Abstract
Background and Objectives:
Milligan Morgan Hemorrhoidectomy is one of the most commonly performed surgeries. Post-operative pain is the major cause of morbidity in post hemorrhoidectomy patients. Metronidazole has an established role in relieving post hemorrhoidectomy pain. The objective was to evaluate the pain score by using topical and oral metronidazole in post Milligan Morgan hemorrhoidectomy patients.
Methods:
A prospective randomized controlled trail was done in surgical departments of Akbar Niazi Teaching Hospital, Islamabad. A total of 166 consecutive patients with 3rd and 4th degree hemorrhoids were presenting in surgical OPD and who underwent Milligan Morgan hemorrhoidectomy between July 2018 and December 2018 were included in the study. Patients allocated in two groups, Group-A received topical metronidazole 10% post hemorrhoidectomy for seven days and Group-B were given oral metronidazole 400mg for 07 days. Analgesics were given on patient’s requirement. Patients post hemorrhoidectomy pain was recorded by using VSA scale at baseline (1st day) and on 7th post-operative day. Data analysis was done by using SPSS 21. Pain calculated by compared in terms of mean, standard deviation between groups and independent sample T test was used. Association between demographic details like gender and ages of the patients with pain scale on 7th day was measured and chi-square distribution was used.
Results:
Total 166 patients were included in this study. The mean ages of the patients were 44.07±10.62 years with minimum 20 and maximum 60 years. Out of 166 patients, female were 55 (33.1%) and male were 111 (66.9%). Results showed significantly lower pain in patients using topical metronidazole as compared to oral metronidazole (p=0.001). Association of pain with respect to ages was insignificant (p=0.202) whereas between genders inside the groups showed significant difference (p=0.028).
Conclusion:
These results showed that topical metronidazole significantly reduces pain in post hemorrhoidectomy patients as compared to oral metronidazole overall and even when data stratified among age, gender and type of hemorrhoids.
Keywords: Hemorrhoidectomy, Pain, Metronidazole
INTRODUCTION
Hemorrhoids are symptomatic and prolapsed anal cushions at 3, 7, 11 o’clock. Secondary hemorrhoids are between them. Patients present with complaints of fresh bleeding per rectum, mucous discharge, pain rectal discomfort and swelling. There are four degrees of hemorrhoids. In 1st degree there is bleeding per rectum with no prolapse, in 2nd degree there is prolapse with spontaneous reduction, 3rd degree hemorrhoids are manually reduced, and 4th degree are completely prolapse with no reduction.1,2
Hemorrhoids not responding to non-operative management, recurrent after banding and sclerotherapy and 3rd and 4th degree are treated surgically by hemorrhoidectomy, stapler hemorrhoidopexy.2 Milligan Morgan hemorrhoidectomy is still gold standard treatment for hemorrhoids and commonly performed surgery.2 But it is associated with post-operative complications such as pain, bleeding, non-healing wound, incontinence, stenosis and urinary retention. Pain is the major post-operative complaint and is attributed to surgical wound in sensitive anoderm, edema, spasm and infection.3 Various remedies have been suggested to alleviate the post-operative pain like GTN 0.2%, topical NSAIDS, Ca channel blockers and metronidazole.4 Studies show that metronidazole in both forms (topical and oral) significantly reduces the post-operative pain (p0.004, p0.0011)5,6 and improves the wound healing compared to placebo.
The rationale behind doing this study was that limited data was available regarding the use of topical metronidazole for post hemorrhoidectomy pain. And topical metronidazole has less systemic side effects so the patient’s compliance was improved. Topical metronidazole is not frequently used in our setup. So this study provided us with fresh first hand and local evidence about mean pain score by using topical and oral metronidazole. The objectives of this study are to investigate and compared whether mean pain score after topical metronidazole 10% was equal or less than oral metronidazole.
METHODS
After approval from ethical committee (Ref. No. 14/ANTH/IRB-2018 dated March 9, 2018) of the hospital, this prospective randomized controlled trial was carried out in surgical department of Akbar Niazi Teaching Hospital (ANTH) from July 2018 to December 2018. After informed written consent a total of 166 patients (sample size calculated by using Mean±SD 3.15±0.8 and 2.8±0.75 with 95% CI)7 with 3rd, 4th degree hemorrhoids and age 20 to 60 years presenting in OPD were admitted for Milligan Morgan hemorrhoidectomy to be performed by consultant with 05 years’ experience. Patients with diabetes mellitus, chronic liver disease and ASA III, IV were excluded from study. Patients with mental incompetence and patients refusing informed consent were also excluded from study. 83 Patients were randomly allocated to Group-A (Topical Metronidazole) and 83 to Group-B (Oral Metronidazole) by non-probability consecutive sampling. Two groups were made by computer to received either topical metronidazole or oral metronidazole. Randomization numbers were placed inside sequentially numbered opaque envelopes.
The following procedure was done for evaluation of the patients; patients were familiarized with visual analogue scale and test reading was taken preoperatively. At baseline (1st post-operative day) and on 7th post-operative day pain was measured and the score of VAS was calculated. After surgery pain is aggravated due to incisions and hemorrhoidectomy. All patients received their first dose of infusion metronidazole preoperatively. Patients in Group-A received topical metronidazole 10%, 06 hours postoperatively then 08 hourly for 07 days and Group-B received oral metronidazole 400mg, 08 hourly for 07 days. Patients in both groups were advised sitz bath for 15 minutes three times a day and analgesics advised on patient’s requirement. Patient discharged next day. Pain on defecation and during preceding 24 hours was recorded in both groups by using visual analogue scale VAS in centimeters as a single value on 7th post-operative day (follow up visit).
Data analysis was done by SPSS-21. Quantitative variable pain was calculated in terms of mean and standard deviation. Frequency and percentages were calculated for gender and type of hemorrhoids. Mean pain score at baseline and on 7th post-operative day between two groups was compared by using independent sample t test keeping p value ≤0.05 as significant. Mean post-operative pain score was stratified among age, gender and type of hemorrhoids to see effect modification, chi-square was used. Results were presented in the form of table and graphs.
Graph I & II.
Percentages of post-operative pain within two groups, N = 166.
RESULTS
Total 166 patients (83 in each group) were evaluated for post hemorrhoidectomy. Mean age in Group-A was 44±10.45 and mean age in Group-B was 43±10.84. Out of 83 patients in Group-A 55 (66.27%) were male and 28 (33.73%) were female. In Group-B male and female ratios were 56 (67.47%), 27 (32.53%) respectively.
Out of 83 patients in Group-A 66 (79.5%) had 3rd degree hemorrhoids and 17 (20.5%) 4th degree hemorrhoids. In Group-B 68 (81.9%) out 83 patients were with 3rd degree and 15 (18.1%) with 4th degree hemorrhoids. The pain range in 3rd and 4th degree hemorrhoids were 5-7 and 6-7 on 1st operative day and 3-5 & 4-6 on 7th operative day on VAS scale respectively.
Pain score at 1st day before surgery and at 7th day after surgery, pre and post interventions were applied of topical and oral metronidazole compared between two groups (Table-I). VAS score on 7th day was compared with gender and ages of the patients (Table-II).
Table-I.
Comparison pain score at baseline and post intervention between groups; N = 166.
| VAS score | Topical metronidazole Group-A | Oral metronidazole Group-B | t* | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean±SD | Mean±SD | |||
| Pain scale at baseline (1st day) | 6.01±1.34 | 6.18±1.68 | -0.716 | .475 |
| Post intervention of pain scale at (7th day) | 3.04±1.41 | 4.05±1.92 | -3.873 | .001 |
:Independent sample t-test.
Table-II.
Association VAS on 7th day with gender and ages of patients, N = 166.
| VAS Score on 7th Day | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mild | Moderate | Severe | Total | Chi-square value | P-value | ||
| Gender | Female | 45 | 10 | 0 | 55 | 15.70 | .028 |
| Male | 72 | 34 | 5 | 111 | |||
| Total | 117 | 44 | 5 | 166 | |||
| Ages | 20-30 years | 16 | 4 | 1 | 21 | 292.30 | .202 |
| 31-40 years | 32 | 6 | 0 | 38 | |||
| 41-50 years | 43 | 14 | 1 | 58 | |||
| 51-60 years | 26 | 20 | 3 | 49 | |||
| Total | 117 | 44 | 5 | 166 | |||
Alpha chi-square values have expected count which was less than 5%.
Status of post-operative pain among two groups was analyzed as in Group-A 66 patients had mild pain, 16 had moderate pain, 01 had severe pain. Whereas in Group-B 51 patients had mild pain, 28 had moderate pain and four had severe pain.
DISCUSSION
Hemorrhoidectomy is one of the most common surgeries performed in our setup and metronidazole is commonly used drug. Milligan Morgan hemorrhoidectomy is the gold standard.1,2 But it is associated with significant postoperative pain, caused by wound in sensitive anoderm, edema, and infection esp. anaerobic.3
This study showed that in Group-A mean pain was 3.04±1.41 on 7th post-operative day. Whereas in Group-B mean pain was 4.05±1.92 (p = 0.001), so there was a significant reduction in pain on 7th postoperative day. Stratification of mean pain with respect to ages was insignificant whereas between genders inside the groups showed significant difference.
The reasons of topical metronidazole were local effects and quick action with better compliance as compared to oral metronidazole with delayed onset and decreased drug provision due to first pass effect while direct vascular permeability and access locally for topical metronidazole at the site of application. Looking at the above statistics and results of this study, we strongly advocate to use topical metronidazole as it improved the patients post-operative pain and reduced morbidity. In our country it is not widely used too.
Studies show that metronidazole reduces postoperative pain7-13 and improves wound healing12 as compared to placebo. Oral metronidazole has systemic side effects as nausea, anorexia and metallic taste.8 Studies on topical metronidazole showed that it significantly reduces post-operative pain and has less systemic side effects.8,10-13
The study by Neogi P et al. indicates that metronidazole (oral and topical) significantly reduces postoperative pain on day 3, 7 but showed no difference in between oral and topical metronidazole.7 Whereas our study showed significant difference in between the two (topical and oral metronidazole). Ala S et al. used topical metronidazole 10% in post hemorrhoidectomy patients that resulted in significantly reduced pain on day 07 and 14 (p≤0.04) as compared to placebo.6 Similar results obtained by Gonzalez A et al. in 2015 where patients experienced significantly less post-operative pain.5 Pourghassem J et al. in 2012 studied 40 patients randomly distributed between topical metronidazole and placebo, showed that patients on topical metronidazole experienced less pain, they required few analgesics.13 The efficacy is thought to be due to bactericidal action and its less understood anti-inflammatory effects. It is also believed that it reduces sphincter spasm. Bijur P et al. showed that the VAS was a highly reliable instrument for measurement of acute pain. Ninety percent of paired measurements, differences between scores obtained one minute apart were 9 mm or less.14 Overall the results show that topical metronidazole significantly reduces pain as compared to oral metronidazole.
Limitations of the study
More male patients (66.9%) were included than females (33.1%). This is because of the social norms where female are reluctant to talk about their disease. Topical metronidazole 10% ointment was not available in our setup and had to be prepared by a local pharmacist.
CONCLUSION
The study concluded that mean pain score after topical metronidazole is less than oral metronidazole in post Milligan Morgan hemorrhoidectomy patient.
Author’s Contribution
STA provided concept/research design and did data collection, subjects & editing of manuscript.
AR, NA did statistical analysis and manuscript writing.
IC did editing of manuscript and project management.
TH, NH did data collection, subjects and provision of facilities/equipment.
AR, NA takes the responsibility and is accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
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