Abstract
The pauropod family Colinauropodidae Scheller, 1985 is recorded from China for the first time. Three new species of the genus Colinauropus Remy, 1956 are described: Colinauropus chinensissp. nov. and C. chongzhouisp. nov. from Jiangsu Province, and C. foliosussp. nov. from Sichuan Province. They can be easily separated from similar species by the number and the shape of sclerotized plates on the tergites, setae on the body and the anal plate. A key for all species of the genus is provided.
Keywords: anal plate, bothriotricha, pauropod, sclerotized plate, taxonomy
Introduction
The family Colinauropodidae Scheller, 1985 includes the single genus Colinauropus Remy, 1956 and contains three species in the world: Colinauropus regis Remy, 1956 from Réunion and Mauritius (Remy 1956, 1959), C. schelleri Hagino, 1991 from Japan (Hagino 1991, 2005), and C. haginoi Scheller, 2009 from Philippines (Scheller, 2009). Their most charming character lies in the tergites which split into several distinctly sclerotized plates of irregular shape (Scheller 2011).
In the original description, the genus Colinauropus was considered to be affiliated with species of the family Brachypauropodidae Silvestri, 1902 according to the fragmented tergites and the shape of anal plate (Remy 1956). Its taxonomic position was reconsidered and placed in the family Pauropodidae Lubbock 1867, under the new subfamily Colinauropodinae, which was supposed to be closely related to the subfamily Scleropauropodinae (Scheller 1985). In the latest classification system, the subfamily Colinauropodinae was upgraded to family Colinauropodidae (Scheller 2009, 2011).
The purposes of this study are 1) to record the occurrence of family Colinauropodidae Scheller, 1985 in China for the first time; 2) to describe three new species of the genus Colinauropus Remy, 1956 from China; 3) to give a key to the species of the genus.
Materials and methods
All pauropods were collected using a Tullgren’s funnel. The specimens were sorted under a stereomicroscope and preserved in 80% alcohol. They were mounted on slides using Hoyer’s solution and dried in an oven at 50 °C. Observations were performed under a phase contrast microscope (Leica DM 2500). Photos were taken using a digital camera (Leica DMC 4500). Line drawings were made using a drawing tube. All specimens were deposited in the collection maintained by the Shanghai Natural History Museum.
Abbreviations used in the descriptions follow Qian et al. (2018). Absolute lengths of all other body parts are given in mm and μm. Otherwise, the text refers to relative lengths. For the description of the new species, measurements and indices of paratypes are given in brackets.
Results
Taxonomy
Family Colinauropodidae Scheller, 1985
Genus. Colinauropus
Remy, 1956
191295C3-BC2B-5306-8ED0-67D15A1596B1
Type species.
Colinauropus regis Remy, 1956.
Diagnosis.
Body fusiform; head and pygidium free; tergites divided into sclerotized coarse plates, partly of irregular shape; stalk of antennal globulus g shorter than globulus itself; adults with first and last pair of legs 5-segmented, remaining pairs 6-segmented; pygidial sternum with two pairs of setae b1+b2 (Scheller 2011).
Distribution.
Ethiopian, Palaearctic, and Oriental regions.
Colinauropus chinensis sp. nov.
5A7DA4AC-BB77-5F41-85CC-275419CF4B79
http://zoobank.org/DFA53888-8023-4745-B84C-82E51BCB5E57
Figure 1.
Colinauropus chinensis sp. nov. A head, dorsal view, right side B tergite II, right side CT5DT3E right antenna, tergal view F tergum of pygidium G sternum of pygidium and anal plate. Scale bars: 20 μm.
Figure 2.
Colinauropus chinensis sp. nov. A habitus, tergal view BF1 and F3 of right antenna C globulus and F2 of right antenna D head, dorsal view E collum segment, sternal view F tergite I G tergite II H tergite III I tergite IV J tergite V K tergite VI and tergum of pygidium L sternum of pygidium and anal plate. Scale bars: 100 μm (A); 20 μm (B–L).
Figure 3.
Colinauropus chinensis sp. nov. A leg 1 B leg 9 C leg 4 D coxa and trochanter of leg 9. Scale bars: 20 μm.
Material examined.
Holotype, female adult with 9 pairs of legs (slide no. JS-WX-PA2017033), China, Jiangsu Province, Wuxi City, Daji Mountain, extracted from soil samples in bamboo forest, elev. 5 m, 31°32'N, 120°12'E, 9-X-2017, coll. Y. Bu. Paratypes, 2 female adults with 9 pairs of legs (slides no. JS-WX-PA2017031, JS-WX-PA2017032), same data as holotype; 1 female adult with 9 pairs of legs (slide no. JS-WX-PA2018006), same locality as holotype, 9-X-2018, coll. Y. Bu.
Diagnosis.
Colinauropus chinensis sp. nov. is characterized by the cylindrical, annulate setae on head, antennae and tergites; tergite I without distinct sclerotized plates; tergite II with 2 large and 4 small sclerotized plates; tergites III–V each with 4 large and 4 small plates; tergite VI with 2 large plates; seta st on tergum of pygidium cylindrical; bothriotrichum T3 with thicker axis and dense tufted pubescence distally.
Description.
Adult body length (0.88–) 0.96 (–0.98) mm (N = 4); body white-yellow in alcohol, sclerotized plates on tergites brown (Fig. 2A).
Head (Figs 1A, 2D). Dorsal setae cylindrical, annulate, first and second rows shorter than posterior rows. Relative lengths of setae, 1st row: a1 = 10, a2 = 8 (–9); 2nd row: a1 = 13 (–14), a2 = 7 (–9), a3 = 7; 3rd row: a1 = (18–) 20, a2 = (23–) 24; 4th row: a1 = 16 (–17), a2 = 16 (–17), a3 = 22 (–25), a4 = 14 (–16); lateral group setae l1 =21 (–26), l2 = 26 (–31), l3 = 29 (–35); the ratio a1/a1–a1 in 1st row 0.7 (–0.9), 2nd row 0.5, 3rd row1.2 and 4th row 0.7 (–0.8). Temporal organs oval in dorsal view, their length 0.8 of their shortest distance apart. Pistil present. Head cuticle faintly granular.
Antennae (Figs 1E, 2B, C). Antennal segments 1–3 with 2, 2, 3 short, cylindrical, annulate setae respectively, and 1 rudimentary setae present on segment 3. Antennal segment 4 with 4 cylindrical setae; relative lengths of setae: p = 10, p’ = 6, p’’ = 5, r = 5; tergal seta p (1.3–) 1.4 times as long as tergal branch t; the latter cylindrical, 1.7 (–1.8) times as long as its greatest diameter and 0.8 of sternal branch s, which itself is 1.6 times as long as its greatest diameter. Seta q cylindrical, annulate, 0.9 of s. Relative lengths of flagella (base segments included) and base segments: F1 = 100, bs1 = 8 (–11); F2= (41–) 49, bs2 = (5–) 6; F3 = (84–) 92, bs3 = 9 (–10). F1 (6.6–) 7.2 times as long as t, F2 and F3 (2.3–) 2.7 and (4.8–) 5.1 times as long as s respectively. Distal calyces spherical; apex of flagella fusiform, with a short lateral flap. Globulus g 1.7 times as long as wide; about 12 bracts, capsule spherical; width of g (0.5–) 0.6 of the greatest diameter of t. Antennal cuticle granulated.
Trunk. Setae on collum segment cylindrical, annulate; sublateral setae length (20–) 22 μm, (1.9–) 2.0 times as long as submedian setae; sternite process triangular, furcate and granulated; appendages barrel shaped (Fig. 2E). Tergite I with 4+4 short, cylindrical setae (14–15 μm), posteriorly with two patches of thickened cuticles but not form distinct sclerotized plates (Fig. 2F); Tergite II with 6+6 setae (9–20 μm), 4 small anterior and 2 large posterior sclerotized plates (Figs 1B, 2G); Tergites III–V each with 6+6 setae (9–21 μm), 4 large and 4 small sclerotized plates (Fig. 2H–J); Tergite VI with 4+2 setae and 2 large plates (Fig. 2K), posterior setae 10 (–11) μm long, their mutual distance 20 (–23) μm (Fig. 2K). Sclerotized plates with dense, brown granules, diameter 1.5–3.2 μm (Fig. 1B). Other areas of cuticle on tergites with pale and fine granules.
Bothriotricha. Relative lengths: T1 = 100, T2 = (110–) 117, T3 = (122–) 128, T4 =133(–140), T5 = (167–) 178. T1, T2, T4 and T5 long, with short erect and oblique pubescence on axis (Fig. 1C). T3 with thicker axis and dense tufted pubescence distally (Fig. 1D).
Legs. First and last pair of legs 5-segmented, others 6-segmented (Fig. 3A–C). Setae on coxa and trochanter of legs 1–8 cylindrical, annulate (Fig. 3A, C), length 13 (–14) μm and 18 (–20) μm respectively. Setae on coxa of leg 9 cylindrical, annulate, length (15–) 17 μm (Fig. 3B, D). Setae on trochanter of leg 9 furcate, with subcylindrical, annulate, blunt branches, shorter one about (0.6–) 0.7 of longer one (Fig. 3B, D). Tarsi 1–8 with short, annulate distal seta (6 μm) only (Fig. 3A, C). Tarsus of leg 9 tapering, 35 μm in length, 3.2 (–3.5) times as long as its greatest diameter (Fig. 3B), proximal seta slender, pointed, striate, 10 (–13) μm in length; distal seta cylindrical, annulate, 6 (–7) μm in length, about 0.2 of the tarsal length. Cuticle of tarsus pubescent.
Pygidium. Tergum. Posterior margin waved. Relative lengths of setae: a1 = 10, a2 = 13, a3 = 15, st = 10 (–12). Setae distinctly differentiated, a1 short, clavate, pubescent; a2 and a3 slender and pubescent (Figs 1F, 2K); st thick and pubescent (Figs 1G, 2K). Distance a1–a1 as same long as a1; distance a1–a2 2.0 (–2.5) times as long as a2–a3; distance st–st (1.5–) 1.6 times as long as st and 1.6 (–1.8) times as long as distance a1–a1.
Sternum (Figs 1G, 2L). Posterior margin with a deep indention between b1. Relative lengths of setae (a1 =10): b1 = 33(–35), b2 =13 (–15). Seta b1 cylindrical, thick and annulate; b2 slender and short, pubescent. Distance b1–b1 (0.7–) 0.8 of length of b1; distance b1–b2 (0.7–) 0.9 of b2.
Anal plate linguiform, glabrous, 2.0 times longer than broad, lateral margins concave in anterior part, posterior margin with three small lobes; two pairs of appendages present: inner one tiny and conical; outer one cylindrical and longer, (0.4–) 0.5 of the length of plate and with short pubescence (Figs 1G, 2L).
Etymology.
The species is named after China where the type specimens were collected.
Distribution.
China (Jiangsu). Only known from the type locality.
Remarks.
Colinauropus chinensis sp. nov. is most similar to C. haginoi Scheller, 2009 from Philippines in the similar shape of the anal plate and absence of sclerotized plates on tergite I. They can be easily distinguished by the number of sclerotized plates on tergites II and VI (6 and 2 in C. chinensis sp. nov., vs. 8 and 4 in C. haginoi), length of setae on collum segment (sublateral setae 1.9–2.0 times as long as submedian setae in C. chinensis sp. nov. vs. 3.2 times in C. haginoi), and the shape of T3 (subcylindrical, not clavate in C. chinensis sp. nov. vs. proximal half distinctly clavate in C. haginoi).
Colinauropus chongzhoui sp. nov.
0A12C370-33C2-59FE-BF57-9E431DAF2B1E
http://zoobank.org/9DB912C3-DB79-4AC1-8649-AAAC2985E274
Figure 4.
Colinauropus chongzhoui sp. nov. A head, dorsal view, right side B tergite II, right side CT5DT3E right antenna, tergal view F tergum of pygidium G sternum of pygidium and anal plate. Scale bars: 20 μm.
Figure 5.
Colinauropus chongzhoui sp. nov. A habitus, tergal view B left antenna, sternal view C head, dorsal view D collum segment, sternal view E tergite I of adult F tergite I of juvenile G tergite II H tergite III I tergite IV J tergite V K tergite VI. Scale bars: 100 μm (A); 20 μm (B–K).
Figure 6.
Colinauropus chongzhoui sp. nov. A sternum of pygidium and anal plate B tarsus of leg 9 C coxa and trochanter of leg 9 D coxa and trochanter of leg 1 ET3. Scale bars: 20 μm.
Material examined.
Holotype, female adult with 9 pairs of legs (slide no. JS-WX-PA2018007), China, Jiangsu Province, Wuxi City, Daji Mountain, extracted from soil samples in bamboo forest, elev. 5 m, 31°32'N, 120°12'E, 8-X-2018, coll. Y. Bu. Non-type specimens, 1 juvenile with 8 pairs of legs (slides no. JS-WX-PA2017034), 2 juveniles with 6 pairs of legs (slides no. JS-WX-PA2018008, JS-WX-PA2018009), same data as holotype.
Diagnosis.
Colinauropus chongzhoui sp. nov. is characterized by the slender, annulate-striate setae on head, antennae and tergites; tergite I with 1 large sclerotized plate; tergite II with 6 small and 2 large sclerotized plates; tergites III–V each with 4 large and 4 small plates; tergite VI with 2 large plates; seta st on tergum of pygidium clavate; bothriotrichum T3 brush-shaped, with branched pubescence distally.
Description.
Adult body length 0.97 mm (N = 1); body white-yellow in alcohol, sclerotized plates on tergites brown (Fig. 5A).
Head (Figs 4A, 5C). Dorsal setae short, cylindrical, annulate-striate, except seta a3 of second row which is slender and tapering. Relative lengths of setae, 1st row: a1 = 10, a2 = 10; 2nd row: a1 = 8, a2 = 14, a3 = 14; 3rd row: a1 = 9, a2 =10; 4th row: a1 = 12, a2 = 14, a3 = 21, a4 = 12; lateral group setae l1 =23, l2 = 21, l3 = 19; the ratio a1/a1–a1 in 1st row 1.5, 2nd row 0.6, 3rd row 0.9 and 4th row 0.7. Temporal organs oval in dorsal view, their length 1.1 times as long as their shortest distance apart. Pistil present. Head cuticle with dense granules.
Antennae (Figs 4E, 5B). Antennal segments 1–3 with 2, 2, 3 short, cylindrical, annulate setae respectively, and 1 rudimentary seta present on segment 3. Antennal segment 4 with 4 cylindrical setae and rudimentary seta u; relative lengths of setae: p = 10, p’ = 6, p’’ = 6, r = 6, u = 1; tergal seta p 1.1 times as long as tergal branch t; the latter cylindrical, 2.2 times as long as its greatest diameter and 0.9 of sternal branch s, which itself is 1.9 times as long as its greatest diameter. Seta q cylindrical, annulate, 1.3 times as long as s. Relative lengths of flagella (base segments included) and base segments: F1 = 100, bs1 = 10; F2 = 52, bs2 = 5; F3 = 88, bs3 = 9. F1 6.4 times as long as t, F2 and F3 2.9 and 4.9 times as long as s respectively. Distal calyces spherical; apex of flagella fusiform, with a short lateral flap. Globulus g 1.7 times as long as wide; about 12 bracts, capsule spherical; width of g 0.5 of the greatest diameter of t. Antennal cuticle densely granulated.
Trunk. Setae on collum segment cylindrical, annulate; sublateral setae length 23 μm, 2.1 times as long as submedian setae; sternite process triangular, furcate and granulated; appendages cylindrical and tapering (Fig. 5D). Tergite I with 4+4 cylindrical setae (12–13 μm) and 1 large sclerotized plate (Fig. 5E) (2 plates in juveniles, Fig. 5F); Tergite II with 6+6 setae (12–23 μm), 6 small anterior and 2 large posterior sclerotized plates (Figs 4B, 5G); Tergites III–V each with 6+6 setae (6–27 μm), 4 large and 4 small sclerotized plates (Fig. 5H–J); Tergite VI with 4+2 setae and 2 large plates (Fig. 5K), posterior setae 23 μm long, their mutual distance 18 μm (Fig. 5K). Sclerotized plates with dense, brown granules, diameter 2–4 μm, and each granule with one short straight apical hair (Fig. 4B). Other areas of cuticle on tergites with coarse granules.
Bothriotricha. Relative lengths: T1 = 100, T2 = 113, T3 = 86, T4 =118, T5 = 167. T1, T2, T4 and T5 thin, long, with short erect or oblique pubescence on axis (Fig. 4C). T3 brush-shaped, with thicker axis and branched pubescence in distal 2/3 (Figs 4D, 6E).
Legs. First and last pair of legs 5-segmented, others 6-segmented. Setae on coxa and trochanter of legs 1–8 cylindrical, annulate, length 13–15 μm and 16–20 μm respectively (Fig. 6D). Setae on coxa of leg 9 cylindrical, annulate, length 12 μm (Fig. 6C). Seta on trochanter of leg 9 furcate, with two subcylindrical, annulate, blunt branches, shorter one about 0.5 of longer one (Fig. 6C). Tarsi 1–8 with short annulate distal seta (8 μm) only. Tarsus of leg 9 tapering, 40 μm in length, 3.6 times as long as its greatest diameter (Fig. 6B), proximal seta slender, pointed, striate, 11 μm in length; distal one cylindrical, annulate, 9 μm in length, about 0.2 of the tarsal length. Cuticle of tarsus pubescent.
Pygidium. Tergum. Posterior margin blunt triangular. Relative lengths of setae: a1 = 10, a2 = 12, a3 = 16, st = 5. Setae distinctly differentiated, a1 cylindrical, pubescent; a2 and a3 slender, pubescent (Fig. 4F); st short, clavate, pubescent (Figs 4G, 6A). Distance a1–a1 0.7 of length of a1; distance a1–a2 1.6 times as long as a2–a3; distance st–st 2.0 times as long as st and 1.5 times as long as distance a1–a1.
Sternum (Figs 4G, 6A). Posterior margin with one lower indention between b1. Relative lengths of setae (a1 =10): b1 = 28, b2 =12. Seta b1 cylindrical, thick, annulate; b2 slender, short, pubescent. Distance b1–b1 0.8 of length of b1; distance b1–b2 0.9 of b2.
Anal plate linguiform, 1.7 times longer than broad; a pair of clavate appendage inserted posteriorly, 0.4 of the length of plate, and with short pubescence (Figs 4G, 6A).
Etymology.
The species is dedicated to the honor of the late Professor Chongzhou Zhang (1930–2014) who was an eminent zoologist from Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, for his great contribution to the knowledge of Myriapoda of China (Stoev et al. 2014).
Distribution.
China (Jiangsu). Only known from the type locality.
Remarks.
Colinauropus chongzhoui sp. nov. is similar to Colinauropus regis Remy, 1956 in the shape of anal plate. They can be easily distinguished by the number of sclerotized plates on tergite I (1 large plate in C. chongzhoui sp. nov. vs. 2 in C. regis) and tergite II (8 in C. chongzhoui sp. nov., vs. 6 in C. regis), shape of setae on tergites (slender and striate in C. chongzhoui sp. nov. vs. clavate and pubescent in C. regis), and the shape of seta a1 on pygidium (tapering in C. chongzhoui sp. nov. vs. clavate in C. regis).
Colinauropus foliosus sp. nov.
812FD209-31A5-56D6-B74B-EBC507B4ED45
http://zoobank.org/867E5192-CE51-4339-947B-7C17D668C86E
Figure 7.
Colinauropus foliosus sp. nov. A head, dorsal view, left side B tergite II, right side C right antenna, tergal view DT3ET5F tergum of pygidium G sternum of pygidium and anal plate. Scale bars: 20 μm.
Figure 8.
Colinauropus foliosus sp. nov. A habitus, tergal view B terminal part of F1C sternal branch of left antenna, show F2, F3 and globulus D head, dorsal view E collum segment, sternal view F tergite I G tergite II H tergite III I tergite IV J tergite V K tergite VI and tergum of pygidium L sternum of pygidium and anal plate. Scale bars: 100 μm (A); 20 μm (B–K).
Figure 9.
Colinauropus foliosus sp. nov. A posterior plate on tergite V, left side B coxa and trochanter of leg 1 C leg 8 D leg 9 E male genital papillae and coxa of leg 2 F tarsus of leg 9. Scale bars: 20 μm.
Material examined.
Holotype, female adult with 9 pairs of legs (slide no. SC-PA2017002), China, Sichuan Province, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Region, Kangding City, Yala town, 30°06'N, 101°57'E, elev. 3100 m, soil samples from mixed forest, 11-VIII-2017, coll. C.W. Huang. Paratypes, 1 male adult with 9 pairs of legs (slides no. SC-PA2017001) and 1 female adult with 9 pairs of legs (slide no. SC-PA2017003), same data as holotype.
Diagnosis.
Colinauropus foliosus sp. nov. is characterized by the leaf-shaped pubescent setae on head and tergites; tergite I with one large sclerotized plate; tergites II–IV each with 4 large and 4 small plates; tergite V with 4 large and 2 small middle sclerotized plates; tergite VI with 2 large plates; granules on plates ovoid, each inserted with one fine hair; seta st on tergum of pygidium clavate; bothriotrichum T3 with thick axis and dense tufted pubescence distally.
Description.
Adult body length 1.28 (–1.32) mm (N = 3); body white-yellow in alcohol, sclerotized plates on tergites brown (Fig. 8A).
Head (Figs 7A, 8D). Dorsal setae distinctly differentiated, on first and second rows cylindrical to tapering; on third and fourth rows leaf-shaped and with long pubescence; seta a3 of second row slender and tapering. Relative lengths of setae, 1st row: a1 = 10, a2 = 10 (–12); 2nd row: a1 = 10 (–11), a2 = (11–) 12, a3 = 12 (–13); 3rd row: a1 = (18–) 20, a2 = 18 (–20); 4th row: a1 = 13 (–16), a2 = (15–) 17, a3 = 20 (–23), a4 = 16 (–17); lateral group setae l1 =18 (–24), l2 = 18 (–23), l3 = 25(–32); the ratio a1/a1–a1 in 1st row (1.6–) 1.7, 2nd row (0.7–) 0.8, 3rd row1.0 (–1.1) and 4th row 0.7 (–0.8). Temporal organs oval in dorsal view, their length (0.8–) 0.9 of their shortest distance apart. Pistil present. Head cuticle with coarse granules.
Antennae (Figs 7C, 8B, C). Antennal segments 1–3 with 2, 2, 3 short cylindrical pubescent setae respectively, and 1 rudimentary seta present on segment 3. Antennal segment 4 with 4 tapering setae and a short, rudimentary u; relative lengths of setae: p = 10, p’ = 7 (–8), p’’ = (6–) 7, r = 5 (–6), u = 1; tergal seta p (0.9 of –) 1.0 times as long as tergal branch t; the latter cylindrical, 1.8 (–2.0) times as long as its greatest diameter and 0.7 (–0.9) of sternal branch s, which itself about 2.0 times as long as its greatest diameter. Seta q cylindrical, annulate, 0.8 (–1.0 times as long as) of s. Relative lengths of flagella (base segments included) and base segments: F1 = 100, bs1 = 8 (–11); F2= (35–) 42, bs2 = (4–) 5; F3 = (78–) 93, bs3 = 7 (–9). F1 (5.8–) 8.6 times as long as t, F2 and F3 2.0 (–2.1) and 4.4 (–4.8) times as long as s respectively. Distal calyces spherical; apex of flagella fusiform, on F1 and F3 with a short lateral flap. Globulus g 1.7 times as long as wide; about 12 bracts, capsule spherical; width of g (0.4–) 0.6 of the greatest diameter of t. Antennal cuticle granulated.
Trunk. Setae on collum segment cylindrical, annulate; sublateral setae length 22 (–34) μm, (1.4–) 1.7 times as long as submedian setae; sternite process triangular, furcate and granulated; appendages tapering (Fig. 8E). Tergite I with 4+4 leaf-shaped setae (22–27 μm) and 1 large sclerotized plate (Fig. 8F); Tergites II–IV each with 6+6 setae (18–40 μm), 4 large and 4 small sclerotized plates (Figs 7B, 8G–I); Tergite V with 6+6 slender setae (20–40 μm), 4 large and 2 small sclerotized plates, posterior plates square (Figs 8J, 9A); Tergite VI with 4+2 setae and 2 large plates (Fig. 8K), posterior setae 35 μm long, their mutual distance 24 (–26) μm (Fig. 8K). Sockets of some setae on tergites and bothriotricha with distinct thickened cuticle surrounded (Figs 7B, D, E, 8F–J). Sclerotized plates with ovoid, brown granules, diameter 1.5–5.0 μm and each with one long curved hair (Figs 7B, 9A). Cuticle granulated or pubescent.
Male genital papillae (Fig. 9E) glabrous, subuliform, 1.5 times as long as greatest diameter; seta 0.5 of the length of papilla. Seta on coxa of leg 2 in male with two adjacent setae (only 1 thick setae in female, 20–25 μm), both cylindrical and annulate, one thick and short, 17 μm in length, another slender and longer, 20 μm in length (Fig. 9E).
Bothriotricha. Relative lengths: T1 = 100, T2 = (110–) 100, T3 = (95–) 105, T4 =114 (–120), T5 = (115–) 120. T1, T2, T4 and T5 thin, long, with short erect pubescence on axes (Fig. 7E). T3 cylindrical, with thicker axis and dense tufted pubescence in distal 2/3 part (Fig. 7D).
Legs. First and last pair of legs 5-segmented, others 6-segmented (Fig. 9C, D). Setae on coxa and trochanter of legs 1–8 cylindrical, annulate (Fig. 9B), length 23 (–26) μm and 23 (–27) μm respectively. Seta on coxa of leg 9 cylindrical, annulate, length 22 (–25) μm (Fig. 9D). Seta on trochanter of leg 9 furcate, with subcylindrical, annulate, blunt branches, shorter branch about 0.5 of longer one (Fig. 9D). Tarsi 1–8 with short, annulate distal seta (6–8 μm) only (Fig. 9C). Tarsus of leg 9 tapering, 48 (–55) μm in length, 3.7 (–4.2) times as long as its greatest diameter (Fig. 9F), proximal seta slender, pointed, pubescent, 12 (–15) μm in length; distal one cylindrical, annulate, 6 (–8) μm in length, about 0.1 of the tarsal length. Cuticle of tarsus pubescent.
Pygidium. Tergum. Posterior margin straight. Relative lengths of setae: a1 = 10, a2 = (8–) 9, a3 = (12–) 16, st = (7–) 9. Setae a1 cylindrical, pubescent; a2 and a3 slender and pubescent (Figs 7F, 8K); st clavate, pubescent (Fig. 7G). Distance a1–a1 (0.6–) 0.8 of a1; distance a1–a2 2.0 (–2.5) times as long as a2–a3; distance st–st (1.5–) 1.6 times as long as st and (1.7–) 2.0 times as long as distance a1–a1.
Sternum (Figs 7G, 8L). Posterior margin straight between b1. Relative lengths of setae (a1 =10): b1 = (25–) 29, b2 =14 (–15). Seta b1 cylindrical, thick, annulate; b2 tapering, short, pubescent. Distance b1–b1 (0.7–) 0.8 of length of b1; distance b1–b2 (0.6–) 0.7 of b2.
Anal plate round, glabrous, 1.5 times longer than broad, lateral margins bulged in middle part, posterior part divided into two round, pubescent branches, two tiny lobes present at inner side (Figs 7G, 8L).
Etymology.
The species name “foliosus” from the Latin “foliose”, leaf-shaped, referring to the leaf-shaped setae on head and tergites.
Distribution.
China (Sichuan). Only known from the type locality.
Remarks.
Colinauropus foliosus sp. nov. differs from all other congeners by having 6 sclerotized plates on tergite V, and the posterior two square-shaped, compared with 4 or 8 irregular plates in congeners. It is similar to C. regis Remy, 1956 in the leaf-shaped setae on tergites, but they can be easily distinguished by the number of sclerotized plates on tergite I and II (1 and 8 in C. foliosus sp. nov. vs. 2 and 6 in C. regis), shape of the setae in the posterior two rows of the head (leaf-shaped in C. foliosus sp. nov. vs. cylindrical in C. regis), and the shape of anal plate (with two round posterior branches in C. foliosus sp. nov. vs. with two clavate appendages in C. regis).
Key to the species of the genus Colinauropus Remy, 1956
| 1 | Tergite I without sclerotized plates, at most with two posterior thickened patches | 2 |
| – | Tergite I with distinct sclerotized plates | 3 |
| 2 | Tergite II with 4 large and 4 small sclerotized plates, tergite VI with 4 plates | C. haginoi Scheller, 2009 (Philippines) |
| – | Tergite II with 2 large and 4 small sclerotized plates, tergite VI with 2 plates | C. chinensis sp. nov. (China) |
| 3 | Tergite I with 1 large sclerotized plate | 4 |
| – | Tergite I with 2 sclerotized plates | 5 |
| 4 | Setae on head and tergite cylindrical, tergite II with 2 large and 6 small sclerotized plates | C. chongzhoui sp. nov. (China) |
| – | Setae on head and tergite leaf-shaped, tergite II with 4 large and 4 small sclerotized plates | C. foliosus sp. nov. (China) |
| 5 | Tergites II and V with 6 and 8 sclerotized plates respectively, anal plate rounded with 2 posterior appendages, setae on tergites II–V clavate | C. regis Remy, 1956 (Réunion, Mauritius) |
| – | Tergites II and V with 8 and 4 sclerotized plates respectively, anal plate indented mediodistally without appendages, setae on tergites II–V cylindrical | C. schelleri Hagino, 1991 (Japan) |
Discussion
The genus Colinauropus Remy, 1956 is well defined by the presence of sclerotized plates on the tergites. The number of plates on tergites I, II, V and VI, which varies from 1 to 8, are good characters for species identification, while tergites III and IV always have 8 plates in all species. The shape and arrangement of the plates are also taxonomically informative for species definition. On tergite I, the plates are absent or at most with small patches of thickened cuticle posteriorly (C. haginoi, C. chinensis sp. nov.), with 1 complete large plate (C. chongzhoui sp. nov., C. foliosus sp. nov.) or with 2 axially separated plates (C. regis, C. schelleri). On tergite II, 4 small anterior plus 2 large posterior plates are present in C. regis and C. chinensis sp. nov., 6 small anterior plus 2 large posterior plates are present in C. chongzhoui sp. nov., while there are 4 small plus 4 large plates in the remaining three species. On tergite V, the number of plates can be 4 in C. schelleri, 4 large plus 2 small middle plates in C. foliosus sp. nov., and 4 large plus 4 small plates in others. On tergite VI, all species have 2 large plates, except C. haginoi which has 4 plates. The shapes of plates are usually ovoid, round, sub-triangular, or irregular, while the two posterior large plates on tergite V are nearly square-shaped in C. foliosus sp. nov. Variation of plates within a species has never been reported in former studies but is observed here in C. chongzhoui sp. nov., which exhibits 2 plates on tergite I in juveniles vs. 1 complete plate in adults. Thus, caution is advised when describing species of this genus, which should be based on fully mature specimens. As an additional taxonomic character, the bothriotrichum T3 is also well differentiated and nicely separates species. The most informative characters are the shape and appendages of the anal plates. The six known species of the genus Colinauropus Remy, 1956 can be distinguished by the key provided above.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgements
I thank Dr Osami Nakamura (Japan) and Prof. Claude Tautel (France) for their help in sending some reprints of references, Dr Chang-Yuan Qian also shared several references, Mr Chengwang Huang collected the specimens from Sichuan. I also cordially thank Dr Nikolaus Szucsich (Austria) and another anonymous referee for their valuable comments during the review of the manuscript. This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 31772509) and the Research Foundation of Shanghai Science and Technology Museum.
Citation
Bu Y (2020) First record of the family Colinauropodidae (Myriapoda, Pauropoda) in China, with the description of three new species. ZooKeys 947: 53–70. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.947.53723
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