLD was not significantly different between groups (2.1% versus 0.6%; P = 0.311). Common symptoms included fever (88.0%), cough (60.0%), anorexia (40.0%), fatigue (33.0%), chest distress or pain (30.1%), and dyspnea (17.0%). Compared with the normal liver biochemistries group, the incidence of chest distress or pain (39.4%; P = 0.004) and dyspnea (28.9%; P < 0.001) was higher in the abnormal liver biochemistries group. The proportion of ARDS and acute cardiac injury in the AST elevation group and the TBIL elevation group was significantly higher than in the normal liver biochemistries group (Table 3). In the abnormal liver biochemistries group, there were more patients who had received corticosteroid therapy (7.7%; P = 0.010) before admission, whereas the proportion of patients who had undergone antiviral therapy (55.6%; P = 0.021) was relatively smaller (Table 1). After admission, the proportion of patients who had received corticosteroid therapy was also higher in the abnormal liver biochemistries group (47.2% versus 32.9%; P = 0.003) (Table 1).
Table 1.
Clinical Features, Treatment, and Prognosis of Patients With COVID‐19 on Admission
| Indicators | Total (482) | Liver Biochemistries | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal (340, 70.5%) | Abnormal (142, 29.5%) | |||
| Age, median (IQR), years | 56.5 (39.0‐67.3) | 55.5 (38.0‐68.0) | 57.0 (42.8‐67.0) | 0.413 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 243 (50.4%) | 164 (48.2%) | 79 (55.6%) | 0.139 |
| Female | 239 (49.6%) | 176 (51.8%) | 63 (44.4%) | |
| Severity | ||||
| Nonsevere | 294 (61%) | 227 (66.8%) | 67 (47.2%) | <0.001 |
| Severe | 188 (39%) | 113 (33.2%) | 75 (52.8%) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 122 (25.3%) | 80 (23.5%) | 42 (29.6%) | 0.164 |
| Diabetes | 72 (14.9%) | 40 (11.8%) | 32 (22.5%) | 0.002 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 37 (7.7%) | 23 (6.8%) | 14 (9.9%) | 0.245 |
| COPD | 18 (3.7%) | 10 (2.9%) | 8 (5.6%) | 0.155 |
| Malignancy | 14 (2.9%) | 9 (2.6%) | 5 (3.5%) | 0.823 |
| Chronic liver disease | 96 (19.9%) | 59 (17.4%) | 37 (26.1%) | 0.029 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 6 (1.2%) | 6 (1.8%) | 0 (0%) | 0.253 |
| Signs and symptoms | ||||
| Fever | 424 (88%) | 293 (86.2%) | 131 (92.3%) | 0.062 |
| Rigor | 58 (12%) | 42 (12.4%) | 16 (11.3%) | 0.738 |
| Cough | 289 (60%) | 203 (59.7%) | 86 (60.6%) | 0.861 |
| Chest distress or pain | 145 (30.1%) | 89 (26.2%) | 56 (39.4%) | 0.004 |
| Dyspnea | 82 (17%) | 41 (12.1%) | 41 (28.9%) | <0.001 |
| Fatigue | 159 (33%) | 107 (31.5%) | 52 (36.6%) | 0.273 |
| Myalgia | 74 (15.4%) | 53 (15.6%) | 21 (14.8%) | 0.824 |
| Anorexia | 193 (40%) | 130 (38.2%) | 63 (44.4%) | 0.210 |
| Diarrhea | 129 (26.8%) | 92 (27.1%) | 37 (26.1%) | 0.821 |
| Complications | ||||
| ARDS | 44 (9.1%) | 13 (3.8%) | 31 (21.8%) | <0.001 |
| Acute kidney injury | 47 (9.8%) | 29 (8.5%) | 18 (12.7%) | 0.162 |
| DIC | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Acute cardiac injury | 7 (1.5%) | 0 (0%) | 7 (4.9%) | <0.001 |
| Treatment before admission | ||||
| Antiviral | 306 (63.5%) | 227 (66.8%) | 79 (55.6%) | 0.021 |
| Antibiotic | 303 (62.9%) | 220 (64.7%) | 83 (58.5%) | 0.195 |
| Corticosteroid | 20 (4.1%) | 9 (2.6%) | 11 (7.7%) | 0.010 |
| Traditional Chinese medicine | 136 (28.2%) | 97 (28.5%) | 39 (27.5%) | 0.813 |
| Other | 101 (21%) | 71 (20.9%) | 30 (21.1%) | 0.952 |
| Treatment after admission | ||||
| Antiviral | 472 (97.9%) | 338 (99.4%) | 134 (94.4%) | 0.001 |
| Antibiotic | 436 (90.5%) | 306 (90%) | 130 (91.5%) | 0.598 |
| Traditional Chinese medicine | 254 (52.7%) | 189 (55.6%) | 65 (45.8%) | 0.049 |
| Corticosteroid | 179 (37.1%) | 112 (32.9%) | 67 (47.2%) | 0.003 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 66 (13.7%) | 42 (12.4%) | 24 (16.9%) | 0.185 |
| Clinical outcome | ||||
| Discharged | 418 (86.7%) | 318 (93.5%) | 100 (70.4%) | <0.001 |
| Died | 64 (13.3%) | 22 (6.5%) | 42 (29.6%) | |
| Discharge status | ||||
| Chest CT improvement | 330 (68.5%) | 248 (72.9%) | 82 (57.7%) | 0.001 |
| Chest CT normal or fibrosis | 49 (10.2%) | 39 (11.5%) | 10 (7%) | 0.142 |
| CRP normal | 187 (38.8%) | 146 (42.9%) | 41 (28.9%) | 0.004 |
| Lymphocyte count normal | 338 (70.1%) | 253 (74.4%) | 85 (59.9%) | 0.001 |
| Hospital stays, median (IQR), days | 13 (10‐17) | 13 (10‐18) | 12 (9‐16) | 0.005 |
Data are presented as numbers (percentages) unless otherwise indicated.
Other treatments before admission include anti‐inflammatory drugs, hypoglycemic drugs, and antihypertensive drugs.
Abbreviation: DIC, diffuse intravascular coagulation.
Table 2.
Laboratory Findings of Patients With COVID‐19 on Admission
| Indicators | Total (482) | Liver Biochemistries | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal (340, 70.5%) | Abnormal (142, 29.5%) | ||||
| Blood routine | |||||
| WBC (×10⁹/L) | 5.2 (3.9‐6.8) | 4.9 (3.8‐6.3) | 6.1 (4.6‐8.4) | <0.001 | |
| <4 | 130/481 (27%) | 101/339 (29.8%) | 29/142 (20.4%) | <0.001 | |
| >10 | 37/481 (7.7%) | 12/339 (3.5%) | 25/142 (17.6%) | ||
| Lymphocyte count (×10⁹/L) | 1.1 (0.7‐1.5) | 1.2 (0.8‐1.5) | 0.9 (0.6‐1.4) | <0.001 | |
| <1.0 | 202/481 (42%) | 124/339 (36.6%) | 78/142 (54.9%) | <0.001 | |
| Eosinophil count (×10⁹/L) | 0.02 (0.00‐0.07) | 0.03 (0.00‐0.07) | 0.01 (0.00‐0.05) | 0.001 | |
| <0.02 | 226/481 (47%) | 143/339 (42.2%) | 83/142 (58.5%) | 0.001 | |
| Platelet count (×10⁹/L) | 202.0 (149.0‐265.0) | 205.0 (152.0‐259.0) | 194.5 (140.5‐287.3) | 0.509 | |
| Hb (g/L) | 129.0 (118.0‐138.0) | 127.0 (117.0‐136.0) | 132.5 (122.0‐143.0) | <0.001 | |
| Infection‐related biomarkers | |||||
| CRP (mg/L) | 16.1 (3.4‐51.5) | 10.8 (1.7‐39.8) | 42.7 (10.1‐96.8) | <0.001 | |
| >10 | 268/462 (58%) | 165/326 (50.6%) | 103/136 (75.7%) | <0.001 | |
| Blood biochemistry | |||||
| Albumin (g/L) | 36.4 (32.0‐39.8) | 37.2 (33.1‐40.4) | 33.8 (30.7‐37.7) | <0.001 | |
| <35 | 199/482 (41.3%) | 112/340 (32.9%) | 87/142 (61.3%) | <0.001 | |
| Globulin (g/L) | 31.0 (27.7‐34.5) | 30.3 (26.8‐34.0) | 32.7 (29.1‐36.2) | <0.001 | |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 64.0 (53.0‐78.3) | 61.0 (50.0‐73.0) | 74.0 (61.0‐98.3) | <0.001 | |
| γ‐Glutamate transpeptidase (U/L) | 26.0 (16.0‐48.0) | 21.0 (14.0‐37.8) | 54.0 (30.8‐99.3) | <0.001 | |
| LDH (U/L) | 244.0 (193.0‐331.0) | 224.0 (183.5‐280.0) | 358.0 (260.5‐503.0) | <0.001 | |
| >245 | 223/450 (49.6%) | 120/321 (37.4%) | 103/129 (79.8%) | <0.001 | |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 68.0 (56.9‐83.1) | 65.3 (54.5‐80.6) | 73.5 (61.8‐88.3) | <0.001 | |
| >133 | 14/480 (2.9%) | 7/338 (2.1%) | 7/142 (4.9%) | 0.161 | |
| hs‐cTnI (pg/mL) | 4.2 (1.9‐11.3) | 3.6 (1.1‐7.6) | 7.0 (2.2‐20.2) | <0.001 | |
| Coagulation function | |||||
| Prothrombin time (seconds) | 13.4 (12.7‐14.1) | 13.4 (12.7‐14.0) | 13.6 (12.4‐14.5) | 0.152 | |
| ≥ 16 | 24/458 (5.2%) | 9/322 (2.8%) | 15/136 (11%) | <0.001 | |
| D‐dimer (μg/mL) | 0.6 (0.3‐1.3) | 0.5 (0.3‐1.0) | 0.9 (0.5‐2.3) | <0.001 | |
| ≥ 0.5 | 245/446 (54.9%) | 143/313 (45.7%) | 102/133 (76.7%) | <0.001 | |
Data are number out of total number (percentage) and median (IQR).
Table 3.
Clinical Features, Treatment, and Prognosis of Patients With COVID‐19 on Admission
| Indicators | Total (482) | ALT | P | AST | P | TBIL | P Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALT ≤ 40 (386, 80.1%) | ALT >40 (96, 19.9%) | AST ≤ 40 (384, 79.7%) | AST > 40 (98, 20.3%) | TBIL ≤ 21 (459, 95.2%) | TBIL > 21 (23, 4.8%) | |||||
| Age, median (IQR), years | 56.5 (39.0‐67.3) | 56.0 (39.0‐68.0) | 57.0 (40.3‐66.8) | 0.906 | 55.5 (38.0‐68.0) | 57.0 (47.8‐67.0) | 0.208 | 57.0 (39.0‐68.0) | 54.0 (44.0‐63.0) | 0.690 |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Male | 243 (50.4%) | 190 (49.2%) | 53 (55.2%) | 0.294 | 187 (48.7%) | 56 (57.1%) | 0.136 | 231 (50.3%) | 12 (52.2%) | 0.863 |
| Female | 239 (49.6%) | 196 (50.8%) | 43 (44.8%) | 197 (51.3%) | 42 (42.9%) | 228 (49.7%) | 11 (47.8%) | |||
| Severity | ||||||||||
| Nonsevere | 294 (61%) | 244 (63.2%) | 50 (52.1%) | 0.045 | 253 (65.9%) | 41 (41.8%) | <0.001 | 287 (62.5%) | 7 (30.4%) | 0.002 |
| Severe | 188 (39%) | 142 (36.8%) | 46 (47.9%) | 131 (34.1%) | 57 (58.2%) | 172 (37.5%) | 16 (69.6%) | |||
| Comorbidities | ||||||||||
| Hypertension | 122 (25.3%) | 101 (26.2%) | 21 (21.9%) | 0.387 | 92 (24%) | 30 (30.6%) | 0.176 | 114 (24.8%) | 8 (34.8%) | 0.284 |
| Diabetes | 72 (14.9%) | 49 (12.7%) | 23 (24%) | 0.006 | 50 (13%) | 22 (22.4%) | 0.019 | 68 (14.8%) | 4 (17.4%) | 0.969 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 37 (7.7%) | 29 (7.5%) | 8 (8.3%) | 0.787 | 28 (7.3%) | 9 (9.2%) | 0.530 | 35 (7.6%) | 2 (8.7%) | 1.000 |
| COPD | 18 (3.7%) | 13 (3.4%) | 5 (5.2%) | 0.582 | 14 (3.6%) | 4 (4.1%) | 1.000 | 16 (3.5%) | 2 (8.7%) | 0.470 |
| Malignancy | 14 (2.9%) | 11 (2.8%) | 3 (3.1%) | 1.000 | 10 (2.6%) | 4 (4.1%) | 0.660 | 14 (3.1%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Chronic liver disease | 96 (19.9%) | 69 (17.9%) | 27 (28.1%) | 0.024 | 69 (18%) | 27 (27.6%) | 0.034 | 92 (20%) | 4 (17.4%) | 0.965 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 6 (1.2%) | 6 (1.6%) | 0 (0%) | 0.475 | 6 (1.6%) | 0 (0%) | 0.462 | 6 (1.3%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Signs and symptoms | ||||||||||
| Fever | 424 (88%) | 336 (87%) | 88 (91.7%) | 0.213 | 331 (86.2%) | 93 (94.9%) | 0.018 | 405 (88.2%) | 19 (82.6%) | 0.631 |
| Rigor | 58 (12%) | 46 (11.9%) | 12 (12.5%) | 0.875 | 49 (12.8%) | 9 (9.2%) | 0.331 | 55 (12%) | 3 (13%) | 1.000 |
| Cough | 289 (60%) | 225 (58.3%) | 64 (66.7%) | 0.134 | 230 (59.9%) | 59 (60.2%) | 0.956 | 274 (59.7%) | 15 (65.2%) | 0.757 |
| Chest distress or pain | 145 (30.1%) | 105 (27.2%) | 40 (41.7%) | 0.006 | 108 (28.1%) | 37 (37.8%) | 0.064 | 136 (29.6%) | 9 (39.1%) | 0.332 |
| Dyspnea | 82 (17%) | 53 (13.7%) | 29 (30.2%) | <0.001 | 53 (13.8%) | 29 (29.6%) | <0.001 | 75 (16.3%) | 7 (30.4%) | 0.141 |
| Fatigue | 159 (33%) | 119 (30.8%) | 40 (41.7%) | 0.043 | 122 (31.8%) | 37 (37.8%) | 0.261 | 156 (34%) | 3 (13%) | 0.037 |
| Myalgia | 74 (15.4%) | 58 (15%) | 16 (16.7%) | 0.690 | 61 (15.9%) | 13 (13.3%) | 0.521 | 71 (15.5%) | 3 (13%) | 0.985 |
| Anorexia | 193 (40%) | 151 (39.1%) | 42 (43.8%) | 0.407 | 148 (38.5%) | 45 (45.9%) | 0.183 | 187 (40.7%) | 6 (26.1%) | 0.162 |
| Diarrhea | 129 (26.8%) | 101 (26.2%) | 28 (29.2%) | 0.552 | 103 (26.8%) | 26 (26.5%) | 0.953 | 126 (27.5%) | 3 (13%) | 0.128 |
| Complications | ||||||||||
| ARDS | 44 (9.1%) | 33 (8.5%) | 11 (11.5%) | 0.376 | 19 (4.9%) | 25 (25.5%) | <0.001 | 34 (7.4%) | 10 (43.5%) | <0.001 |
| Acute kidney injury | 47 (9.8%) | 36 (9.3%) | 11 (11.5%) | 0.529 | 36 (9.4%) | 11 (11.2%) | 0.582 | 45 (9.8%) | 2 (8.7%) | 1.000 |
| DIC | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 | 1 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 | 1 (0.2%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Acute cardiac injury | 7 (1.5%) | 4 (1%) | 3 (3.1%) | 0.292 | 2 (0.5%) | 5 (5.1%) | 0.004 | 5 (1.1%) | 2 (8.7%) | 0.037 |
| Treatment after admission | ||||||||||
| Antiviral | 472 (97.9%) | 380 (98.4%) | 92 (95.8%) | 0.227 | 379 (98.7%) | 93 (94.9%) | 0.050 | 453 (98.7%) | 19 (82.6%) | <0.001 |
| Antibiotic | 436 (90.5%) | 346 (89.6%) | 90 (93.8%) | 0.220 | 345 (89.8%) | 91 (92.9%) | 0.365 | 416 (90.6%) | 20 (87%) | 0.824 |
| Traditional Chinese medicine | 254 (52.7%) | 204 (52.8%) | 50 (52.1%) | 0.893 | 214 (55.7%) | 40 (40.8%) | 0.008 | 247 (53.8%) | 7 (30.4%) | 0.028 |
| Corticosteroid | 179 (37.1%) | 137 (35.5%) | 42 (43.8%) | 0.134 | 127 (33.1%) | 52 (53.1%) | <0.001 | 167 (36.4%) | 12 (52.2%) | 0.126 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 66 (13.7%) | 50 (13%) | 16 (16.7%) | 0.344 | 49 (12.8%) | 17 (17.3%) | 0.238 | 60 (13.1%) | 6 (26.1%) | 0.144 |
| Clinical outcome | ||||||||||
| Discharged | 418 (86.7%) | 339 (87.8%) | 79 (82.3%) | 0.153 | 353 (91.9%) | 65 (66.3%) | <0.001 | 409 (89.1%) | 9 (39.1%) | <0.001 |
| Died | 64 (13.3%) | 47 (12.2%) | 17 (17.7%) | 31 (8.1%) | 33 (33.7%) | 50 (10.9%) | 14 (60.9%) | |||
| Discharge status | ||||||||||
| Chest CT improvement | 330 (68.5%) | 265 (68.7%) | 65 (67.7%) | 0.859 | 276 (71.9%) | 54 (55.1%) | 0.001 | 323 (70.4%) | 7 (30.4%) | <0.001 |
| Chest CT normal or fibrosis | 49 (10.2%) | 42 (10.9%) | 7 (7.3%) | 0.298 | 43 (11.2%) | 6 (6.1%) | 0.138 | 48 (10.5%) | 1 (4.3%) | 0.553 |
| CRP normal | 187 (38.8%) | 156 (40.4%) | 31 (32.3%) | 0.144 | 165 (43%) | 22 (22.4%) | <0.001 | 181 (39.4%) | 6 (26.1%) | 0.200 |
| Lymphocyte count normal | 338 (70.1%) | 272 (70.5%) | 66 (68.8%) | 0.742 | 282 (73.4%) | 56 (57.1%) | 0.002 | 332 (72.3%) | 6 (26.1%) | <0.001 |
| Hospital stays, median (IQR%), days | 13 (10‐17) | 13 (10‐18) | 13 (11‐16) | 0.368 | 13 (10‐18) | 13 (9‐16) | 0.095 | 13 (10‐17) | 9 (4‐13) | <0.001 |
Data are presented as numbers (percentages) unless otherwise indicated.
Abbreviation: DIC, diffuse intravascular coagulation.
Compared with normal liver biochemistries, patients with abnormal liver biochemistries had poor prognosis with a significantly higher proportion of death (29.6% versus 6.5%; P < 0.001), especially in the AST elevation group (33.7% versus 8.1%; P < 0.001) and the TBIL elevation group (60.9% versus 10.9%; P < 0.001) (Table 3). Among patients with abnormal liver biochemistries, the percentages of patients who had achieved chest computed tomography (CT) improvement (57.7% versus 72.9%; P = 0.001), normal CRP (28.9% versus 42.9%; P = 0.004), and normal lymphocyte count (59.9% versus 74.4%; P = 0.001) were lower than in the normal group when discharged (Table 1).
Laboratory Inspection
Compared with the normal liver biochemistries group, patients with abnormal liver biochemistries had higher levels of CRP, leukocytes, creatinine, LDH, D‐dimer, hemoglobin (Hb), high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs‐cTnI), and globulin and lower levels of lymphocytes, eosinophils, and albumin (Table 2). The Hb of the abnormal liver biochemistries group (median, 132.5 g/L; IQR, 122.0‐143.0) was higher than in the normal group (median, 127.0 g/L; IQR, 117.0‐136.0) (P < 0.001), and the differences were statistically significant when grouped by ALT elevation (P = 0.001), AST elevation (P = 0.001), or TBIL elevation (P = 0.006). The levels of CRP and leukocytes in the liver biochemistries elevation groups were higher than in the normal groups (P < 0.001). The absolute values of lymphocytes in patients with elevated AST (P < 0.001) and TBIL (P = 0.003) were lower, and the TBIL elevation group had a minimum lymphocyte count of 0.7 × 109/L (IQR, 0.4‐1.1; P = 0.003) (Table 4). The levels of hs‐cTnI were significantly higher in patients with elevated AST (10.7 versus 3.6 pg/mL; P < 0.001) or TBIL (15.0 versus 4.0 pg/mL; P = 0.002) than those with normal levels (Table 4).
Table 4.
Laboratory Findings of Patients With COVID‐19 on Admission
| Indicators | Total (482) | ALT | P | AST | P | TBIL | P Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALT ≤ 40 (386, 80.1%) | ALT > 40 (96, 19.9%) | AST ≤ 40 (384, 79.7%) | AST > 40 (98, 20.3%) | TBIL ≤ 21 (459, 95.2%) | TBIL > 21 (23, 4.8%) | |||||
| Blood routine | ||||||||||
| WBC (×10⁹/L) | 5.2 (3.9‐6.8) | 5.0 (3.8‐6.6) | 6.1 (4.8‐7.4) | <0.001 | 5.0 (3.8‐6.5) | 6.2 (4.5‐8.1) | <0.001 | 5.1 (3.9‐6.7) | 10.6 (5.6‐15.3) | <0.001 |
| <4 | 130/481 (27%) | 113/385 (29.4%) | 17/96 (17.7%) | 0.020 | 109/383 (28.5%) | 21/98 (21.4%) | <0.001 | 126/458 (27.5%) | 4/23 (17.4%) | <0.001 |
| >10 | 37/481 (7.7%) | 25/385 (6.5%) | 12/96 (12.5%) | 20/383 (5.2%) | 17/98 (17.3%) | 25/458 (5.5%) | 12/23 (52.2%) | |||
| Lymphocyte count (×10⁹/L) | 1.1 (0.7‐1.5) | 1.1 (0.7‐1.5) | 1.0 (0.7‐1.5) | 0.247 | 1.2 (0.8‐1.5) | 0.9 (0.6‐1.2) | <0.001 | 1.1 (0.8‐1.5) | 0.7 (0.4‐1.1) | 0.003 |
| <1.0 | 202/481 (42%) | 155/385 (40.3%) | 47/96 (49%) | 0.122 | 142/383 (37.1%) | 60/98 (61.2%) | <0.001 | 185/458 (40.4%) | 17/23 (73.9%) | 0.001 |
| Eosinophil count (×10⁹/L) | 0.02 (0.00‐0.07) | 0.02 (0.00‐0.07) | 0.02 (0.00‐0.07) | 0.788 | 0.03 (0.00‐0.07) | 0.00 (0.00‐0.04) | <0.001 | 0.02 (0.00‐0.07) | 0.01 (0.00‐0.02) | 0.008 |
| <0.02 | 226/481 (47%) | 182/385 (47.3%) | 44/96 (45.8%) | 0.800 | 162/383 (42.3%) | 64/98 (65.3%) | <0.001 | 209/458 (45.6%) | 17/23 (73.9%) | 0.008 |
| Platelet count (×10⁹/L) | 202 (149‐265) | 197.0 (148.5‐256.0) | 217.0 (152.5‐313.8) | 0.056 | 206 (152‐265) | 176.5 (132.3‐269.5) | 0.064 | 205 (152‐268) | 147 (87‐202) | <0.001 |
| Hb (g/L) | 129 (118‐138) | 128 (117‐136) | 133.0 (123.5‐143.0) | 0.001 | 128 (117‐136) | 133 (122‐144) | 0.001 | 128 (118‐137) | 140 (125‐144) | 0.006 |
| Infection‐related biomarkers | ||||||||||
| CRP (mg/L) | 16.1 (3.4‐51.5) | 13.0 (2.4‐45.8) | 36.8 (7.1‐81.5) | <0.001 | 10.2 (1.9‐40.5) | 57.1 (29.0‐114.4) | <0.001 | 14.6 (3.0‐47.6) | 62.7 (24.8‐137.7) | <0.001 |
| >10 | 268/462 (58%) | 203/371 (54.7%) | 65/91 (71.4%) | 0.004 | 185/367 (50.4%) | 83/95 (87.4%) | <0.001 | 250/440 (56.8%) | 18/22 (81.8%) | 0.020 |
| Blood biochemistry | ||||||||||
| Albumin (g/L) | 36.4 (32.0‐39.8) | 37.0 (33.0‐40.2) | 33.5 (30.5‐37.8) | <0.001 | 37.2 (33.1‐40.3) | 33.0 (30.6‐36.2) | <0.001 | 36.5 (32.1‐39.9) | 34.0 (30.1‐38.9) | 0.094 |
| <35 | 199/482 (41.3%) | 141/386 (36.5%) | 58/96 (60.4%) | <0.001 | 129/384 (33.6%) | 70/98 (71.4%) | <0.001 | 186/459 (40.5%) | 13/23 (56.5%) | 0.128 |
| Globulin (g/L) | 31.0 (27.7‐34.5) | 30.7 (27.1‐34.4) | 32.0 (28.6‐35.6) | 0.031 | 30.3 (26.9‐34.0) | 33.8 (29.8‐36.7) | <0.001 | 30.6 (27.5‐34.4) | 34.4 (31.9‐36.4) | 0.004 |
| ALT (U/L) | 21.5 (15.0‐35.3) | 19.0 (14.0‐26.0) | 66.5 (51.0‐88.5) | <0.001 | NA | NA | NA | 21.0 (15.0‐34.0) | 25.0 (18.0‐57.0) | 0.305 |
| >40 | 96/482 (19.9%) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 88/459 (19.2%) | 8/23 (34.8%) | 0.118 |
| AST (U/L) | 26 (19‐37) | NA | NA | NA | 23 (18‐30) | 59.0 (46.8‐76.5) | <0.001 | 19 (26‐36) | 40 (24‐87) | 0.013 |
| >40 | 98/482 (20.3%) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 87/459 (19%) | 11/23 (47.8%) | 0.002 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 64.0 (53.0‐78.3) | 61 (51‐74) | 77.5 (63.3‐104.0) | <0.001 | 62 (51‐76) | 72.5 (60.0‐96.3) | <0.001 | 63 (52‐77) | 87 (70‐156) | <0.001 |
| γ‐Glutamate transpeptidase (U/L) | 26 (16‐48) | 22.0 (15.0‐35.3) | 66.0 (38.3‐122.5) | <0.001 | 22 (15‐37) | 56.0 (32.8‐106.0) | <0.001 | 26 (16‐45) | 57 (22‐123) | 0.005 |
| LDH (U/L) | 244 (193‐331) | 231.5 (186.0‐303.3) | 335.0 (256.8‐454.0) | <0.001 | 229 (184‐287) | 405 (314‐523) | <0.001 | 241.0 (192.5‐319.5) | 558.0 (231.5‐829.5) | <0.001 |
| >245 | 223/450 (49.6%) | 152/362 (42%) | 71/88 (80.7%) | <0.001 | 141/359 (39.3%) | 82/91 (90.1%) | <0.001 | 208/429 (48.5%) | 15/21 (71.4%) | 0.040 |
| TBIL (μmol/L) | 9.1 (6.7‐12.5) | 8.8 (6.4‐11.8) | 10.7 (8.0‐14.5) | <0.001 | 8.7 (6.4‐11.6) | 11.4 (8.0‐14.9) | <0.001 | 8.9 (6.6‐11.8) | 22.9 (21.8‐29.8) | <0.001 |
| DBIL (μmol/L) | 3.6 (2.6‐5.0) | 3.5 (2.5‐4.7) | 4.4 (3.2‐5.8) | <0.001 | 3.5 (2.5‐4.5) | 4.9 (3.4‐7.0) | <0.001 | NA | NA | NA |
| DBIL/TBIL | 0.42 (0.34‐0.48) | 0.41 (0.34‐0.48) | 0.44 (0.35‐0.50) | 0.063 | 0.40 (0.34‐0.46) | 0.48 (0.39‐0.54) | <0.001 | NA | NA | NA |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 68.0 (56.9‐83.1) | 67.0 (56.0‐83.1) | 70.1 (60.0‐83.2) | 0.349 | 66 (55‐80) | 78.9 (64.0‐95.0) | <0.001 | 68.0 (56.1‐82.9) | 80 (64‐100) | 0.040 |
| >133 | 14/480 (2.9%) | 12/384 (3.1%) | 2/96 (2.1%) | 0.839 | 7/382 (1.8%) | 7/98 (7.1%) | 0.014 | 13/457 (2.8%) | 1/23 (4.3%) | 0.502 |
| hs‐cTnI (pg/mL) | 4.2 (1.9‐11.3) | 4.0 (1.8‐10.3) | 4.5 (1.9‐15.5) | 0.351 | 3.6 (1.2‐7.9) | 10.7 (2.9‐21.8) | <0.001 | 4.0 (1.8‐9.8) | 15.0 (2.1‐229.5) | 0.002 |
| Coagulation function | ||||||||||
| Prothrombin time (seconds) | 13.4 (12.7‐14.1) | 13.5 (12.8‐14.1) | 13.3 (11.9‐14.2) | 0.493 | 13.3 (12.7‐14.1) | 13.8 (12.8‐14.5) | 0.036 | 13.4 (12.7‐14.1) | 14.7 (13.6‐17.3) | <0.001 |
| ≥ 16 | 24/458 (5.2%) | 16/366 (4.4%) | 8/92 (8.7%) | 0.161 | 14/363 (3.9%) | 10/95 (10.5%) | 0.019 | 18/436 (4.1%) | 6/22 (27.3%) | <0.001 |
| D‐dimer (μg/mL) | 0.6 (0.3‐1.3) | 0.5 (0.3‐1.2) | 0.9 (0.5‐1.7) | <0.001 | 0.5 (0.3‐1.1) | 1.0 (0.6‐2.2) | <0.001 | 0.6 (0.3‐1.2) | 10.8 (1.1‐38.6) | <0.001 |
| ≥ 0.5 | 245/446 (54.9%) | 180/356 (50.6%) | 65/90 (72.2%) | <0.001 | 168/353 (47.6%) | 77/93 (82.8%) | 0.001 | 228/425 (53.6%) | 17/21 (81%) | 0.014 |
Data are number out of total number (percentage) and median (IQR).
Abbreviation: NA, not available.
Factors Associated With Elevated Liver Biochemistries
Multivariate logistic regression was performed to analyze the factors associated with elevated liver biochemistries (Table 5). It was found that chest distress or pain (OR, 1.765; 95% CI, 1.104‐2.820; P = 0.018) , dyspnea (OR, 2.495; 95% CI, 1.434‐4.341; P = 0.001), elevated CRP (OR, 1.007; 95% CI, 1.002‐1.012; P = 0.008), increased white blood count (WBC) (OR, 1.139; 95% CI, 1.028‐1.263; P = 0.013), and increased Hb (OR, 1.024; 95% CI, 1.009‐1.039; P = 0.001) were independent factors associated with elevated liver biochemistries.
Table 5.
Univariate and Multivariate Analyses of Patients With COVID‐19 and Abnormal Liver Biochemistries
| Indicators | Univariate Analysis | P | Multivariate Analysis | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||||
| Baseline characteristics | |||||
| Age (years) | 1.019 (1.006‐1.032) | 0.003 | 1.002 (0.986‐1.019) | 0.810 | |
| Sex (male) | 1.346 (0.908‐1.995) | 0.139 | NA | NA | |
| Severity | |||||
| Severe | 2.249 (1.508‐3.352) | <0.001 | 1.003 (0.595‐1.691) | 0.990 | |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Hypertension | 1.365 (0.880‐2.117) | 0.165 | NA | NA | |
| Diabetes | 2.182 (1.305‐3.647) | 0.003 | 1.322 (0.717‐2.441) | 0.371 | |
| Cardiovascular disease | 1.507 (0.752‐3.022) | 0.247 | NA | NA | |
| COPD | 1.970 (0.761‐5.100) | 0.162 | NA | NA | |
| Malignancy | 1.342 (0.442‐4.078) | 0.604 | NA | NA | |
| Chronic liver disease | 1.678 (1.051‐2.680) | 0.030 | 1.478 (0.859‐2.543) | 0.158 | |
| Signs and symptoms | |||||
| Fever | 1.910 (0.960‐3.801) | 0.065 | NA | NA | |
| Rigor | 0.901 (0.488‐1.662) | 0.739 | NA | NA | |
| Cough | 1.036 (0.695‐1.547) | 0.861 | NA | NA | |
| Chest distress or pain | 1.836 (1.213‐2.779) | 0.004 | 1.765 (1.104‐2.820) | 0.018 | |
| Dyspnea | 2.960 (1.817‐4.823) | <0.001 | 2.495 (1.434‐4.341) | 0.001 | |
| Fatigue | 1.258 (0.834‐1.898) | 0.274 | NA | NA | |
| Myalgia | 0.940 (0.543‐1.626) | 0.824 | NA | NA | |
| Anorexia | 1.288 (0.866‐1.916) | 0.211 | NA | NA | |
| Diarrhea | 0.950 (0.609‐1.482) | 0.821 | NA | NA | |
| Treatment before admission | |||||
| Antiviral | 0.624 (0.418‐0.932) | 0.021 | 0.685 (0.432‐1.087) | 0.108 | |
| Antibiotic | 0.767 (0.514‐1.146) | 0.196 | NA | NA | |
| Corticosteroid | 3.088 (1.251‐7.625) | 0.014 | 2.095 (0.724‐6.062) | 0.172 | |
| Traditional Chinese medicine | 0.949 (0.613‐1.469) | 0.813 | NA | NA | |
| Other | 1.015 (0.628‐1.641) | 0.952 | NA | NA | |
| Laboratory findings | |||||
| CRP (mg/L) | 1.013 (1.008‐1.017) | <0.001 | 1.007 (1.002‐1.012) | 0.008 | |
| WBC (×10⁹/L) | 1.248 (1.159‐1.344) | <0.001 | 1.139 (1.028‐1.263) | 0.013 | |
| Platelet count (×10⁹/L) | 1.000 (0.998‐1.002) | 0.782 | NA | NA | |
| Lymphocyte count (×10⁹/L) | 0.546 (0.372‐0.803) | 0.002 | 0.937 (0.576‐1.526) | 0.795 | |
| Eosinophil count (×10⁹/L) | 0.083 (0.003‐2.064) | 0.129 | NA | NA | |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 1.004 (0.999‐1.010) | 0.100 | NA | NA | |
| Prothrombin time (seconds) | 1.018 (0.979‐1.058) | 0.364 | NA | NA | |
| D‐dimer (μg/mL) | 1.050 (1.025‐1.077) | <0.001 | 0.999 (0.964‐1.035) | 0.949 | |
| Hb (g/L) | 1.022 (1.009‐1.035) | 0.001 | 1.024 (1.009‐1.039) | 0.001 | |
| Globulin (g/L) | 1.102 (1.058‐1.147) | <0.001 | 1.028 (0.979‐1.079) | 0.272 | |
| hs‐cTnI (pg/mL) | 1.000 (1.000‐1.000) | 0.173 | NA | NA | |
Other treatments before admission include anti‐inflammatory drugs, hypoglycemic drugs, and antihypertensive drugs.
Abbreviation: NA, not available.
Discussion
In this multicenter, retrospective study, we found that elevated liver biochemistries were common in patients with COVID‐19. Approximately one third of the subjects presented with elevated liver biochemistries on admission, which was similar to a previous report.( 7 ) However, most of the patients just showed mildly elevated liver biochemistries at the preliminary stage of infection,( 8 ) which was consistent with what was found in our study, that most patients only had slight elevation of ALT, AST, and TBIL on admission. The mechanism of abnormal liver biochemistries caused by SARS‐COV‐2 is still unclear. In our study, 19.9% of patients with COVID‐19 had coexisting chronic liver diseases (viral hepatitis and NAFLD). Viral hepatitis co‐comorbidity accounted for a higher proportion in patients with elevated liver biochemistries (P = 0.037). However, it is hard to say whether NAFLD co‐comorbidity contributes to elevated liver biochemistries because we only had 5 patients with NAFLD. Although patients with previous liver diseases more easily developed abnormal liver biochemistries, it was possible that they had abnormal biochemistries before being infected by SARS‐CoV‐2. Of the patients, 4.8% presented with elevated TBIL, especially direct bilirubin (DBIL); and median DBIL/TBIL was 0.42 (0.34‐0.48). As reported by a recent study, angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 was highly expressed in type 2 alveolar epithelial cells as well as in bile duct cells and had an important role in mediating SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.( 9 ) These findings indicated that elevated TBIL may be associated with SARS‐CoV‐2‐induced bile duct cell injury rather than direct hepatic cell injury caused by the virus.( 10 , 11 )
We demonstrated that CRP and leukocyte count were associated with abnormal liver biochemistries, which was consistent with a previous study.( 12 ) CRP, an acute‐phase protein, is an indicator for active inflammation. An increased number of leukocytes is a response to bacterial infection. Both are important clinical inflammatory indicators. It has been reported that the levels of CRP and WBC were significantly higher in severe cases,( 13 ) and abnormal liver biochemistries were more commonly seen in critical patients.( 6 ) In a previous COVID‐19 study, patients who had been admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) had higher levels of ALT and AST relative to non‐ICU patients, and the proportion of patients with elevated AST was also higher in ICU patients (62% versus 37%).( 14 ) According to another study, 39.4% of severe patients showed elevated AST, whereas 28.1% had elevated ALT, the proportions of both being higher than in nonsevere cases.( 15 ) Thus, patients with severe disease were more likely to have elevated liver biochemistries, which may be related to cytokine storm.( 6 ) Cytokine storm is an overactive inflammatory response caused by pathogens, leading to a persistent activation of lymphocytes and macrophages that can secrete an abundance of inflammatory cytokines, followed by ARDS and multiorgan failure. Previous studies have shown that cytokine storm was associated with poor outcomes in SARS‐CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection.( 16 , 17 ) As reported, inflammatory cytokines reached a peak a few days after hospitalization, indicating that some cytokines might be involved in the early stage of abnormal liver biochemistries.( 18 ) It was also demonstrated in a study that more than half of the patients with COVID‐19 had elevated liver enzymes, which may be associated with drug effects or overreaction of the immune system ( 19 )
In our study, 20 cases received glucocorticoid treatment before admission, including 17 severe patients. Based on the Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia, glucocorticoids can be used in severe cases if necessary. The higher proportion of glucocorticoid therapy in patients with elevated liver biochemistries was possibly owing to the disease severity. Among the patients in this study, 63.5% received antiviral therapies before admission. Although more patients received antiviral treatments before admission in the normal liver biochemistries group, a report has demonstrated that the percentage of patients receiving lopinavir or ritonavir treatment after admission was markedly higher in patients with liver injury.( 8 ) Accordingly, prospective studies are needed to investigate the exact association between various antiviral agents and liver function. In addition, in a previous study, the liver biopsy specimens showed moderate microvesicular steatosis and mild lobular and portal necrosis, which could be related to either SARS‐CoV‐2 infection or drug‐induced liver injury.( 20 ) Concrete evidence is still needed to confirm the cause of abnormal liver biochemistries.
In our study, increased Hb, chest distress or pain, and dyspnea were found to be associated with abnormal liver biochemistries. Hb is a functional protein in red blood cells that can deliver oxygen from the lungs to the far reaches of the body, and increased Hb level is an indicator of chronic hypoxia. Chest distress and dyspnea indicate that oxygenation of the lungs may be significantly damaged. Hypoxia can cause liver damage through a decrease in membrane potential, reducing the level of adenosine triphosphate, damaging sodium pump activity, and increasing membrane permeability.( 21 ) Liver congestion or ischemia can also cause secondary liver function damage in clinic. These results illustrated that hypoxia probably was a cause of abnormal liver biochemistries in patients with COVID‐19.
In patients with elevated AST or TBIL, the proportions of severe and deceased cases and patients with ARDS and acute cardiac injury were higher compared with those in ALT‐elevated patients, whereas the lymphocyte count was relatively lower. Our results showed that hs‐cTnI was much higher in patients with elevated AST or TBIL, indicating that those patients may have cardiac injury. One study found that 7.2% of patients with COVID‐19 had elevated hs‐cTnI.( 22 ) Another study showed that hs‐cTnI was elevated in the early stage of COVID‐19 and sharply increased with the deterioration of the disease.( 5 ) Elevation of hs‐cTnI was more common in severe cases, and more than half of the deceased patients showed elevated hs‐cTnI during hospitalization. Several studies have demonstrated that cardiac injury was associated with poor prognosis.( 6 , 15 , 23 ) Thus, our results suggested that elevated AST and TBIL may be indicators for cardiac injury and were associated with poor prognosis. In addition, as shown in the results, patients with elevated AST or TBIL had worse chest CT images and lower rates for normalization of CRP and lymphocyte count. Lymphocyte count is an important predictor for disease severity, prognosis, and therapeutic response.( 14 , 24 ) Therefore, patients with elevated AST or TBIL were more severe and had worse prognosis or recovery conditions, reminding us to pay close attention to these patients.
One study demonstrated that LDH is an independent risk factor for poor outcomes (transfer to the ICU or in‐hospital death) in SARS patients.( 25 ) Owing to the poor specificity, LDH cannot represent a specific indicator for liver injury.( 26 ) In our study, LDH level was higher in patients with elevated liver biochemistries. Whether a combination of LDH, AST, and TBIL can more accurately predict the outcomes of patients with COVID‐19 needs further investigation.
This study has some limitations. First, it was a retrospective study, and some cases had incomplete medical history, such as the detailed treatment before hospitalization. Liver function of those patients with coexisting chronic liver diseases before infection cannot be evaluated. Second, cases that ended in death may affect the evaluation of some indices, such as the length of hospital stay; and asymptomatic or mild patients were isolated at home, so we were unable to enroll these patients. Third, direct evidence of abnormal liver biochemistries caused by SARS‐COV‐2 is still uncovered, and the underlying mechanism needs to be further studied.
In conclusion, our study demonstrated that although abnormal liver biochemistries were common in patients with COVID‐19, most of them just showed mild elevation, which may result from chronic hypoxia and excessive inflammation. Patients with elevated AST or TBIL on admission may have cardiac injury simultaneously and need more attention because they had worse prognosis.
Author Contributions
W.Y. was responsible for the conception and design of the study, the integrity of the data, and the accuracy of the data analysis. Y.F. was responsible for designing the study and revising the manuscript. P.H., R.Z., T.B., R.Q., X.Z., M.T., C.C., Y.Z., Q.H., M.J., and X.X. were responsible for summarizing the data. X.Z. and M.T. contributed to data analysis. R.Q., X.Z., M.T., M.J., and X.X. were responsible for drafting the manuscript. All authors contributed to data acquisition or interpretation and reviewed and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgment
We thank all of the medical workers for participating in the diagnosis and treatment of patients in Wuhan as well as all the patients involved in this study.
Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (81770554 and 81570501, to Y.F.; 81974383 and 81772607, to W.Y.) and the Key Projects in the Natural Scientific and Technology Program (2018ZX10302204‐002‐003, to J.Y.).
Potential conflict of interest: Nothing to report.
Contributor Information
Yu Fu, Email: futureyu@hust.edu.cn.
Wei Yan, Email: yanwei@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn.
References
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