Abstract
Expression level of Fibulin-2 gene in breast cancer cells was evaluated to explore the impact of Fibulin-2 gene on the proliferation, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. MDA-MB-231, BT483, MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells were cultured in vitro. Then, expression of Fibulin-2 in cells was upregulated and downregulated using ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) and lentiviral transfection techniques, respectively. Thereafter, expression levels of Fibulin-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein were measured via quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was applied to detect the proliferation ability, and wound healing assay was performed to determine the effect of transfection on the metastatic capacity of cells. The influence of transfection on the invasive ability of breast cancer cells was detected through Transwell chamber assay. MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells did not express Fibulin-2, while BT483 and SK-BR-3 cells expressed Fibulin-2. Expression of Fibulin-2 mRNA and protein in SK-BR-3 Fibulin-2 siRNA group was significantly lower than that in SK-BR-3 NC siRNA group 48 h after transfection (P<0.01), while the expression of Fibulin-2 mRNA and protein in MDA-MB-231 Fibulin-2 lentiviral transfection (LAP) group was significantly higher than that in MDA-MB-231 NC LAP group. Compared with the MDA-MB-231 NC LAP group, the cell proliferation, migration and invasion ability of MDA-MB-231 Fibulin-2 LAP group were weakened. The tumor volume and weight of the MDA-MB-231 Fibulin-2 LAP group were significantly lower than those of the MDA-MB-231 NC LAP group. Low expression of Fibulin-2 is able to promote proliferation, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells, and can reduce the rate of tumor growth in nude mice. Therefore, Fibulin-2 may be a potential therapeutic target and an indicator of prognosis for breast cancer.
Keywords: Fibulin-2, breast cancer cells, proliferation, migration, invasion
Introduction
Breast cancer is a common malignancy in women, which has a high incidence rate. Currently, it has become the principal disease affecting women's life and health (1). Moreover, breast cancer is characterized by high migration, which is mainly caused by lymphatic vessels and reflux veins in breasts of women. Usually, tumor spread and migration are detected in most patients at a late stage, leading to poor surgical treatment efficacy, so the death rate of patients is relatively high (2). Based on statistics, it is found that women suffering from breast cancer are getting younger in China, and the incidence and fatality rates of breast cancer are increasing year by year (3). With the development of molecular biology and evidence-based medicine in recent years, the clinical treatment methods for breast cancer mainly include surgical resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and targeted therapy (4).
Fibulin-2 is one of the largest isomer proteins in the Fibulin family and also an important component of the extracellular matrix basement membrane and elastic basal fibers. Extracellular matrix is the environment in which cells live. Therefore, Fibulin-2 is capable of affecting cell metabolism, migration, proliferation and differentiation by regulating signaling pathways (5,6). Fibulin-2 is an important component of cells to keep normal physiological activities, which exerts various functions such as regulation of cell metabolism and survival by binding to various extracellular ligands and calcium ions (7). Studies have manifested that knockout of Fibulin-2 gene in mice results in abnormal development and multiple pathological symptoms of mice. Therefore, Fibulin-2 is closely correlated with the normal survival of mice. It was also found that Fibulin-2 plays a key role in the occurrence and development of tumors and is expected to be a new target for overcoming tumors (8–10).
In this study, breast cancer MDA-MB-231, BT483, MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 cell lines was selected and subjected to in vitro culture, followed by upregulation and downregulation of Fibulin-2 expression using ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) technology and lentiviral transfection technique, respectively, expression levels of Fibulin-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein were measured via quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting, respectively, the proliferation ability of breast cancer cells after transfection was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay, and wound healing assay and Transwell chamber assay were performed to detect the impact of Fibulin-2 on the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells, respectively, to study the effects of Fibulin-2 expression on the proliferation, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells, thus providing a basis for research on Fibulin-2 as a therapeutic target for breast cancer.
Materials and methods
Materials and reagents
Breast cancer MDA-MB-231, BT483, MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 cell lines (the Cell Bank of the Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China), CCK8 kit and Giemsa stain (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA), Fibulin-2 small interfering RNA (siRNA) (sc-43119, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.), negative control (NC) siRNA (sc-37007, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.), Fibulin-2 lentiviral activation particles (LAP) and pLenti-C-Myc-DDK-P2A-Puro Tagged Cloning Vector (cat. nos. RC218622L3V, PS100092, OriGene Technologies, Inc.), Fibulin-2 primary antibody and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled secondary antibody (Proteintech Group, Inc.), TB Green™ Fast qPCR Mix (Takara); Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI)-1640 medium and fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), and TRIzol kit (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Sixteen BALB/C-nu female nude mice, 4–5 weeks old and 15–18 g, were purchased by SPF (Beijing) Biotechnology Co., Ltd. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Navy General Hospital (Beijing, China)
Cell culture
MDA-MB-231, BT483, MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 cells were cultured with RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% FBS in an incubator at 37°C and 5% CO2. The medium was changed every 24 h. Cells were subjected to digestion and passaged when they were confluent.
Transfection with Fibulin-2 siRNA and Fibulin-2 overexpression lentivirus
SK-BR-3 cells (Fibulin-2 overexpression) were selected as siRNA interference model and MDA-MB-231 cells (expression deletion) as Fibulin-2 overexpression model. Breast cancer cells in the logarithmic growth phase were collected and subjected to digestion process. Then, cells were divided into 4 groups: SK-BR-3 NC siRNA group, SK-BR-3 Fibulin-2 siRNA group, MDA-MB-231 NC LAP group and MDA-MB-231 Fibulin-2 LAP group. Interfering and overexpressing were conducted in accordance with the instructions of Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. siRNA Transfection and LAP Transduction, respectively, establishing Fibulin-2 siRNA-transiently-transfected cell line and Fibulin-2-overexpressed stable cell line for subsequent experiments.
Detection of the effects of siRNA interference and lentivirus overexpression on Fibulin-2 mRNA expression via qRT-PCR
TRIzol assay was applied to extract RNA from cells in each group. Then, the concentration and purity were measured. After that, qualified RNA was selected for reverse transcription that was performed based on the instructions of the reverse transcription kit (Eppendorf). The system was 10 µl. The specific reaction conditions: 37°C for 15 min and 95°C for 5 min, followed by cooling on ice. Thereafter, routine qRT-PCR was conducted, with primer sequences are shown in Table I. β-actin was selected as the internal reference. The reaction conditions: 94°C for 5 min, and then 94°C for 30 sec, 52°C for 30 sec and 72°C for 30 sec, with 40 cycles of amplification in total, followed by 72°C for 5 min. Cycle threshold (Ct) value was output from the instrument (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.), and the relative expression level of Fibulin-2 mRNA was calculated using the 2−ΔCT method.
Table I.
RT-PCR primer sequences.
| Gene | Primer name | Primer sequence |
|---|---|---|
| β-actin | Forward primer | 5′-GCTTGGAATGAGACTGCTGA-3′ |
| Reverse primer | 5′-CTGGCCATATCCACCAGAGT-3′ | |
| Fibulin-2 | Forward primer | 5′-GCAGCTCTTCTCCTGCAAGT-3′ |
| Reverse primer | 5′-CAGACCCCAACTCTGTCCAT-3′ |
Determination of the influences of siRNA interference and lentivirus overexpression on Fibulin-2 protein expression through western blotting
Subsequently cells in each group were collected, the total protein was extracted. Then, bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay was adopted to measure protein concentration, and corresponding loading buffer was added, followed by heating for protein denaturation. Afterwards, 40 µg protein was taken from each group for sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), followed by wet constant current (300 mA) membrane transfer and 1 h of blocking with 5% skim milk powder at room temperature. Thereafter, the membrane was incubated with primary antibody (diluted at 1:1000) at 4°C overnight and washed with Tris-buffered saline with Tween-20® (TBST) 3 times (8 min/time). Then, incubation with secondary antibody (diluted at 1:2,000) at room temperature for 1 h and washing with TBST 3 times (8 min/time) were performed, followed by dark room development with enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) and scanning and photographing using a gel imager. With glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as the internal reference, gray analysis and comparison were conducted.
Detection of the effects of siRNA interference and lentivirus overexpression on cell proliferation ability using CCK-8 assay
Cells in each group were inoculated into a 96-well plate at a concentration of 5×104/ml, with 100 µl in each well. After cells were routinely cultured for 48 h, 20 µl CCK8 was added into each well, followed by 2 h of culture in an incubator. Then, cells were taken out to measure the absorbance (A) value at 450 nm using a microplate reader. The white well was used for zero adjustment. Cell proliferation rate was calculated according to the following formula: proliferation rate (%) = optical density (OD) value in experimental group / OD value in normal control group × 100%.
Determination of the impact of siRNA interference and lentivirus overexpression on cell metastatic ability via wound healing assay
Wound healing assay was carried out to detect the metastatic ability of cells. Before the inoculation of cells, a marking pen was used to mark a transverse line on the back of a 6-well plate. Then, cells were inoculated into the 6-well plate at the appropriate density after they were digested. The next day, cell scratches were made perpendicular to the plate using a 1 ml tip. Then, cell medium was aspirated, and the plate was washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) 3 times. Then, serum-free medium was added, followed by photography, and the plate was placed in an incubator and taken out for photography every 6 h. The experimental results were analyzed based on the collected image data.
Detection of the influence of siRNA interference and lentivirus overexpression on cell invasion capacity through Transwell assay
The invasive ability of cells was detected using Transwell assay. First, Transwell chambers were coated with Matrigel. Then, cells in each group were inoculated into Transwell chambers at a concentration of 4×104/ml, with 100 µl per well. Thereafter, 100 µl cell suspension and 100 µl serum-free medium were evenly added into upper chambers, and lower chambers were added with 500 µl medium containing 30% FBS. After cells were incubated in the incubator for 48 h, chambers were taken out, and then cells were fixed with formaldehyde, stained with crystal violet, photographed by a microscope and analyzed.
Establishment of tumor transplantation model in nude mice
MDA-MB-231 NC LAP and MDA-MB-231 Fibulin-2 LAP cells were cultured in vitro. When the cells were in logarithmic growth phase, cells was subjected to digestion process and counted. The cell suspension was prepared with PBS and the concentration was 1×107/ml. Each nude mouse was inoculated with 0.2 ml cell suspension under the right anterior armpit. The tumor volume was measured every 3 days after inoculation. On the 21st day, the nude mice were sacrificed and the tumor was taken out and weighed. The mice were kept in cages with controlled temperature, light cycles and humidity (24°C and 12/12-h light cycles, 60±10%) and free access to water. When the tumor diameter of mice was 10 mm, the mice were anesthetized with 400 mg/kg chloral hydrate, then tumor tissue was taken and the mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. No sign of peritonitis was observed.
Statistical processing
Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) 19.0 software (IBM Corp.) was used for data processing. All data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). t-test was employed for comparisons among groups. P<0.05 indicates that the difference was statistically significant.
Results
Fibulin-2 mRNA expression in different breast cancer cells detected via qRT-PCR
Fibulin-2 mRNA expression was not detected in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells, but Fibulin-2 expression was detected in BT483 and SK-BR-3 cells (Fig. 1).
Figure 1.
Expression level of Fibulin-2 mRNA in different breast cancer cells detected via qRT-PCR. qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. mRNA, messenger RNA.
Effects of Fibulin-2 siRNA interference and lentivirus overexpression on the expression of Fibulin-2
The expression of Fibulin-2 was detected by qRT-PCR and western blotting showed that the expression of Fibulin-2 mRNA and protein in SK-BR-3 Fibulin-2 siRNA group was significantly lower than that in SK-BR-3 NC siRNA group 48 h after transfection (P<0.01). The expression of Fibulin-2 mRNA and protein in MDA-MB-231 Fibulin-2 LAP group was significantly higher than that in MDA-MB-231 NC LAP group (P<0.01) (Fig. 2).
Figure 2.
Effects of Fibulin-2 siRNA interference and lentivirus overexpression on the expression of Fibulin-2. (A) Expression of Fibulin-2 in different groups. (B) Expression of GAPDH in different groups. **P<0.01; ##P<0.01. GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Effect of Fibulin-2 on the proliferation of breast cancer cells
The changes of cell proliferation ability were detected by CCK8 assay showing that the cell proliferation ability of SK-BR-3 Fibulin-2 siRNA group was significantly higher than that of SK-BR-3 NC siRNA group (P<0.01), while that of MDA-MB-231 Fibulin-2 LAP group was significantly lower than that of MDA-MB-231 NC LAP group (P<0.01) (Fig. 3).
Figure 3.
Effect of Fibulin-2 on the proliferation of breast cancer cells. **P<0.01; ##P<0.01.
Influence of Fibulin-2 on the migration of breast cancer cells
The cell migration ability of SK-BR-3 Fibulin-2 siRNA group was significantly higher than that of SK-BR-3 NC siRNA group (P<0.01, while that of MDA-MB-231 Fibulin-2 LAP group was significantly lower than that of MDA-MB-231 NC LAP group (P<0.01) (Fig. 4).
Figure 4.
Influence of Fibulin-2 on the migration of breast cancer cells detected through CCK8 assay. CCK8, Cell Counting Kit-8. Comparison between SK-BR-3 Fibulin-2 siRNA group and SK-BR-3 NC siRNA group, **P<0.01. Comparison between MDA-MB-231 Fibulin-2 LAP group and MDA-MB-231 NC LAP group, ##P<0.01.
Impact of Fibulin-2 on the invasion of breast cancer cells
The invasive ability of cells in SK-BR-3 Fibulin-2 siRNA group was significantly higher than that in SK-BR-3 NC siRNA group (P<0.01), while that in MDA-MB-231 Fibulin-2 LAP group was significantly lower than that in MDA-MB-231 NC LAP group (P<0.01) (Fig. 5).
Figure 5.
Impact of Fibulin-2 on the invasion of breast cancer cells detected via Transwell assay. **P<0.01; ##P<0.01.
Effect of Fibulin-2 on tumor growth in nude mice
Compared with MDA-MB-231 NC LAP group, the tumor weight of nude mice in MDA-MB-231 Fibulin-2 LAP group was significantly lower than that in MDA-MB-231 NC LAP group (p<0.01), and the tumor growth and tumor volume in MDA-MB-231 Fibulin-2 LAP group were significantly lower than those in MDA-MB-231 NC LAP group (P<0.01) (Fig. 6).
Figure 6.
Effect of Fibulin-2 on tumor weight and volume in nude mice. **P<0.01. (A) Tumor weight in different groups. (B) Tumor volume in different groups.
Discussion
Breast cancer has become a growing threat to women's health, and its age of onset is getting younger. Furthermore, its incidence rate ranks first among urban female malignant tumors. With the increase in the incidence rate of breast cancer, the side effects of chemotherapy drugs and the huge demand of clinical treatment, increasing number of researchers pay attention to the exploration of new mechanisms and targets of breast cancer (11).
Remodeling of extracellular matrix can be achieved by the synthesis and degradation of matrix proteins. A study manifested that extracellular matrix is closely associated with the differentiation, migration and migration of most tumors. After remodeling, there are obvious changes in physical properties and spatial structure of extracellular matrix proteins. Therefore, the characteristics and molecules relating to extracellular matrix remodeling can be used as important indicators for early diagnosis and clinical staging of tumors (12). Another study revealed that Fibulin-2 protein, as an important component of the extracellular matrix, is closely correlated with the occurrence of cancer and plays a dual role in the occurrence and development of tumors, i.e., it inhibits tumorigenesis under certain conditions and also promotes the growth of tumor cells under such conditions (13). Studies have revealed that Fibulin-2 suppresses the migration and invasion of tumors such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma and astrocytoma, but it promotes migration and invasion of tumor cells in lung adenocarcinoma (14–16).
A recent study found that there is no expression of Fibulin-2 in breast cancer patients, whereas normal in paracancerous tissues of breast cancer, which confirmed that Fibulin-2 can stabilize the basement membrane, and its downregulation is related to the loss of basement membrane and early invasion (17). Tan et al (18) showed that Fibulin-2 was expressed in breast ducts and perivascular tissues in normal breast tissues. In malignant breast tissues, collagen IV was integrated around ducts, while Fibulin-2 was not fully expressed around collagen IV, which showed that Fibulin-2 was involved in tumor invasion and migration. Moreover, it has been shown that Fibulin2 is a new matrix of ADAMTS5 and the degradation of Fibulin2 is associated with the enhancement of the invasion potential of SKBR3 cells, and this proteolytic hydrolysis can alter the cell microenvironment and affects the balance between tumor and anti-tumor effects associated with Fibulin2 and ADAMTS metalloproteinase (19).
Studies have verified that Fibulin-2 is capable of promoting the development and progression of lung cancer and pancreatic cancer, with different expression levels in lung cancer, pancreatic cancer and adjacent normal tissues and a mouse lung cancer cell line. It was discovered in a previous study that Fibulin-2 is highly expressed in human lung adenocarcinoma extracellular matrix and metastatic lung adenocarcinoma mouse tumor cell lines. A study found that knockout of Fibulin-2 leads to small tumor growth and low migration rate by constructing stable mouse lung adenocarcinoma tumor cells without Fibulin-2 gene and establishing a nude-mouse model of transplantation. Research at the cellular level discovered that the migration and invasion ability of tumor cells is weakened after knockdown of Fibulin-2 gene, and Fibulin-2 promotes cell collagen cross-linking and adhesion in lung tumor (20–22). Studies have confirmed that Fibulin-2 is overexpressed in different solid tumor tissues, fully proving that Fibulin-2 plays a vital role in the occurrence and development of tumors (23).
In this investigation, a variety of breast cancer cells were cultured in vitro. qRT-PCR results showed that MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells did not express Fibulin-2, while BT483 and SK-BR-3 cells expressed Fibulin-2. Expression of Fibulin-2 was upregulated and downregulated using RNAi technology and lentiviral transfection techniques, respectively, and the expression levels of Fibulin-2 mRNA and protein were evaluated via qRT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. The results showed that the expression of Fibulin-2 mRNA and protein in SK-BR-3 Fibulin-2 siRNA group was significantly lower than that in SK-BR-3 NC siRNA group, while the expression of Fibulin-2 mRNA and protein in MDA-MB-231 Fibulin-2 LAP group was significantly higher than that in MDA-MB-231 NC LAP group 48 h after transfection. The results of cell proliferation, Scratch and Transwell tests showed that compared with SK-BR-3 NC siRNA group, the ability of cell proliferation, migration and invasion in SK-BR-3 Fibulin-2 siRNA group was enhanced. Compared with MDA-MB-231 NC LAP group, the ability of cell proliferation, migration and invasion in MDA-MB-231 Fibulin-2 LAP group was reduced. It was found that the tumor weight and volume of MDA-MB-231 Fibulin-2 LAP group decreased significantly after upregulating the expression of Fibulin-2 in nude mice.
In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Fibulin-2 expression can greatly affect the proliferation, migration and invasion of human breast cancer cell lines. Therefore, Fibulin-2 may be a potential therapeutic target and a prognostic index for breast cancer.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
No funding was received.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
XZ wrote the manuscript. XZ and LD performed PCR and western blot. YZ and HZ were responsible for cell culture and transfection. XY and CZ contributed to wound healing assay and Transwell assay. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Navy General Hospital (Beijing, China).
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.