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. 2020 Jul 15;13(2):91–113. doi: 10.1007/s12200-020-1011-5

Review of fabrication methods of large-area transparent graphene electrodes for industry

Petri Mustonen 1,✉, David M A Mackenzie 1, Harri Lipsanen 1
PMCID: PMC7362318  PMID: 36641556

Abstract

Graphene is a two-dimensional material showing excellent properties for utilization in transparent electrodes; it has low sheet resistance, high optical transmission and is flexible. Whereas the most common transparent electrode material, tin-doped indium-oxide (ITO) is brittle, less transparent and expensive, which limit its compatibility in flexible electronics as well as in low-cost devices. Here we review two large-area fabrication methods for graphene based transparent electrodes for industry: liquid exfoliation and low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (CVD). We discuss the basic methodologies behind the technologies with an emphasis on optical and electrical properties of recent results. State-of-the-art methods for liquid exfoliation have as a figure of merit an electrical and optical conductivity ratio of 43.5, slightly over the minimum required for industry of 35, while CVD reaches as high as 419.

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Keywords: transparent electrodes, graphene, liquid exfoliation, chemical vapor deposition (CVD)

Acknowledgements

The work has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement GrapheneCore2 number 785219, and GrapheneCore3 number 881603. We acknowledge the financial support from Academy of Finland (projects 298297 and 320167-PREIN Flagship).

Funding note

Open access funding provided by Aalto University.

Footnotes

Petri Mustonen got his B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from Aalto University, Finland and continued his work there as a doctoral candidate in Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering. He has been working in the field of 2D materials since 2014 and currently his focus is on chemical vapor deposition and characterization of graphene and other novel 2D materials. In general, his interests lie in bridging the gap between laboratory- and industrial-scale manufacturing of 2D materials.

David M. A. Mackenzie graduated from University of Canterbury, New Zealand in 2010 with a Ph.D. degree in Physics based on nanoscale cluster devices. He joined the Micro and Nanotechnology Department at Technical University of Denmark, Denmark in 2012 as a Postdoctoral Researcher where he worked on 2D material devices including nanopatterned transistors and nanopatterned gas sensors. He moved to Aalto University in Finland in 2018 and is currently involved with growth and characterization of novel 2D materials.

Prof. Harri Lipsanen received his Ph.D. degree from Helsinki University of Technology, Finland in 1994 and is Full Professor in Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Finland. He studies nanomaterials and nanofabrication for various applications in photonics and nanoelectronics. His current research focus on materials includes graphene and other 2D materials, semiconductor nanowires and their heterostructures. The nanofabrication activities extend over many methods such as atomic layer deposition, metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy, electron beam lithography, and self-assembly. Prof. Lipsanen has published over 300 peer-reviewed articles.

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