A comprehensive study on the oncogenic mutation and molecular pathology in Chinese lung adenocarcinoma patients

Abstract

Background

Several genetic driver alterations have been identified in micropapillary lung adenocarcinoma (MPA). However, the frequency of co-alteration of ROS1, EGFR, and EML4-ALK is yet unclear. Herein, we investigated the relationship between clinicopathologic characteristics and well-identified driver mutations of MPA compared with non-micropapillary lung adenocarcinoma (LA).

Methods

Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections derived from lung adenocarcinoma patients who never received adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy prior to surgical resection were collected from October 2016 to June 2019. EGFR mutations, ROS1 rearrangements, and EML4-ALK fusion were identified in a set of 131 MPA and LA cases by using the amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS). The response rate and duration of response were assessed using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1 (RECIST 1.1).

Results

EGFR mutations had occurred in 42 (76.4%) MPA patients and 42 (55.3%) LA patients. Interestingly, ROS1 rearrangements were highly enriched only in the MPA cases (6/55, 10.9%) but rarely in the LA cases (1/76, 1.3%). Furthermore, 7.3% (4/55) MPA samples had double gene mutations, while only 1.3% (1/76) LA cases had double gene alterations. Of 5 patients with harboring two driver oncogene mutations, four patients (80%) obtained partial response, and one patient (20%) suffered recurrence.

Conclusions

A higher prevalence of ROS1 rearrangement or combined mutations of ROS1, EGFR, and EML4-ALK may play a critical role in the tumorigenesis of MPA. These findings provide a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with malignant MPA through combining TKIs than one TKI.

Introduction

Lung cancer remains to be the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and the most frequent histological subtype is lung adenocarcinoma [1]. Lung adenocarcinoma usually includes various histological subtypes, including solid, lepidic, acinar, papillary, and micropapillary patterns [2] according to the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC)/American Thoracic Society (ATS)/European Respiratory Society (ERS) [3, 4]. Numerous studies have reported that lung adenocarcinoma with a micropapillary pattern (MPA) shows more aggressive behaviors and worse survival than other histological subtypes of lung adenocarcinoma (LA) [5–7].

Several oncogenic drivers have been identified in lung adenocarcinoma, including mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) [8], fusions of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) [9], and rearrangements of ROS proto-oncogene 1 receptor tyrosine kinase (ROS1) [10]. Accumulating evidence demonstrated that mutations of EGFR were identified in 15–30% of lung adenocarcinomas in Caucasians [11] and 40–60% in East Asians [12–14], indicating that the frequency of activated mutations of EGFR depends on ethnicity. Besides, ALK fusions were firstly identified in 2007 and occurred in approximately 3–7% of all lung adenocarcinoma patients, and the most common form was echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4/anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) [15]. In the same year, an additional novel oncogenic fusion gene, ROS1, was identified, which accounted for 1–2% of all lung adenocarcinoma patients. Of special interest, this ratio increased to 5–7% for lung adenocarcinoma patients without EGFR/KRAS/BRAF/ALK mutations [16]. With the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), TKIs served as the first-line option for patients harboring EGFR-sensitive mutations, ALK fusions, or ROS1 rearrangements. Therefore, the discovery of TKIs against EGFR gene activation mutations (for example, gefitinib and erlotinib) [17] and ALK or ROS1 gene rearrangements (for example, crizotinib) [18, 19] has significantly improved the outcomes of patients. For detection of ROS1 and EML4-ALK fusions, immunohistochemistry (IHC), next-generation sequencing (NGS), ARMS-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR), and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) have been widely used [20]. Although FISH is the gold standard test, it is expensive and time-consuming. By contrast, ARMS-PCR is a more sensitive and feasible approach compared to FISH and IHC [21].

There is growing evidence that EGFR gene mutations are more common in MPA than in LA, while ROS1 gene rearrangement has not been clearly demonstrated in MPA patients [22–24]. Moreover, the co-existence of EGFR gene mutations, ALK gene fusions, and ROS1 gene rearrangements has been reported in a few lung adenocarcinoma cases [25–27], but the co-alteration of ROS1, EGFR, and EML4-ALK in MPA remains unclear.

The molecular features of MPA may differ from other histopathological subtypes of lung adenocarcinoma [28]; however, the determinate information is not available. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between the most common driver mutations and the pathology features in Chinese lung adenocarcinoma patients.

Materials and methods

Patient selection

A total of 131 lung adenocarcinoma patients were enrolled in the First People’ Hospital of Huzhou from January 2016 to June 2019. Of them, 55 cases harbored at least 5% micropapillary component [22], who were represented as MPA, and the remaining cases (43 solid, 20 acinar, and 13 lepidic) were defined as LA. All of them were initially diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma and had not received neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy prior to surgical resection. The pathological diagnosis was confirmed and classified using hematoxylin and eosin staining by two certified pathologists (Qilin Shi and Xiaolan Zhang from the First People’s Hospital of Huzhou) based on the IASLC/ATS/ERS multidisciplinary classification system [3]. All specimens contained 60% of tumor cells and sufficient tissues for further mutational analysis. Clinical information collected includes age, gender, tumor differentiation, tumor size, smoking history, lymphatic invasion, pleural invasion, tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage, micropapillary pattern, and prognostic data. This study was undertaken with the agreement of our hospital ethics committee, and the informed consent signature was provided by all patients.

Evaluations of treatment

After surgical resection, 5 patients were treated with 3 months chemotherapy following with targeted therapy (TKIs). Tumors were evaluated during the treatment with chemotherapy, EGFR-TKIs or ROS1/EML4-ALK inhibitors every 6 weeks. Efficacy was obtained using CT scan according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1(RECIST 1.1) [29]. Objective response rate (ORR) included complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD), and progressive disease (PD).

Mutational analysis

For EGFR mutation analysis, DNA from FFPE tissue sections was extracted by using a QIAamp DNA FFPE tissue kit (cat. No. 56404, Qiagen, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. EGFR mutations within exons 18–21 were identified with commercial kits (Human EGFR mutation Detection Kit, cat. No. YZYMT-002-A, YZY Medical Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China) using ARMS. It was capable of detecting the following mutations: three in exon 18 (G719S, G719C, and G719A), one deletion in exon 19, two mutations in exon 20 (T790M and S768I), three insertions in exon 20, and two mutations in exon 21 (L858R and L861Q). Briefly, ARMS-PCR amplification (37 °C for 10 min; 95 °C for 5 min; 40 cycles of 95 °C for 15 s, and 60 °C for 60 s) was performed using the 7500 system (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). For EML4-ALK and ROS1 fusion analysis, RNA was isolated from FFPE sections by applying a RNeasy FFPE tissue kit (cat. No. 73504, Qiagen, Germany) according to the standard procedure. Complementary DNA was reverse-transcribed using the PrimeScript RT reagent kit (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd.), according to the manufacturer’s protocol. RNA (500 ng), 2 μl PrimeScript^TM RT Master Mix (Perfect Real Time) (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd.), and RNase free water (up to 10 μl) were mixed together and incubated at 37 °C for 15 min and 85 °C for 5 s. Then, ARMS-PCR amplification (37 °C for 10 min, 95 °C for 5 min, 40 cycles of 95 °C for 15 s, and 60 °C for 35 s) was performed using the 7500 system (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). ROS1 fusions (fusion partners for ROS1: CD74, SLC34A2, SDC4, EZR, LRIG3, TPM3, and GOPC) and EML4-ALK rearrangement were identified with commercial kits (Human ROS1 fusion Detection Kit, cat. No. YZYMT-022 and Human EML4-ALK fusion Detection Kit, cat. No. YZYMT-021, YZY Medical Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China).

Statistical analysis

Comparisons between two or more categorical variables were conducted using the Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test. Data were statistically performed on SPSS22.0 (Chicago, IL, USA). The results were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.

Results

Clinicopathologic characteristics

Among MPA cases, 36 patients fell into stage I, 11 into stage II, 6 into stage III, and 2 into stage IV. In LA, 39 (16 solid, 16 acinar, and 7 lepidic) fell into stage I, 12 (10 solid, 1 acinar, and 1 lepidic) into stage II, 8 (4 solid, 1 acinar, and 3 lepidic) into stage III, and 17 (13 solid and 4 lepidic) into stage IV. Seventy-two people had no smoking history, and fifty-nine were smokers, including former smokers and current smokers. The histological images of MPA and LA are presented in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Immunohistochemical staining and mutation analysis of MPA and LA patients. Three micrometers FFPE sections of MPA (patient 1) and LA (patient 16) were immunostained with hematoxylin and eosin (× 100 magnification). Scale bar 20 μm. Abbreviations: MPA, micropapillary lung adenocarcinoma; LA, lung adenocarcinoma without micropapillary component

The MPA group consisted of 24 (43.6%) women and 31 (56.4%) men with an age at diagnosis ranging from 31 to 82 years (mean 62). In comparison, the LA group was composed of 38 (50.0%) women and 38 men (50.0%) with a mean age of 65 years (range, 46–81 years). Compared to LA, MPA patients had a significantly younger age at diagnosis (p = 0.008), positive lymph node metastasis (p = 0.03), positive pleural invasion (p = 0.036), and earlier disease staging (p = 0.024) (Table 1). However, the micropapillary pattern was not significantly associated with gender, smoking history, tumor size, and tumor differentiation (Table 1).

Table 1.

Clinicopathologic and molecular characteristics of MPA and LA cases

Variables	MPA (n = 55)	LA(n = 76)	χ2	p
Gender			0.518	0.485
Female	24(43.6%)	38(50.0%)
Male	31(56.4%)	38(50.0%)
Age(years)			7.452	0.008**
> 65	20(36.4%)	46(60.5%)
≤ 65	35(63.6%)	30(39.5%)
Smoking history			0.191	0.723
Ever	26(47.3%)	33(43.4%)
Never	29(52.7%)	43(56.6%)
Tumor size(cm)			0.058	0.851
> 3.0	17(30.9%)	25(32.9%)
≤ 3.0	38(69.1%)	51(67.1%)
Lymphovascular invasion			1.645	0.225
Present	17(30.9%)	16(21.1%)
Absent	38(69.1%)	60(78.9%)
Tumor differentiation			0.179	0.835
Well/moderate	43(78.2%)	57(75.0%)
Poor	12(21.8%)	19(25.0%)
N status			4.291	0.03*
N0	31(56.4%)	56(73.7%)
N1/N2	24(43.6%)	20(26.3%)
Pleural invasion			4.117	0.036*
Present	15(27.3%)	10(13.2%)
Absent	40(72.7%)	66(86.8%)
Stage			5.701	0.024*
I/II	47(85.5%)	51(67.1%)
III/IV	8(14.5%)	25(32.9%)
Mutation status
EGFR mutation	42(76.4%)	42(55.3%)	6.175	0.016*
EML4-ALK fusion	3(5.5%)	1(1.3%)	1.846	0.309
ROS1 fusion	6(10.9%)	1(1.3%)	5.806	0.041*

MPA micropapillary lung adenocarcinoma, LA lung adenocarcinoma without micropapillary component

*p<0.05; **p<0.01 compared with LA

Mutational status of classic oncogenes

MPA and LA groups included 42 (76.4%) and 42 (55.3%) EGFR mutations, respectively. Interestingly, ROS1 rearrangements were highly enriched only in the MPA group (6/55) but rarely in the LA group (1/76) (p = 0.041, Table 1). Furthermore, we also discovered that different genetic driver alterations often co-existed in the MPA group, for instance, EGFR combined with ROS1 (n = 2) and EML4-ALK combined with ROS1 (n = 2), while only one LA case harbored EGFR combined with ROS1, suggesting that co-existent alterations of EGFR, ROS1, and EML4-ALK were more frequent in MPA than in LA (p = 0.043, Table 2). These results indicate the potential combined treatments of MPA with two different TKIs targeted to EGFR and ROS1.

Table 2.

Coexistent genetic alterations including EGFR, ROS1, and EML4-ALK in MPA and LA cases

Variables	MPA(n = 55)	LA(n = 76)	p
Single alteration			0.028*
EGFR +	40(72.7%)	41(53.9%)
ROS1 +	2(3.6%)	0
EML4-ALK+	1(1.8%)	1(1.3%)
Double alteration			0.043*
EGFR+; ROS1+	2(3.6%)	1(1.3%)
ROS1+; EML4-ALK+	2(3.6%)	0
No alteration			0.001**
EGFR-; ROS1-; EML4-ALK-	8(14.5%)	33(43.5%)

MPA micropapillary lung adenocarcinoma, LA lung adenocarcinoma without micropapillary component, EGFR+ EGFR mutation, EGFR- EGFR wild type, ROS1+ ROS1 fusion, ROS1- no ROS1 fusion, EML4-ALK+ EML4-ALK fusion, EML4-ALK- no EML4-ALK fusion

*p<0.05; **p<0.01 compared with LA

To further explore the association between clinicopathologic characteristics and genetic driver alterations, we analyzed the general information and therapeutic outcomes in 5 lung adenocarcinoma patients with combined mutations. After surgical resection, all patients were treated with 3 months chemotherapy following with targeted therapy (TKIs). Follow-up data were accessible to all 5 patients after postoperative ranging from 0 to 12 months (median 10.8 months). All patients survived to the last day of follow-up. The results showed that four patients partially responded, and one patient suffered a recurrence according to RECIST 1.1 [29] (Table 3).

Table 3.

General information and therapeutic outcomes on 5 patients with coexistent genetic alterations including EGFR, ROS1, and EML4-ALK in MPA and LA patients

Patients	1	2	3	4	5
Gender	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female
Age (years)	52	31	45	71	75
Smoking history	Never	Never	Never	Ever	Never
Lymphovascular invasion	Absent	Present	Absent	Absent	Absent
Tumor differentiation	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate
Stage	T1bN0M0	T1cN1M0	T1cN0M0	T1bN0M0	T1cN0M0
Pathological type	MPA	MPA	MPA	MPA	LA
Mutation status	ROS1+; EML4-ALK+	ROS1+; EML4-ALK+	EGFR L858R+; ROS1+	EGFR L858R+; ROS1+	EGFR 19-del+; ROS1+
Therapeutic intervention	Surgery; chemotherapy; crizotinib	Surgery; chemotherapy; crizotinib	Surgery; chemotherapy; EGFR inhibitors	Surgery; chemotherapy; EGFR inhibitors	Surgery; chemotherapy; EGFR inhibitors
Outcomes	Partial response	Partial response	Partial response	Recurrence	Partial response

MPA micropapillary lung adenocarcinoma, LA lung adenocarcinoma without micropapillary component, EGFR+ EGFR mutation, ROS1+ ROS1 fusion, EML4-ALK+ EML4-ALK fusion

Discussion and conclusions

Accumulating evidence indicates that the co-existence of classic oncogenes, involving EGFR, ALK, ROS1, and MET, was identified in lung adenocarcinoma patients, especially in younger and women patients without a smoking history. However, few studies have focused on the frequency of two-driver alterations of EGFR, ROS1, or EML4-ALK in MPA and LA. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between the most common oncogenic mutations and molecular pathological characteristics in Chinese lung adenocarcinoma patients.

Consistent with previous reports [30, 31], we here discovered that MPA has positive lymph node metastasis, positive pleural invasion, and earlier disease staging compared with LA (Table 1). Increasing studies have shown that a micropapillary component was associated with lymph node metastasis, pleural invasion, and an early recurrence in stage I patients, suggesting MPA had a poorer prognosis compared with those without micropapillary component or other histological subtypes [32–39]. Our results further implied that the higher prevalence of lymph node metastasis and pleural invasion may be a valuable poor prognostic marker for MPA.

An investigation of 15 MPAs revealed that the mutational status of EGFR, KRAS, and BRAF harbored 73% mutually exclusive mutations in the Western population [40]. A study involving 21 micropapillary predominant lung adenocarcinoma patients showed that oncogenic mutations in EGFR, HER2, and RET were apparently frequent in 95.2% Chinese people [22]. Here, our results manifested that the majority (47 out of 55, 85.5%) of MPA harbored the genetic driver alterations of EGFR (76.4%), ROS1 (10.9%), or EML4-ALK (5.5%) from a Chinese cohort. Though previous cohort detected no ROS1 fusions [22], two another independent teams found ROS1 rearrangements in MPA [23, 24]. Therefore, there are no consistent conclusions about ROS1 rearrangements in MPA patients. Here, our cohort reported that 6 MPA cases possessed ROS1 rearrangements. In the past, oncogenic mutations involving EGFR, KRAS, ALK, RET, ROS1, and MET were regarded as mutually independent events. However, two or more cancer-associated gene alterations were recently found in lung adenocarcinoma cases [41–44]. Our study indicated that 3.8% of lung adenocarcinoma cases harbored two-driver alterations of EGFR, ROS1, or EML4-ALK, including 7.3% of MPA cases and 1.3% of LA cases, and this result was in agreement with recent reports [41–45].

According to previous reports, patients with co-alterations of EGFR, ALK, ROS1, and other oncogenic drivers showed distinctive clinical responses to TKIs in lung adenocarcinoma [44, 46–48]. Yang et al. demonstrated that the median progression-free survival of gefitinib was 11.2 months in patients with concomitant EGFR and ALK alteration [49]. Mao et al. indicated that the median progression-free survival of EGFR-TKIs and/or ALK/ROS1 inhibitor was 6.6 months in patients with concomitant EGFR and ALK alteration [44]. However, 75% of patients with crizotinib treatment obtained disease control [44]. In the present study, all patients undertook the operation and chemotherapy initially and undertook subsequently targeted therapy. In addition, Watanabe et al. showed that the micropapillary component was associated with an early recurrence in stage I patients but not in advanced-stage patients, indicating MPA retained a high risk of early recurrence after 1-year surgery [39]. In the present study, among five patients with concomitant alterations of EGFR, ROS1, and EML4-ALK, four patients partially responded and one patient suffered a recurrence during 1 year follow-up. Our study provided evidence that lung adenocarcinoma patients with co-alterations of EGFR, ROS1, or EML4-ALK may benefit from TKIs treatment.

So far, there is little progress in digging the pathogenic mechanism of MPA or the treatment of this subtype by TKIs. Therefore, based on our findings, we will focus on elucidating the function of ROS1 rearrangement and EGFR mutations in MPA by establishing the cell and animal models both in vitro and in vivo in the future. In addition, we will verify the efficacy of one targeted TKI or combined TKIs for MPA and provide the potential treatment strategy.

In summary, we report for the first time the relationship between the most common oncogenic mutations and pathological characteristics in Chinese lung adenocarcinoma patients. We discover the higher incidence of ROS1 rearrangements and the coexistence of genetic alterations involving EGFR, ROS1, and EML4-ALK in MPA cases, indicating that targeting of ROS1 combined with EGFR mutations may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for these patients. However, these results still should be supported by further studies with larger cases and in multi-centers.

Abbreviations

MPA

Micropapillary lung adenocarcinoma

LA

Lung adenocarcinoma without micropapillary component

EGFR

Epidermal growth factor receptor

ROS1

ROS proto-oncogene 1 receptor tyrosine kinase

ALK

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase

EML4-ALK

Echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-Like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase

KRAS

Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene

HER2

Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2

RET

Rearranged during transfection

MET

Mesenchymal-epithelial transition

FFPE

Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded

TKI

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor

TNM

Tumor node metastasis

IASLC

International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer

ATS

American Thoracic Society

ERS

European Respiratory Society

ARMS

Amplification refractory mutation system

PCR

Polymerase chain reaction

IHC

Immunohistochemistry

NGS

Next generation sequencing

FISH

Fluorescence in situ hybridization

RECIST 1.1

Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1

ORR

Objective response rate

CR

Complete response

PR

Partial response

SD

Stable disease

PD

Progressive disease

Authors’ contributions

XW designed and conceived this study. HX provided and evaluated the tumor tissues.

HMY performed the follow-up study. XLZ and YJ performed the experiments. XLZ and XW analyzed the data. All authors wrote and read the manuscript.

Funding

This work was funded by Zhejiang Province Science and Technology Department of Public Welfare Project (grant no. LGF18H160019, LGF20H160016), the Scientific Technology Projects of Health and Medicine of Zhejiang Province (grant no. WKJ-ZJ-1830, 2019KY207), and Huzhou Science and Technology Fund (grant no. 2017GY33).

Availability of data and materials

All data generated and analyzed during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Competing interest

All authors declared no conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was approved by the ethics committee of the First People’s Hospital of Huzhou (grant no. 2015-012).

Consent for publication

The informed consent signature was provided by all patients.