Long-Term Results of Thermal Ablation of Benign Thyroid Nodules: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Background

Ultrasound-guided thermal ablations have become one of the main options for treating benign thyroid nodules. To determine efficacy of thermal ablation of benign thyroid nodules, we performed a meta-analysis of studies with long-term follow-up of more than 3 years.

Methods

Databases were searched for studies published up to August 25, 2019, reporting patients with benign thyroid nodules treated with thermal ablation and with follow-up data of more than 3 years. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed according to PRISMA guidelines. The analysis yielded serial volume reduction rates (VRRs) of ablated nodules for up to 3 years or more, and adverse effect of ablation during follow-up. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and laser ablation (LA) were compared in a subgroup analysis.

Results

The pooled VRRs for ablated nodules showed rapid volume reduction before 12 months, a plateau from 12 to 36 months, and more volume reduction appearing after 36 months, demonstrating long-term maintenance of treatment efficacy. Thermal ablation had an acceptable complication rate of 3.8%. Moreover, patients undergoing nodule ablation showed no unexpected delayed complications during the follow-up period. In the subgroup analysis, RFA was shown to be superior to LA in terms of the pooled VRR and the number of patients who underwent delayed surgery.

Conclusion

Thermal ablations are safe and effective methods for treating benign thyroid nodules, as shown by a long follow-up analysis of more than 3 years. In addition, RFA showed superior VRRs compared with LA for the treatment of benign thyroid nodules, with less regrowth and less delayed surgery.

INTRODUCTION

Ultrasound-guided thermal ablations have become one of the main options for treating benign thyroid nodules, solving cosmetic problems and compressive symptoms [1,2]. Although thermal ablation has shown favorable efficacy in volume reduction [3–14], a few studies with long follow-up periods showed regrowth of treated nodules 2 to 3 years after ablation [6,8,9,13, 14]. To clarify the frequency of regrowth after thermal ablation, a meta-analysis of studies with long-term follow-up of more than 2 to 3 years is required.

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and laser ablation (LA) are the two main ablation options for treating benign thyroid nodules [3–14]. A previous meta-analysis compared the short-term results (6 to 12 months) of RFA and LA, and demonstrated RFA to have superior efficacy to LA in the treatment of benign thyroid nodules in terms of volume reduction and safety [15]. However, the results revealed only limited information with which to compare the long-term differences in efficacy of each of the thermal ablation techniques.

Therefore, we systematically reviewed the literature and performed a meta-analysis on the long-term efficacy of thermal ablation for benign thyroid nodules. In addition, we performed a subgroup analysis comparing different ablation methods.

METHODS

This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines [16].

Literature search

A search of MEDLINE and EMBASE databases was performed to find original literature reporting patients with benign thyroid nodules treated with thermal ablation and with follow-up data for more than 3 years. The following search terms were used: ([thyroid nodule] OR [thyroid tumor] OR [thyroid]) AND ([ablation] OR [percutaneous ablation] OR [thermal ablation]) AND ([radiofrequency] OR [radio-frequency] OR [laser] OR [interstitial photocoagulation] OR [microwave] OR [microwave coagulation] OR [HIFU] OR [High-intensity focused ultrasound]). No beginning search date was set, with the literature search being updated until August 25, 2019. The search was limited to English-language publications. The bibliographies of relevant articles were searched to identify any other appropriate articles.

Inclusion criteria

Studies satisfying the following criteria were included: (1) patients with a benign thyroid nodule treated with thermal ablation; and (2) follow-up data for more than 3 years after ablation.

Exclusion criteria

Studies or subsets of studies were excluded if any of the following criteria were met: (1) case reports or case series including fewer than 20 patients; (2) letters, editorials, conference abstracts, systematic reviews or meta-analyses, consensus statements, guidelines, and review articles; (3) articles not focusing on the current topic; (4) articles with, or with suspicion of, overlapping populations; (5) articles without follow-up data for more than 3 years after ablation; and (6) articles without reference standards based on cytopathological or histopathological tests.

Two radiologists, S.J.C. and J.H.B., with 5 and 25 years of experience in thyroid imaging, respectively, independently performed the literature search and selection.

Data extraction

The following data were extracted using standardized forms according to the PRISMA guidelines [16]: (1) characteristics of the article, including ablation methods, institution, country of origin, authors, year of publication, duration of patient recruitment, number of patients, mean patient age, male to female ratio, and study design (prospective or retrospective); (2) details of the included nodules [17], including the total number of ablated nodules and the criteria for ablation (summary of inclusion and exclusion criteria); (3) details of the thermal ablation, including ablation methods and devices, power output, applicator, mean ablation time, techniques used (local anesthesia, trans-isthmic approach [18], hydro-dissection [18], moving-shot technique [18,19], and pull-back coagulation [8]); (4) results of ablation and details of follow-up, including mean follow-up duration, mean nodule volume, serial changes in the post-treatment volume reduction rate (VRR) of the index nodule (before, 6, 12, 24, and 36-month data and last follow-up, with VRR during follow-up calculated as: [initial nodular volume–final nodular volume]×100)/initial nodular volume; complications associated with ablation; and number of surgical procedures performed during follow-up after ablation.

Complications were evaluated using the reporting standards of the Society of Interventional Radiology [20]. Major complications were defined as adverse events associated with substantial morbidity or disability, an increased level of care, hospital admission, or substantial prolongation of hospital stay. All other complications were regarded as minor complications, and side effects were defined as unintended consequences that did not require therapy or medical treatment, as well as undesired consequences of the procedure according to previous studies [21,22]. In terms of voice change, a duration exceeding 1 month was considered a major complication, and a duration less than 1 month was considered a minor complication. If the duration was not presented, it was considered a major complication. However, occurrences immediately following ablation, including transient voice change, minimal or asymptomatic hematoma, bleeding, parenchymal edema, and tolerable mild pain or discomfort not requiring medication, were regarded as neither complications nor side effects. Early complications were defined as those occurring within 30 days after ablation, and delayed complications as those occurring after 30 days.

Quality assessment

Two authors (S.J.C. and J.H.B.) independently performed data extraction and quality assessment using the risk of bias for nonrandomized studies (RoBANS) tool for nonrandomized controlled trials [23].

Data synthesis and analyses

The primary outcome of the current systematic review and meta-analysis was the serial VRRs of ablated nodules over 3 years or more. A secondary outcome was a description of the adverse effects of ablation, including the rates of complications and surgery during follow-up after ablation. The pooled proportions were calculated using an inverse-variance weighting model [24–26]. Random effects meta-analysis of proportions was utilized to calculate the overall proportions. Study heterogeneity was evaluated using Higgins inconsistency index (I²), with substantial heterogeneity being indicated by an I² value greater than 50% [27]. In addition, subgroup analysis was performed according to the different ablation methods. All statistical analyses were conducted by one author (S.J.C., with 2 years of experience in conducting systematic reviews and meta-analysis), using the “meta” package in R version 3.6.1 (http://www.r-project.org/).

RESULTS

Literature search

The article selection process is described in Fig. 1. The initial systematic literature search identified 1,452 articles. After removing 616 duplicates, screening of the remaining 836 titles and abstracts yielded 18 potentially eligible articles. Searches of the bibliographies of these articles identified one additional article [3]. The full text reviews of the 19 provisionally eligible articles found that four articles did not contain follow-up data of more than 3 years’ duration [28–31], two articles included populations that overlapped or were suspected of overlapping [32,33], and one article was a case series [34]; these seven articles were excluded. Finally, 12 (five for RFA and seven for LA) studies were included in the qualitative synthesis in the current systematic review [3–14]. Other ablation studies such as microwave ablation or high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation did not meet our inclusion criteria.

Fig. 1.

Flow diagram of the study selection process. RFA, radiofrequency ablation; LA, laser ablation.

Characteristics of the included studies

Table 1 shows the detailed characteristics of the 12 studies, including five on RFA [10–14] and seven on LA [3–9]. Two studies (one RFA and one LA study) were multicenter designs [8,12], but the others were from single centers. A total of 1,223 nodules from 1,208 patients were enrolled. The 695 nodules from 680 patients who underwent RFA and the 528 nodules from 528 patients who underwent LA were evaluated after ablation. The sizes of the study populations ranged from 24 to 276 patients, with the patients having a mean age of 37.9 to 66 years. Ten studies were retrospective in design [3–7,9–11,13,14], whereas the two others were prospective [8,12]. All studies commonly included nodules verified as being benign by tissue confirmation; however, the detailed inclusion and exclusion criteria were similar but slightly different across the studies. Nine studies included symptomatic or cosmetic problems in the inclusion criteria [3,4,6,7,9,10,12–14], whereas the other three did not mention the presence of such problems [5,8,11]. Only one study involved the treatment of toxic or hot nodules [5]. Among the seven studies describing the inclusion criteria in terms of nodule components [3,4,8–12], six studies enrolled solid or predominantly solid nodules [3,4,8–11], whereas the other study enrolled both predominantly solid (248 of 278) and predominantly cystic nodules (28 of 276) [12]. Four studies included nodule size in the inclusion criteria [4,8,9,13]. The other detailed criteria for ablation are described in Table 1.

Table 1.

Characteristics of the Included Studies

Group	Study	Enrollment period	Affiliation	Patient no.	Mean age	Male: female	Study design	Nodule no.	Criteria for ablation (summary of inclusion and exclusion criteria)
RFA	Aldea Martinez et al. (2019) [10]	May 2014 to Oct 2018	Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Spain	24	50.2	4:20	Retro.	24	Inclusion: symptomatic nodule, TIRADS 1 or 2, 2 consecutive Bethesda II, solid or predominantly solid nodules Exclusion: contralateral laryngeal nerve palsy, presence of pacemaker, pregnancy, cystic nodules, history of neck radiation, patient’s refusal
RFA	Deandrea et al. (2019) [11]	2011 to 2015	Mauriziano Hospital, Italy	215	66	33:182	Retro.	215	Inclusion: solid or mixed with a solid portion >70%, benign (2 consecutive Bethesda II), normal thyroid function Exclusion: RFA performed more than once
RFA	Jung et al. (2018) [12]	May 2010 to Dec 2011	Multicenter, Koreaa	276	46	43:302	Pro.	276	Inclusion: symptomatic or cosmetic problems, 2 consecutive benign cytology results, no malignant feature on US, solid (>50% solid components), predominantly cystic (10%<solid components <50%), normal thyroid function Exclusion: follicular neoplasm, primary thyroid cancer, pregnancy, history of neck radiation, cystic nodules (<10% solid components)
RFA	Lim et al. (2013) [13]	Jun 2002 to Dec 2007	Daerim St. Mary’s Hospital, Korea	111	37.9	10:101	Retro.	126	Inclusion: symptomatic or cosmetic problems, size >2 cm, 2 consecutive benign cytology results, no malignant feature on US, normal thyroid function, refused or ineligible for surgery Exclusion: NA
RFA	Sim et al. (2017) [14]	Jun 2008 to Nov 2013	Withsim Clinic, Korea	54	44.1	5:49	Retro.	54	Inclusion: symptomatic or cosmetic problems, at least 12 months of follow-up Exclusion: NA
LA	Dossing et al. (2011) [3]	1999 to 2008	Odense University Hospital, Denmark	78	46	4:74	Retro.	78	Inclusion: symptomatic or cosmetic problems, solitary, solid, cold nodule, benign cytology, normal thyroid function, normal calcitonin Exclusion: family history of thyroid cancer, history of neck radiation
LA	Gambelunghe et al. (2013) [4]	2005 to 2008	University of Perugia, Italy	40	63	NA	Retro.	40	Inclusion: symptomatic nodule, single or dominant nodule, benign cytology, cold nodule, normal thyroid function, normal calcitonin, solid, refused or for ineligible surgery, size of 5–150 mL Exclusion: NA
LA	Gambelunghe et al. (2018) [5]	2009 to 2014	University of Perugia, Italy	82	41	31:51	Retro.	82	Inclusion: toxic nodule, hot nodule, normal thyroglobulin, normal calcitonin, normal anti-thyroglobulin antibodies and anti-microsomal antibodies, benign cytology, refused or ineligible for surgery or other conventional treatment Exclusion: history of neck radiation and surgery
LA	Magri et al. (2020) [6]	Jan 2010 to Jan 2013	Istituti Clinici Scientifci Maugeri IRCCS, Italy	43	55.9	5:38	Retro.	43	Inclusion: symptomatic or cosmetic problems, single or dominant nodule, benign cytology (TIR 2) Exclusion: NA
LA	Negro et al. (2019) [7]	Jul 2009 to Mar 2012	V. Fazzi Hospital, Italy	62	54.7	15:47	Retro.	62	Inclusion: symptomatic or cosmetic problems, 2 consecutive benign cytology results, cold nodule, normal thyroid function, normal calcitonin Exclusion: history of thyroid treatment, thyroid hormone-related drug treatment, history of neck radiation
LA	Papini et al. (2014) [8]	Unclear, over 1 year	Multicenter, Italyb	101	51.5	16:85	Pro.	101	Inclusion: solid, 2 consecutive benign cytology results, normal thyroid function, cold nodule, maximum diameter >30 mm, volume of 6–17 mL Exclusion: autoimmunity, previous thyroid gland treatment, thyroid hormone-related drug treatment, history of neck radiation
LA	Valcavi et al. (2010) [9]	Jan 2004 to Dec 2006	Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Italy	122	52.2	27:95	Retro.	122	Inclusion: symptomatic or cosmetic problems, 2 consecutive benign cytology results, single or dominant nodule, solid or mixed (<20% cystic components), size of 2.5–90 mL, diameter >1.5 cm and <7 cm, cold nodule, normal thyroid function, normal calcitonin, no malignant feature on US, normal platelet count and blood coagulation tests Exclusion: family history of thyroid cancer, history of neck radiation and surgery

RFA, radiofrequency ablation; Retro., retrospective; Pro., prospective; US, ultrasonography; NA, not available; LA, laser ablation.

^aAsan Medical Center, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, Daerim St. Mary’s Hospital, Seoul National University Hospital, Human Medical Imaging and Intervention Center, Korea;

^bRegina Apostolorum Hospital, University of Pisa, University of Perugia, Catholic University “Sacro Cuore”, Regina Apostolorum Hospital, Italy.

Characteristics of the ablation methods

The detailed characteristics of each ablation method are presented in Table 2. All RFA studies used an internally cooled electrode with various sizes of active tips, whereas the LA studies used a 300 or 400 μm laser fiber as an applicator. The mean ablation times ranged from 5 to 19.4 minutes, showing no tendency according to the type of ablation. One of five studies in the RFA group [11] and four of seven studies in the LA group performed a single ablation session for the nodules [4,5,8,9]. However, three of five studies in the RFA group [10,12,13], and three of seven studies in the LA group performed either a single or multiple sessions of ablation [3,6,7]. The mean number of ablation sessions ranged from one to 3.5 in the RFA group, and one to 1.2 in the LA group. In the RFA group, all studies commonly administered local anesthesia using 1% to 2% lidocaine, without sedation. In the LA group, one study performed ablation without local anesthesia or sedation [5], one study used sedation without local anesthesia [4], two studies used local anesthesia without sedation [3,8], and the other three studies used both local anesthesia and sedation [6,7,9]. In terms of techniques, the studies in the RFA group commonly used a trans-isthmic approach and a moving-shot technique [10–14], while the studies in the LA group commonly used pull-back techniques [3–9].

Table 2.

Characteristics of the Ablation Methods

Group	Study	Ablation device	Mean power, W; Mean energy, J	Applicator	Mean ablation time, min	Sessions	Mean ablation session (once: multiple)	Technique
								Local anesthesia or sedation	Trans-isthmic approach	Moving-shot technique	Pull-back technique
RFA	Aldea Martinez et al. (2019) [10]	AMICA-GEN AGN-H-1.0 programmable RF generator (LOGSA Endomedical Group, Italy)	45.8 W; NA	18 G internal cooled amicaeditor probe, 1 cm or 1.5 cm active tip	15.6	Multiple	3.5 (NA:yes)	Lidocaine	Yes	Yes	NA
RFA	Deandrea et al. (2019) [11]	RFA needle tube system (RF Medical Seoul Korea or VIVA STARmed, Korea)	55 W; NA	18 G internal cooled electrode, 1 cm active tip	14	Single	1 (215:0)	2% lidocaine	Yes	Yes	NA
RFA	Jung et al. (2018) [12]	RF generators, Cool-Tip RF system (Covidien, Boulder, CO, USA; SSP-2000, Taewoong Medical, Korea; and M-1004, RF Medical, Korea)	78.8 W; 4,161.5 J	18 G internally cooled electrode, 0.7, 1, 1.5, and 2 cm active tips	9.5	Multiple	1.3 (206:70)	1%–2% lidocaine	Yes	Yes	NA
RFA	Lim et al. (2013) [13]	RF generator, Cool-Tip RF system (Covidien; SSP-2000, Taewoong Medical, Korea)	NA; 21,085 J	17 or 18 G internally cooled electrode, 1, 1.5, and 2 cm active tips	NA	Multiple	2.2 (53:73)	2% lidocaine	Yes	Yes	NA
RFA	Sim et al. (2017) [14]	RF generators (RF150 and RF 300, Apro-Korea, Korea)	NA; NA	Straight-type modified internally cooled electrodes, 0.5, 0.7, 1, and 1.5 cm active tips	NA	NA	NA (NA:yes)	2% lidocaine	Yes	Yes	NA
LA	Dossing et al. (2011) [3]	820 nm continuous-wave infrared diode (Diomed, England)	1.5–3.5 W; 2,100 J (242 J/mL)	400 μm laser fiber	15	Multiple	1 (57:21)	10 mg/mL lidocaine	NA	NA	Yes
LA	Gambelunghe et al. (2013) [4]	1,064 nm continuous-wave Nd-YAG laser (Smart 1064, Elesta, Italy)	3 W; (245 J/mL)	300 μm quartz laser fiber	13.5	Single	1 (40:0)	2.5 mg midazolam (IV)	NA	NA	Yes
LA	Gambelunghe et al. (2018) [5]	1,064 nm continuous-wave Nd-YAG laser (Smart 1064, Elesta, Italy)	3 W; 1,400–1,800 J	300 μm quartz laser fiber	NA	Single	1.2 (82:0)	No	NA	NA	Yes
LA	Magri et al. (2020) [6]	1,064 nm continuous-wave diode laser (Quanta D-Plus, Italy) with an optical beam-splitting device	2–3 W; 5,084.8 J (336.5 J/mL)	400 μm quartz laser fiber	5–10	Multiple	>1 (34:9)	1% lidocaine+ 2.5 mg midazolam	NA	NA	Yes
LA	Negro et al. (2019) [7]	1,064 nm Nd-YAG laser (Echolaser, Italy)	3 W; 6,168 J	300 μm quartz laser fiber	NA	Multiple	1 (55:7)	2% xylocaine+ 2.5 mg midazolam	NA	NA	Yes
LA	Papini et al. (2014) [8]	1,064 nm Nd-YAG laser (Echolaser, Italy)	3 W; 3,600 or 7,200 J	300 μm quartz laser fiber	NAa	Single	1 (101:0)	2% xylocaine	NA	NA	Yes
LA	Valcavi et al. (2010) [9]	1,064 nm continuous-wave diode laser with an optical beam-splitting device (DEKA, Italy)	3.1 W; 8,522 J	400 μm laser fiber	19.4	Single	1 (122:0)	2% lidocaine+ 2–10 mg diazepam or 2–5 mg midazolam (IV)	NA	NA	Yes

RFA, radiofrequency ablation; NA, not available; LA, laser ablation; Nd-YAG, neodymium yttrium-aluminum-garnet; IV, intravenous.

^a31 minutes from initial targeting to final ultrasonographic assessment.

Results of ablation

The pooled mean volume of the index nodules before ablation was 16.1 mL, ranging from 8.2 to 36.3 mL (Table 3). The number of patients with a symptomatic or cosmetic problem, or their scores for these problems, the mean VRRs of the ablated lesions over the follow-up period, and the pooled proportions according to the meta-analysis, are listed in Table 3. The pooled VRRs at 6, 12, 24, 36 months, and last follow-up were 54.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 47.5% to 61.8%), 62.8% (95% CI, 53.3% to 71.4%), 62.1% (95% CI, 47.5% to 74.8%), 62.7% (95% CI, 49% to 74.6%), and 76.9% (95% CI, 54.9% to 90.1%) (Supplemental Fig. S1). The overall effect estimate presented as diamond shape in the forest plot. Besides, the relatively symmetric distribution of included studies were shown in the funnel plot, respectively. Fig. 2 shows the trends in the pooled VRRs for ablated nodules in total, and separately for the RFA and LA groups. For the ablated nodules in total, the VRR plateaued from 12 to 36 months. Thereafter, a further volume reduction appeared after 36 months. The pooled proportions of overall, minor, and major complications were 3.8% (95% CI, 1.6% to 9.1%), 2.8% (95% CI, 1.2% to 6.6%), and 1.5% (95% CI, 0.6% to 3.6%), respectively. Moreover, the patients showed no unexpected delayed complications during the follow-up period. The pooled proportion of patients who underwent delayed surgery was 12.8% (95% CI, 4.2% to 32.8%).

Table 3.

Ablation Results

Group	Study	Index nodule			VRR, %					Complications (minor and major)a	No. of patients with delayed surgery
		Volume, mL (range)	Cosmetic score	Symptomatic score	6 mo	12 mo	24 mo	36 mo	Last (mean mo)
RFA	Aldea Martinez et al. (2019) [10]	36.3 (0.7–231.7)	NA	NA	56.82	68.76	69.92	76.84	NA	4 (3, 1) of 24	NA
RFA	Deandrea et al. (2019) [11]	20.9 (15–33)	3 of 4-point scaleb	5 of 10-point scalec	56.2	63	67.4	66.7	66.9 (60)	6 (6, 0) of 215	NA
RFA	Jung et al. (2018) [12]	14.2 (1.1–80.8)	3.7 of 4-point scaleb	2.5 of 10-point scalec	69.1	80.3	84.3	89.2	95.3 (60)	12 (11, 1) of 276	0
RFA	Lim et al. (2013) [13]	9.8 (2–43)	3.2 of 4-point scaleb	4.3 of 10-point scalec	70.3	89.9	90.1	90.7	93.5 (NA)	3 (1, 2) of 111	NA
RFA	Sim et al. (2017) [14]	14 (3.1–56.6)	NA	NA	NA	73.6	NA	69.6	97.9 (84)	2 (1, 1) of 56	NA
Pooled proportions for RFA (95% CI)		16.2			64.5 (56.1–72.1)	76.9 (65–85.7)	80.1 (66.4–89.2)	80.3 (66–89.5)	92.2 (71.9–98.2)	4.6 (3.6, 1.3) (2.5–8.4)	0
LA	Dossing et al. (2011) [3]	8.2 (2–25.9)	In 46/78 patients	In 74/78 patient	NA	57.3	NA	NA	51 (69)	0	27 of 78
LA	Gambelunghe et al. (2013) [4]	14 (7–142)	NA	NA	39.3	32.1	17.9	17.9	NA	2 (2, 0) of 40	NA
LA	Gambelunghe et al. (2018) [5]	12 (5–118)	In 5/82 patients	In 5/82 patients	57	57	NA	58	NA	0	NA
LA	Magri et al. (2020) [6]	21.1	NA	NA	38	41.3	36.7	33.4	25.1 (72)	0	10 of 43
LA	Negro et al. (2019) [7]	15.7	NA	NA	52.2	56.1	57	56.5	51.1 (60)	NA	6 of 62
LA	Papini et al. (2014) [8]	NA	In 73/101 patient	In 38/101 patient	49	59	60	57	NA	1 (0, 1) of 101	NA
LA	Valcavi et al. (2010) [9]	23.1	In 46/78 patients	In 74/78 patient	47.5	50.6	51.6	47.8	NA	33 (22, 11) of 122	NA
Pooled proportions for LA (95% CI)		16.1			48.3 (43.1–53.6)	52.3 (46.1–58.5)	45.5 (33.1–58.5)	45.9 (35.3–57)	43.3 (28.9–59)	2.4 (2, 1.8) (0.5–11.5)	21.4 (10.1–39.8)
Pooled proportions, total (95% CI)		16.1			54.7 (47.5–61.8)	62.8 (53.3–71.4)	62.1 (47.5–74.8)	62.7 (49–74.6)	76.9 (54.9–90.1)	3.8 (2.8, 1.5) (1.6–9.1)	12.8 (4.2–32.8)

RFA, radiofrequency ablation; M, months; NA, not available; CI, confidence interval; LA, laser ablation.

^aClassified according to the Society of Interventional Radiology: major complications were defined as adverse events associated with substantial morbidity or disability, an increased level of care, hospital admission, or substantial prolongation of hospital stay. Minor complications were defined as all other complications; and the others were considered as side effects without presentation in the Table (Major complication: Aldea Martinez et al. (2019) [10], one laryngeal nerve damage; Jung et al. (2018) [12], one hyperthyroidism; Lim et al. (2013) [13], one voice change and one brachial plexus injury; Sim et al. (2017) [14], one voice change during 3 months; Papini et al. (2014) [8], one voice change; Valcavi et al. (2010) [9], six pseudocyst formations, three pseudocysts with fasciitis, and two laryngeal dysfunctions);

^b4-point scale (score was assessed by the physician: 1, no palpable mass; 2, no cosmetic problem but a palpable mass; 3, a cosmetic problem on swallowing only; and 4, an easily detected cosmetic problem);

^c10 cm visual analog scale (0–10 cm).

Fig. 2.

The trends of pooled volume reduction rates for ablated nodules in the total subjects, total, and separately for the radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and laser ablation (LA) groups.

Subgroup analysis

The pooled mean index nodule volumes were 16.2 mL (range, 9.8 to 36.3) in the RFA group and 16.1 mL (range, 8.2 to 23.1) in the LA group (Table 3). The pooled VRRs at 6, 12, 24, 36 months, and last follow-up were 64.5% (95% CI, 56.1% to 72.1%), 76.9% (95% CI, 65% to 85.7%), 80.1% (95% CI, 66.4% to 89.2%), 80.3% (95% CI, 66% to 89.5%), and 92.2% (95% CI, 71.9% to 98.2%), respectively, in the RFA group, and 48.3% (95% CI, 43.1% to 53.6%), 52.3% (95% CI, 46.1% to 58.5%), 45.5% (33.1% to 58.5%), 45.9% (95% CI, 35.3% to 57%), and 43.3% (95% CI, 28.9% to 59%) in the LA group. Study heterogeneity was substantial in both RFA (I²=73.7% to 95.9%) and LA groups (I²=76.2% to 81.9%). The VRR in the RFA group gradually increased up to 92.2% at the last follow-up, whereas the VRR in the LA group peaked at 12 months (52.3%) and then showed a slight reduction during the later follow-up (43.3%, at last follow-up) (Fig. 2). In terms of safety, the complication rates were 4.6% in the RFA group and 2.4% in the LA group, and the major complication rates were 1.3% in the RFA group and 1.8% in the LA group. In the RFA group, only one study reported on the rate of delayed surgery, with no patient having undergone it, whereas the pooled proportion of patients who underwent delayed surgery in the LA group was 21.4% (95% CI, 10.1% to 39.8%) in three of seven studies that reported the rate of delayed surgery. The major reasons for delayed surgery in the LA group were unsatisfactory results including regrowth, the persistence of cosmetic concerns, or compressive symptoms. The detailed number and etiologies of these are described in Supplemental Table S1.

Quality assessment of the studies

The quality of the included studies was assessed according to the RoBANS criteria, and the results are presented in Fig. 3. All 12 studies had a low risk of bias in selective reporting, incomplete outcome data, outcome data, measurement of exposure, confounding variables, and participant comparability domains. However, four of the 12 studies were considered to have an unclear risk of bias in the selection of participants, as they made size criteria into inclusion criteria [4,8,9,13]. In addition, ten of the 12 studies showed an unclear risk of bias in blinding to the outcome of the assessment domain because they did not clearly report patient/investigator blinding [3,6–14].

Fig. 3.

Quality assessment of the included studies according to risk of bias for nonrandomized studies (RoBANS).

DISCUSSION

The current systematic review and meta-analysis presents long-term follow-up results of more than 3 years for thermal ablation for the treatment of benign thyroid nodules. The trends in VRR for the ablated nodules showed rapid volume reduction at 12-month follow-up, a plateau from 12 to 36 months, and further volume reduction occurring after 36 months, demonstrating the long-term maintenance of treatment efficacy. The complication rate for thermal ablation was an acceptable 3.8%. Moreover, the patients showed no unexpected delayed complications during the follow-up period. Therefore, long-term follow-up analysis showed thermal ablation by RFA or LA to be an effective and safe method for treating benign thyroid nodules.

However, the subgroup analysis showed different results for the two ablation methods of RFA and LA, which are the main ablation options for treating benign thyroid nodules [3–14]. In terms of volume reduction, RFA showed a gradual increment in VRR to 92.2% at the last follow-up, whereas LA showed a rapid volume reduction up to 12 months, but then a plateau or gradual slight decrease afterwards. In terms of delayed surgery during the follow-up period, no patient was recorded as undergoing delayed surgery in the RFA group, whereas the pooled proportion of patients who underwent delayed surgery was 21.4% in the LA group. The decrease in VRR after 12 months and the substantial proportion of patients who underwent delayed surgery in the LA group suggest substantial regrowth of nodules following LA. In terms of safety, the complication rate was acceptable in both groups (4.6% in the RFA group and 2.4% in the LA group), and the major complication rate was lower in the RFA group (1.3%) than in the LA group (1.8%). These results are similar to those of a previous meta-analysis comparing the short-term results (6 to 12 months) of RFA and LA [15]; for the treatment of benign thyroid nodules, both the previous short-term and the current long-term meta-analyses indicate the superior efficacy of RFA in comparison with LA [15].

Ultrasound-guided thermal ablations rapidly became the main strategy for treating benign thyroid nodules, solving cosmetic problems and compressive symptoms [1,2]. Therefore, a clinical outcome such as volume reduction can be used as a scale to assess the efficacy of the different methods [35]. Although thermal ablation has shown favorable efficacy [3–14], several studies reported that results may differ according to the follow-up period [9,13]. In addition, a few studies with long follow-up periods showed regrowth of treated nodules 2 to 3 years after ablation [6,8,9,13,14]. To clarify the rate of regrowth, long-term analysis of a period of more than 2 to 3 years is required. Although a previous meta-analysis using short-term results (6 to 12 months) demonstrated no regrowth [15], our long-term meta-analysis of more than 3 years of follow-up demonstrated a number of treated benign nodules showing regrowth during follow-up period, as reflected by the long-term changes in VRR and the requirement for delayed surgery.

Several factors have been suggested for determining the effectiveness of treatments for benign thyroid nodules, including change in the mean volume of the index nodule, the proportion of the solid component, and the multiplicity of treatment sessions [9,13,15,36,37]. Other factors could be the ablation method and the completion of margin ablation to avoid marginal regrowth [38]. First, as RFA generally uses the moving-shot technique, the ablation of the entire nodular margins can be maximized [13,36,39]. The moving electrode can target the marginal vessels and minimize the heat-sink effect by ablating these vessels; this is especially effective in hypervascular nodules [39]. By contrast, the initial LA studies usually involved placing the laser delivery fiber into the center of the nodule during the ablation, which could lead to incomplete ablation of the nodule margin [9]. Second, the modified straight-type internally cooled electrodes used for RFA are easily manageable when performing the moving-shot technique because of the short (7 cm) and thin (18 G) hardware [18,40]. In addition, internally cooled electrodes allow a more overt ablation volume by minimizing carbonization [15]. By contrast, in LA, the 300 to 400 μm diameter plane-cut optic fiber passing through the sheath of a 21 G needle with 5 to 10 mm of bare fiber is relatively difficult to control compared with the single electrode used in RFA. Third, the size of the active tip (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 cm) used in RFA can be selected according to nodule size. Although updates to the LA strategy, such as multiple fibers and pull-back techniques, may expand the ablated volume, the maneuverability is still lower than that in RFA.

There are a number of limitations to the current study. First, only a relatively small number of relevant studies with follow-up data of more than 3 years have been published, and the pooled data are based on this low number of studies. Second, the size of the cohorts of the included studies varied. Third, although the overall inclusion criteria were similar, the detailed criteria were not identical across the studies. Despite all these limitations, this systematic review and meta-analysis reveals comparative long-term data on the efficacy of RFA and LA for treating benign thyroid nodules.

In conclusion, this systematic review found that long-term follow-up analysis of more than 3 years showed thermal ablations to be safe and effective methods for treating benign thyroid nodules. In addition, according to the VRR, RFA was superior to LA for treating benign thyroid nodules, with less regrowth and less delayed surgery. We suggest technical differences and completion of margin ablation as explanatory factors for the differences in clinical outcomes between the two ablation groups.