Abstract
Purpose
The effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors have been reported to be linked with immune-related adverse events (irAEs). In patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer, who tested positive for programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), pembrolizumab, an immune checkpoint inhibitor can be used as a treatment, and it was found to improve overall survival. However, there are only a few reports on the relationship between the therapeutic effects of pembrolizumab in patients with lung cancer and the irAEs of pembrolizumab. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between immune-related adverse events and the effects of pembrolizumab monotherapy in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer.
Patients and Methods
From February 2017 to August 2019, we conducted a retrospective analysis of the effects of pembrolizumab treatment and immune-related adverse events in 94 patients with non-small-cell lung cancer treated with pembrolizumab only.
Results
In 63 cases, irAEs were observed. The most common irAE was rash. PD-L1 positivity ≥ 50% tended to cause irAEs. The median progression-free survival (PFS) rates with and without irAEs were 371 days (95% CI, 184-NR) and 67 days (95% CI, 51–87 days), respectively. In a multivariate analysis, irAEs and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (PS) were the factors related to PFS.
Conclusion
In patients with lung cancer, who were treated with pembrolizumab monotherapy, the development of irAEs was likely indicative of the positive effects of pembrolizumab. This novel finding appears to be useful for clinicians who work with pembrolizumab for lung cancer treatment.
Keywords: lung cancer, pembrolizumab, adverse drug event, correlation study
Introduction
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been approved as therapeutic treatments for a variety of carcinomas, and nivolumab has been approved for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer since 2015. In addition, the use of pembrolizumab has been approved since 2016, and it can be used as the primary treatment in programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)-positive patients. Currently, pembrolizumab is one of the main treatments for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. In particular, pembrolizumab is considered to be highly effective for patients with PD-L1 positivity ≥ 50%.1,2 The effects of ICIs have been reported to be associated with unique adverse events termed immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which are different from the adverse events of conventional anticancer agents. Although there are reports of irAEs in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer being treated with nivolumab,3–5 few reports also exist on the association between pembrolizumab treatment and irAEs in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. In this study, we retrospectively examined the correlation of irAEs and the effects of pembrolizumab monotherapy in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer.
Patients and Methods
Patients and Assessment
From February 2017 to August 2019, data for 94 patients with non-small-cell lung cancer who were treated pembrolizumab only at the Japanese Red Cross Wakayama Medical Center were analyzed retrospectively. Treatment responses were evaluated using the Response Evaluation Criteria for Solid Tumors (RECIST) v1.1. PFS was calculated as time from pembrolizumab initiation until tumor progression as determined by attending physician, death from any cause, or last follow-up. For toxicity assessment, the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v4.0 was used. Similar to that in previous reports, irAEs were defined as “adverse events with a potential immunologic cause that need frequent monitoring and potential intervention with immune suppression and/or endocrine treatment”.6 This study protocol was approved by the Japanese Red Cross Society Wakayama Medical Center ethics committee. This investigation was conducted according to the principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki. Since this study was conducted using only existing information, no written or verbal consent was obtained from patients. However, the information about the research was published to patients (posted in the hospital), and patients were given the opportunity to refuse to carry out the research via the opt-out system.
Statistical Analysis
The clinical and demographic characteristics of the patients were compared using Fisher’s exact test. The Kaplan–Meier method and Log-rank test were used to evaluate progression-free survival (PFS). Landmark analysis at 9 weeks was also performed (irAEs n=41, No-irAEs n=33) because it was the most suitable time for judging the first effect. To evaluate the effect of irAEs on PFS, Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed. Statistical significance was defined as a P value <0.05, and all analyses were performed using R version 1.40.
Results
Of the 94 patients in total, 63 (67%) developed irAEs. The observed irAEs and frequency are shown in Table 1. The most common irAE was a rash, followed by interstitial pneumonia. With regard to eosinophilia, the evaluation was made on the item of Investigations-Other, specify of CTCAE v4.0. It was assumed that the blood sampling test showed a prolongation of 2 or more times after the clear rise from the base line.
Table 1.
Distribution of Immune-Related Adverse Events
| Immune Related Adverse Event | Grade 1 | Grade 2 | Grade 3 or 4 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rash | 10 (10.6) | 11 (11.7) | 5 (5.3) |
| Pneumonitis | 6 (6.4) | 6 (6.4) | 1 (1.1) |
| Fever | 9 (9.6) | 0 | 0 |
| Thyroid dysfunction | 3 (3.2) | 4 (4.3) | 0 |
| Colitis | 0 | 4 (4.3) | 2 (2.1) |
| Eosinophilia | 4 (4.3) | 0 | 0 |
| Hepatic dysfunction | 3 (3.2) | 0 | 0 |
| Adrenal insufficiency | 0 | 0 | 2 (2.1) |
| Infusion reaction | 0 | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.1) |
The patients’ backgrounds according to the presence or absence of irAEs are shown in Table 2. PS0-1 and PD-L1 positivity ≥ 50% was correlated with an increased number of irAEs.
Table 2.
Demographics of 94 Patients Stratified by History of Ir AEs
| Characteristic | All (n=94) |
ir AEs(+) (n=63) | ir AEs(−) (n=31) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 70 (37–86) | 70 (37–86) | 68 (46–83) | 0.452 |
| Number of doses | 5 (1–31) | 6 (1–31) | 3 (1–15) | 0.001 |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Male | 82 (87.2) | 57 (90.5) | 25 (80.6) | 0.201 |
| Female | 12 (12.8) | 6 (9.5) | 6 (19.4) | |
| Smoking, n (%) | ||||
| Ever | 84 (89.4) | 58 (92.1) | 26 (83.9) | 0.289 |
| Never | 10 (10.6) | 5 (7.9) | 5 (16.1) | |
| ECOG PS, n (%) | ||||
| 0–1 | 83 (88.3) | 60 (95.2) | 23 (74.2) | 0.005 |
| ≧2 | 11 (11.7) | 3 (4.8) | 8 (25.8) | |
| PD-L1 expression, n (%) | ||||
| ≧50% | 71 (75.5) | 54 (85.7) | 17 (54.8) | 0.002 |
| 1–49% | 23 (24.5) | 9 (14.3) | 14 (45.2) | |
| Treatment line, n (%) | ||||
| First line | 40 (42.6) | 30 (47.6) | 10 (32.3) | 0.187 |
| ≧Second line | 54 (57.4) | 33 (52.4) | 21 (67.7) | |
| Histology, n (%) | ||||
| NonSq | 71 (75.6) | 48 (76.2) | 23 (74.2) | 1.00 |
| Sq | 23 (24.4) | 15 (23.8) | 8 (25.8) |
Abbreviations: irAEs, immune-related adverse events; ECOG PS, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status; PD-L1, programmed death ligand 1: Sq, squamous cell carcinoma.
The median duration of follow-up was 282 days (4–856 days). At the time of last follow-up, 61 patients (64.9%) were alive and 27 patients (28.7%) had been treated with pembrolizumab. The median PFS and OS for the whole cohort were 159 days (95% CI, 91–335 days) and NR (421-NR).
The median PFS rates with and without irAEs were 371 days (95% CI, 184-NR days) and 67 days (95% CI, 51–87 days), respectively. PFS was significantly prolonged in the group that developed irAEs (hazard ratio [HR], 0.2376; 95% CI, 0.1348–0.4187; P < 0.0001) (Figure 1). Although the difference was not significant, the landmark analysis at 9 weeks indicated prolonged PFS and OS in patients who developed irAEs than in those who did not. The median PFS rates with and without irAEs were 335 days (95% CI, 184-NR days) and 201 days (95% CI, 112-NR days), respectively. (P = 0.321) (Figure 2). The median OS with and without irAEs were NR (95% CI, 421-NR) and NR (95% CI, 564-NR) (P=0.054) (Figure 3). On multivariate analysis, irAEs and PS were found to be associated with prolonged PFS (Table 3).
Figure 1.
Kaplan-Meier curve of progression-free survival (red line, irAEs group; black line, no-irAEs group), Y = irAEs (+), N = irAEs (-).
Figure 2.
Kaplan-Meier curve of progression-free survival with 9-week landmark analysis (red line, irAEs group; black line, no-irAEs group).
Figure 3.
Kaplan-Meier curve of overall survival with 9-week landmark analysis (red line, irAEs group; black line, no-irAEs group).
Table 3.
Multivariate Cox Proportional Hazard Regression Analysis on PFS
| Variable | HR (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|
| Ir AEs | 0.33 (0.17–0.65) | 0.001 |
| PD-L1≧50% | 0.80 (0.39–1.64) | 0.550 |
| PS0-1 | 0.20 (0.09–0.44) | <0.001 |
| Treatment line(1 vs ≧2) | 1.28 (0.71–2.31) | 0.419 |
| Brain/liver meta | 1.47 (0.76–2.86) | 0.255 |
| Sex | 0.69 (0.33–1.42) | 0.314 |
Abbreviations: PFS, progression-free survival; irAEs, immune-related adverse events; PD-L1, programmed death ligand 1; PS, performance status.
Discussion
We retrospectively examined 94 patients treated with pembrolizumab only. Previously, it was reported that ICIs are more effective when accompanied by irAEs occurs.7,8 Pembrolizumab has been reported to be more effective when dermatosis develops in patients with melanoma.9,10 Lisberg et al reviewed the KEYNOTE001 trial at their own facility and reported that the positive effects of pembrolizumab could be expected if an adverse event occurred.11 Consistent with their findings, our report confirmed that pembrolizumab can be effective even if an adverse event occurs and that the effect may be diminished at PS2 or higher. In contrast, in a retrospective study using pembrolizumab to treat patients with non-small-cell lung cancer, Ksienski et al reported that there was no association between the onset of irAEs and overall survival.12 A recent study reported that there was a possibility that specific autoimmune T-cell clones recognize shared self-antigens of lung cancer and the skin, thereby causing patients who experience good therapeutic effects against lung cancer to develop skin disorders.13 In our study, rashes were found to be the most common irAE, and it is possible that this reflects the therapeutic effect of pembrolizumab.
Pembrolizumab is highly effective in patients with PD-L1 positivity ≥ 50%. In this study, we showed that patients who developed irAEs had significantly increased PFS. Even in the landmark analysis, although the difference was not significant, PFS tended to be longer in those who developed irAEs than in those who did not. PD-L1 positivity ≥50% tended to be correlated better with irAEs. Further, multivariate analysis suggested that irAEs are the factors associated with prolonged PFS. These results suggest that the onset of irAEs may be a predictor of efficacy in addition to PD-L1 positivity ≥ 50%.
With respect to PS, there have been reports that the effect of pembrolizumab decreases at PS ≥ 2,14,15 which is consistent with the results of our study. However, of the 94 cases only 11 (11.7%) had PS ≥ 2, and accumulation of additional data on this seems necessary.
Our study has limitations. This was a single-center retrospective study; therefore, there is a possibility of bias in the analysis. However, with regard to the evaluation of side effects, nurses and pharmacists describe it in the medical chart independently, which increases the accuracy of the evaluation. Next, the number of cases was limited, and we think that an accumulation of additional cases to substantiate our findings is necessary in the future.
Conclusion
In conclusion, in patients with lung cancer being treated with pembrolizumab the development of irAEs may be indicative of favorable effects as a consequence of pembrolizumab treatment. Although additional cases are needed to substantiate our findings, our results may be useful in determining the efficacy of pembrolizumab treatment in patients with lung cancer.
Acknowledgment
We would like to thank Keita Hirano, MD, of the Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Hospital for advice on the statistical analysis.
Abbreviations
irAEs, immune-related adverse events; ICI, immune checkpoint inhibitor; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1; PFS, progression-free survival; PS, performance status.
Disclosure
The authors have not received any funding for this study and report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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