. 2020 Jul 21;6(7):e04498. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04498

Table 1.

Moisture content, water activity, lightness, browning index, drying time and energy consumption of dried coffee pulp under different drying conditions.

Drying methods	Moisture Content	Water activity	Lightness (L∗)	Browning Index	Drying time	Energy consumption (kWh)
Hot air 70 °C	6.43 ± 1.71^ab	0.55 ± 0.036^abc	27.01 ± 6.19^a	21.46 ± 7.47^c	7 h 45 min	10.85
Hot air 90 °C	5.85 ± 0.62^ab	0.56 ± 0.01^ab	26.53 ± 2.92^a	24.37 ± 4.28^c	4 h 45 min	6.65
Hot air 110 °C	3.14 ± 0.77^c	0.53 ± 0.01^bc	24.60 ± 2.18^a	25.09 ± 4.36^bc	3 h 30 min	4.9
Vacuum 70 °C	5.89 ± 1.38^ab	0.57 ± 0.00^a	27.30 ± 6.23^a	27.48 ± 10.68^bc	17 h 15 min	20.7
Vacuum 90 °C	6.90 ± 0.42^a	0.57 ± 0.01^a	25.93 ± 2.69^a	27.06 ± 7.26^bc	6 h 30 min	7.8
Vacuum 110 °C	4.79 ± 0.5^bc	0.53 ± 0.01^c	26.12 ± 6.69^a	30.87 ± 6.08^ab	4 h 05 min	4.9
LTP	5.56 ± 0.63^ab	0.56 ± 0.00^ab	28.04 ± 3.94^a	35.39 ± 4.26^a	20 h	50

Data are expressed as means ± standard deviations (n = 3). Means with different superscript letters in the same column differ significantly (p < 0.05).

LTP: Low temperature and pressure drying.