Abbreviations
- ALPPS
Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation
- CCA
cholangiocarcinoma
- CLKT
combined liver-kidney transplantation
- DCD
donation after circulatory death
- HCC
hepatocellular carcinoma
- DDLT
deceased donor liver transplantation
- LDLT
living donor liver transplantation
- LT
liver transplantation
- PVT
portal vein thrombosis
The year 2020 had a rough start with a global pandemic, the new Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). The impact was so severe for long-time that many elective surgeries were cancelled, and numerous transplants were postponed, unless truly life-saving. Despite these hurdles in our daily practice, more than 100 expert academic physicians and surgeons from 22 different countries joined forces to form a Special Issue in Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery. This collection of 30 comprehensive articles, summarize the current status of liver transplantation (LT) and hepatobiliary surgery today, and what limits are being pushed and pursued in the future. One important goal of this Special Issue is to emphasize the close relationship of LT and hepatobiliary surgery, and how innovations in both fields align with one another. This central principle is also mirrored by the fact that the collaboration for each article has been established under the umbrella of both the International Society of Liver Surgeons (ISLS), and the International Liver Transplantation Society (ILTS).
In order to highlight the geographic variability in recent LT practices around the globe, the current status of liver transplantation in Asia [1], North America [2], Latin America [3], and Europe [4] have been reviewed by international LT experts. With the aim to expand the donor pool due to the shortage of transplantable livers, LT using marginal donors (elderly livers, steatotic livers, donation after circulatory death [DCD] livers, split livers) was extensively summarized [5]. Ongoing debates in deceased donor LT (DDLT) were further discussed by experts with particular focus on limits for an acceptable DCD graft [6], domino LT [7], as well as the role of hypothermic [8] and normothermic machine perfusion [9]. The use of machine perfusion technology is enhancing DDLT practice, since liver grafts deemed non-transplantable due to fatty or marginal nature were rescued and successfully transplanted with assistance of machine perfusion.
Another important focus of the Special Issue is dedicated to use of LT and hepatobiliary surgery to treat primary and secondary liver malignancies. The Milan criteria are the most commonly established selection criteria for LT in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A group of experts highlighted where we stand and what predictors we have when we perform LT in HCC patients beyond Milan Criteria [10]. In this regard, emerging biomarkers in order to predict HCC outcomes have also been highlighted [11]. One of the challenging indications for LT, cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), and its multidisciplinary treatment with or without LT has been reviewed with current developments in the field [12]. When LT is not a possibility in CCA, recently emerging surgical approach ‘Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation (ALPPS)’ for staged hepatectomy procedure could be life-saving [13]. ALPPS has been mainly performed for colorectal liver metastasis, and results have been steadily improving with better knowledge in how to select patients and when to proceed with stage 2 surgery [14]. Another newly introduced and developing surgical approach is LT for colorectal liver cancer metastasis [15]. A few years ago, this concept was considered an absolute contraindication to LT. However, emerging data appear to show that acceptable results can be achieved in high-risk cancer recipients with LT, far superseding survival with non-surgical approaches [15]. Although it is still experimental, the RAPID concept (i.e. resection and partial liver segment 2–3 transplantation with delayed total hepatectomy) represents another surgical innovation unifying elements of partial LT and ALPPS surgery in order to expand the donor pool [16]. The RAPID concept will have a greater impact in living donor LT (LDLT) by increasing the safety in living donors and providing a sufficient liver volume despite the transplantation of segments 2–3. With improving medical management of chronic liver failure, and the shortage of transplantable liver grafts, many patients present late stage for LT with high MELD (Model for End-stage Liver Disease) score and chronic kidney disease. In fact, in the last decade the number of patients requiring combined liver-kidney transplant (CLKT) has been steadily increasing, now making 10% of all LTs in the United States [17]. Another staged surgical procedure ‘delayed kidney transplantation in CLKT – Indiana Approach’ and other recent developments in CLKTs have been comprehensively reviewed [17].
LDLT is more common than DDLT in Asia [1], and it has been increasingly performed in Turkey, Europe [4] and other parts of the world. However, many fine surgical techniques should be mastered, and many hurdles should be overcome in LDLT. Some ongoing discussions, such as right lobe versus left lobe [18], and small-for-size setting [19] in LDLT have been reviewed. The Achilles heels of LDLT, biliary reconstructions and complications, have been also discussed with recent evidences [20]. Although LDLT should be extensively planned in the donor and recipient, there is an increasing evidence that it can be offered for acute liver failure patients in an urgent setting with acceptable results [21]. With expertise and surgical advancement in LDLT, minimally invasive donor hepatectomy has been offered more often in order to minimize morbidity in living donors [22].
Other challenging issues in both DDLT and LDLT recipients have been broadly covered with particular attention to current management of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) [23] and indications for multivisceral transplantation when PVT cannot be managed either radiologically or surgically [24]. Recent developments and challenges in hepatobiliary surgery have been also extensively reviewed with particular attention to extended liver surgery for gallbladder cancer [25], liver resections in cirrhotic patients [26], laparoscopic major liver resections [27] with laparoscopic postero-superior segment liver resections [28], robotic liver resections [29], and parenchyma sparing liver resections [30].
We, the guest editors, are proud to present top reviews from this global network of expert liver surgeons, making this Special Issue as one of the top references in liver transplantation and hepatobiliary surgery.
Ethical approval
N/A. It is an editorial.
Sources of funding
None.
Author contribution
All authors contributed in writing and the development of the special issue for which we provide the editorial here.
Research registration number
N/A. It is an editorial.
Guarantor
Burcin Ekser, MD, PhD.
Provenance and peer review
Commissioned, internally reviewed.
Data statement
Not available since it is an editorial. All necessary references are cited within the text and wherever appropriate.
Declaration of competing interest
None.
References
- 1.Hibi T., Chei A.K.W., Chan A., Bhangui P. Current status of liver transplantation in Asia. Int. J. Surg. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.05.071. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Kirchner V., Goldaracena N., Sapisochin G., Hernandez-Alejandro R., Shah S.A. Current status of liver transplantation in North America. Int. J. Surg. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.05.059. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Contreras A., McCormack L., Andraus W., Fernandes E. Current status of liver transplantation in Latin America. Int. J. Surg. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.03.039. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Muller P.C., Kabacam G., Vibert E., Germani G., Petrowsky H. Current status of liver transplantation in Europe. Int. J. Surg. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.05.062. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Goldaracena N., Cullen J.M., Kim D.S., Ekser B., Halazun K.J. Expanding the donor pool for liver transplantation with marginal donors. Int. J. Surg. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.05.024. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Kubal C.A., Roll G., Ekser B., Muiesan P. Donation after circulatory death liver transplantation: what are the limits for an acceptable DCD graft? Int. J. Surg. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.064. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Marques H.P., Barros I., Li J., Murad S.D., Di Benedetto F. Current update in domino liver transplantation. Int. J. Surg. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.03.017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Karangwa S., Panayotova G., Dutkowski P., Porte R.J., Guarrera J.V., Schlegel A. The role of hypothermic machine perfusion in liver transplantation. Int. J. Surg. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.057. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Martins P.N., Buchwals J.E., Mergental H., Vargas L., Quintini C. The role of normothermic machine perfusion in liver transplantation. Int. J. Surg. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.05.026. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Halazun K.J., Sapisochin G., von Ahrens D., Agopian V., Tabrizian P. Predictors of outcome after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma beyond Milan criteria. Int. J. Surg. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.07.029. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Marques H.P., Gomes da Silva S., De Martin E., Agopian V., Martins P.N. Emerging biomarkers in hepatocellular carcinoma patients: current status. Int. J. Surg. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.043. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Sapisochin G., Ivanics T., Subramanian V., Doyle M.B., Heimback J.K., Hong J.C. Multidisciplinary treatment for hilar and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Int. J. Surg. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.067. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Balci D., Sakamoto Y., Li J., Di Benedetto F., Kirimker E.O., Petrowsky H. Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy procedure for cholangiocarcinoma. Int. J. Surg. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.06.045. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Hernandez-Alejandro R., Ruffolo L.I., Alikhanov R., Bjornsson B., Torres O.J.M., Serrablo A. Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy procedure for colorectal liver metastasis. Int. J. Surg. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Line P.D., Ruffolo L.I., Toso C., Deuland S., Nadalin S., Hernandez-Alejandro R. Liver transplantation for colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Int. J. Surg. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.03.079. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Nadalin S., Settmacher U., Rauchfuss F., Balci D., Konigsrainer A., Line P.D. RAPID procedure for colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Int. J. Surg. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.03.078. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Ekser B., Contreras A., Andraus W., Taner T. Current status of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Int. J. Surg. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Yagi S., Singhal A., Jung D.H., Hashimoto K. Living-donor liver transplantation: right versus left lobe. Int. J. Surg. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.06.022. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Ikegami T., Balci D., Jung D.H., Kim J.M., Quintini C. Living donor liver transplantation in small-for-size setting. Int. J. Surg. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.07.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Jung D.H., Ikegami T., Balci D., Bhangui P. Biliary reconstructions and complications in living donor liver transplantation. Int. J. Surg. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.069. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Ogura Y., Kabacam G., Singhal A., Moon D.B. The role of living donor liver transplantation acute liver failure. Int. J. Surg. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.058. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Cho H.D., Samstein B., Chaundry S., Kim K.H. Minimally invasive donor hepatectomy: systemic review. Int. J. Surg. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.06.023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Bhangui P., Fernandes E., Di Benedetto F., Joo D.J., Nadalin S. Current management of portal vein thrombosis in liver transplantation. Int. J. Surg. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.068. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Tekin A., Beduschi T., Vianna R., Mangus R.S. Multivisceral transplantation as the management of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients. Int. J. Surg. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.07.010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Torres O.J.M., Alikhanov R., Li J., Serrablo A., Chan A.C., Fernandes E.S. Extended liver surgery for gallbladder cancer revisited: is there a role of hepatopancreatoduodenectomy? Int. J. Surg. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.05.085. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Chan A., Chei A.K., Hibi T., Di Benedetto F., Serrablo A. Liver resection in cirrhotic liver: are there any limits? Int. J. Surg. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.06.050. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Chieh A.K.W., Chan A., Rotellar F., Kim K.H. Laparoscopic major liver resections: current standards. Int. J. Surg. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.06.051. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Abu Hilal M., Tschour C., Kummerli C., Lesurtel M., Rotellar F. Laparoscopic posterior segmental liver resections:how I do it? Tips and pitfalls. Int. J. Surg. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.06.052. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Di Benedetto F., Petrowsky H., Magistri P., Halazun K. Robotic liver resection: hurdles and beyond. Int. J. Surg. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.05.070. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30.Torzilli G., McCormack L., Pawlik T. Parenchyma sparing liver resection. Int. J. Surg. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.047. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]