Abstract
Background
Patients with migraine or epilepsy suffer from a wide range of psychological difficulties, and various instruments are needed to separately assess each difficulty. However, the PARADISE-24 questionnaire is a comprehensive questionnaire for evaluating different psychological difficulties in cases with neurological disorders.
Objective
The aim of this study was to compare psychological difficulties in patients with migraine and those with epilepsy by using the PARADISE-24 questionnaire.
Methods
Overall, 240 migraineurs and 210 patients with epilepsy were enrolled. All the participants were asked to fill the Persian version of the PARADISE-24 questionnaire.
Results
In migraineurs, the mean age and mean headache severity (by means of visual analogue scale, VAS) were 38.6±11.6 and 6.8±2.8, respectively. In patients with epilepsy, the mean age and mean duration of the disease were 33.6±13.4 and 12±10.3 years, respectively. The mean PARADISE score was significantly higher in migraineurs than in epileptic cases (57.9±12 vs 50.7±15.1) (p<0.001).
Conclusion
Patients with migraine suffer more from psychological difficulties than epileptic cases. This finding could help physicians to pay more attention to psychological well-being.
Keywords: migraine, epilepsy, psychological, Iran
Introduction
Migraine is a devastating condition characterized by severe headache, and in some cases, accompanied by an aura.1 With the prevalence rate from 10% to 18%, it affects women more than men, yet the exact etiology is still unknown.2–4 It is the second cause of “years lost due to disability” (YLDs), imposing considerable costs to both patients and the health system.5
The other chronic condition is epilepsy that is characterized by unprovoked seizures, affecting all age groups (neonates to elderlies).6 Along with neurological disabilities, epilepsy causes psychological and psychiatric complications, affecting different aspects of life.7,8 People with epilepsy have a higher rate of mortality and a lower quality of life.9–11
Migraine and epilepsy are both among prevalent disabling conditions in all countries, including Iran. It is important to assess the impact of brain disorders on the patient’s life to help physicians better determine treatment outcomes and monitor the disease course, although there is no exact method to be used for this purpose. Some studies found a common pattern of psychosocial difficulties among patients with neurological disorders, so PARADISE-24 (Psychosocial fActors Relevant to BrAin DISorders in Europe) was developed by Cieza et al.12
We designed this study to compare psychological difficulties in patients with migraine and those with epilepsy, using PARADISE-24 questionnaire.
Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted in Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center (INRC), Kashani hospital, between January and April 2020.
Inclusion criteria for migraineurs were (a) headache history of more than two years, (b) diagnosis of migraine according to IHS ICHD-3 criteria, (c) patients under surveillance by a physician for headache treatment, (d) use of medications for3 16 weeks, and (e)
18 years of age and above.
Exclusion criteria for migraine group were:
evidence of a secondary headache disorder attributed to
head and/or neck trauma,
cranial or cervical vascular disorder, or a n
on-vascular cranial disorder,
substance use or withdrawal,
infection,
hemostasis disorder,
psychiatric disorder,
current major medical illness such as malignancy,
autoimmune or immune deficiency, diabetes mellitus, or u
uncontrolled psychosis and pregnancy.
Inclusion criteria for epileptic cases were (a) diagnosis of epilepsy according to the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Classification of the Epilepsies (2017) (b) 20 years of age or above; (c) two or more verified unprovoked epileptic seizures with at least 24-h time gap; and (d) at least one seizure within the previous 5 years.
Exclusion criteria for epileptic cases were:
head and/or neck trauma
migraine or other types of headache
non-vascular cranial disorder
substance use or withdrawal
infection
disorder of hemostasis
psychiatric disorder
current major medical illness such as malignancy, a
autoimmune or immune deficiency, diabetes mellitus, or
uncontrolled psychosis
and pregnancy
All patients were asked to fill the informed consent forms before entering the study. The study was approved by the ethics committee of Isfahan university of medical sciences and that it was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
The two patient groups were consecutively enrolled in the study, and the researcher was not blinded to the disease.
The PARADISE-24 is a self-report questionnaire, with questions answered on a 3-point scale (none =0, some =1, a lot = 2). The total score ranges from 0 to 100, while higher scores indicate psychosocial difficulties due to brain disorders.12
All participants were asked to fill a valid and reliable Persian version of the PARADISE-24 questionnaire.13
Data regarding age, sex, educational level, number of days per week with headache, frequency of headache per day, and severity of headache (using a visual analogue scale) were recorded for migraineurs cases. For epileptic cases, age, sex, educational level, duration of the disease, disease status (under control or not), and frequency of seizures per day were considered. Seizure-free was defined as having no attack for at least 1 year.
We used SPSS software version 22 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) to do data analysis. Data were presented as mean±SD for continuous and as frequencies for categorical variables. Independent sample t-test and Fisher exact test were used for comparison between quantitative and qualitative variables. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.
Results
The data were gathered from 240 migraineurs and 210 patients with epilepsy enrolled in this study. In migraineurs, mean age and mean headache severity were 38.6±11.6 and 6.8±2.8, respectively. The mean PARADISE score was 57.9±12 (Table 1).
Table 2.
Characteristics of the Patients with Epilepsy
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Age (year), mean ± sd | 33.6±13.4 |
| Duration of the disease (year), mean ± sd | 12±10.3 |
| Type of epilepsy, n (%) | |
| GTC | 80 (39.2) |
| Focal | 99 (48.5) |
| Myoclonic | 31 (15.1) |
| Sex, n (%) | |
| Male | 79 (37.6) |
| Female | 131 (62.4) |
| Seizure/epilepsy free, n (%) | |
| Yes | 126 (60) |
| No | 84 (40) |
| Total PARADISE-24, mean ± sd | 50.7±15.1 |
Notes: The mean score was significantly different between patients whose seizures were under control and those were not (49.8±15.9 vs 65.4±9.1, p<0.001). There was no significant difference between patients regarding sex and the type of epilepsy. The mean PARADISE score was significantly higher for migraineurs than epileptic cases (57.9±12 vs 50.7±15.1) (p<0.001).
Abbreviation: GTC, generalized tonic-clonic.
Table 1.
Characteristics of Migraineurs
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Age (year), mean ± sd | 38.6±11.6 |
| Sex, n | |
| Male | 46 |
| Female | 194 |
| Education level (year), mean ± sd | 12.2±4.4 |
| Severity of the headache, mean ± sd | 6.8±2.8 |
| Number of the days with headache in a week, n (%) | |
| 1–2 | 49 (10.9) |
| 3–4 | 57 (12.7) |
| 5–6 | 9 (2) |
| 7 | 36 (8) |
| During a month | 299 (66.4) |
| Total PARADISE-24 score, mean ± sd | 57.9±12 |
Notes: There was no significant difference between migraineurs regarding sex and the number of days with headache. In patients with epilepsy, the mean age and mean duration of the disease were 33.6±13.4 and 12±10.3 years, respectively. The mean PARADISE score was 50.7±15.1 (Table 2).
Discussion
The current study showed a significantly higher mean PARADISE score for migraineurs than patients with epilepsy, which indicates that patients with migraine suffer more from psychosocial difficulties than the other group.
In a previous study conducted by Raggi et al the mean PARADISE score in patients with migraine was reported as 59.9±7.6, which is higher than our score. Yet congruent with our findings, they reported no significant difference between male and female patients.14
Patients with migraine suffer from a wide range of psychological difficulties such as depression, poor sleep, sexual dysfunction, anxiety, and impaired quality of life,15,16 each of which requires a specific questionnaire or instrument to be assessed. One of the advantages of the PARADISE questionnaire is assessing various psychological aspects such as anxiety and depression, pain, sensory disturbances, and sleep difficulties.14
Migraine is a chronic disabling neurological disease, causing near 45 million years lived with disability (YLDs), and is the second disabling condition after low back pain.17 It affects occupational, social, economic, and personal aspects of life, and its consecutive complications, including psychological problems, impair the quality of life.18 The quality of life in migraineurs is inversely correlated with days with headache and headache-associated disabilities.19 Furthermore, many health conditions are considered to be associated with migraine, such as cardiovascular disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, restless legs syndrome, fibromyalgia, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.18 These physical disorders, along with psychological problems, make migraine as one of the most devastating conditions that should be carefully monitored by physicians.
Epilepsy is another neurological disorder associated with lower quality of life and psychological problems such as sexual dysfunction, depression, anxiety, memory dysfunction, and stigma.20,21 To evaluate these complications, different instruments should be used, while the PARADISE-24 questionnaire provides a comprehensive assessment tool.
The mean PARADISE score in our patients with epilepsy was 50.7±15.1. According to Quintas et al study on 80 cases with epilepsy, the mean PARADISE score was 50.9±8.9, and the quality of life score was negatively related to the PARADISE score.22
Different somatic disorders have been considered to be associated with epilepsy, such as tumors, diabetes mellitus, migraine, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), peptic ulcers, cardiovascular diseases, and cataract.23
Among neurological disorders, epilepsy accounts for the highest age-standardized DALY (the disability-adjusted life year) in both sexes, which is 0.7% of total DALYs.24
Epilepsy affects education, occupation, familial relations, and childbearing, which affects health-related quality of life.25 So, monitoring and careful evaluation of the patients play an important role in somatic and psychological well-being.
This study showed that patients with migraine suffer more from psychological problems than epileptic cases. This finding could guide the physicians to consider psychological well-being in migraineurs (clinical meaningfulness). However, it had some limitations: First, it was conducted in a single center. Second, we did not apply the quality of life instruments. Multi-centric studies with an evaluation of other aspects of the disease are recommended.
Conclusion
Patients with migraine suffer more from psychological difficulties than epileptic cases. This finding could help physicians to pay more attention to psychological well-being.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
References
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