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Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics logoLink to Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics
. 2018 Jul 25;20(7):538–542. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2018.07.005

诱导缓解第33天MRD与IKZFl基因型对于儿童急性B淋巴细胞白血病生存率的影响

Effects of minimal residual disease level on day 33 of remission induction and IKZF1 genotype on the survival of children with B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Wen-Yong KUANG 1, Min-Cui ZHENG 1,*, Wan-Li LI 1, Hai-Xia YANG 1, Ben-Shan ZHANG 1, Pan WU 1
PMCID: PMC7389200  PMID: 30022754

Abstract

Objective

To study the effects of minimal residual disease (MRD) level on day 33 of remission induction and IKZF1 genotype on the survival of children with B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL).

Methods

A total of 152 children with newly-diagnosed B-ALL who had complete remission after the frst cycle of the chemotherapy and had complete follow-up information were enrolled in this study. According to the MRD detection by flow cytometry on day 33 of remission induction, they were divided into three groups:standard-risk (SR) group (MRD < 10-4; n=60), intermediate-risk (IR) group (10-4 ≤ MRD < 10-2; n=55), and high-risk (HR) group (MRD ≥ 10-2; n=37). Nested RT-PCR was used to determine the IKZF1 genotype of all children before chemotherapy. The effects of MRD level on day 33 of remission induction and IKZF1 genotype on the recurrence-free survival (RFS) of children with B-ALL were analyzed.

Results

There were 7 common IKZF1 subtypes in all the 152 children with B-ALL:IK1, IK2/3, IK4, IK6, IK8, IK9, and IK10. Of the 152 children, 130 had functional subtypes of IKZF1 and 22 had non-functional subtypes of IKZF1. During the follow-up period, relapse occurred in 26 (17%) children, and the recurrence rate was highest in the HR group (P < 0.05). However, there was no signifcant difference in the recurrence rate between the SR group and the IR group (P > 0.05). The cumulative recurrence rate of the children with non-functional subtypes of IKZF1 was signifcantly higher than that of those with functional types of IKZF1 (P < 0.01). The predicted 5-year RFS rates in the SR, IR, and HR groups were (94.2±2.9)%, (86.7±3.8)%, and (56.2±4.5)% respectively (P < 0.05). The 5-year RFS rate of the children with functional subtypes of IKZF1 was signifcantly higher than that of those with non-functional subtypes of IKZF1 (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the predicted 5-year RFS rate between the children with functional subtypes of IKZF1 and those with non-functional subtypes of IKZF1 in the SR group (P > 0.05). However, the predicted 5-year RFS rate of the children with functional subtypes of IKZF1 was signifcantly higher than that of those with nonfunctional subtypes of IKZF1 in the IR group and the HR group (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

B-ALL children with nonfunctional subtypes of IKZF1 have a high recurrence rate, and the recurrence rate will be even higher in B-ALL children with non-functional subtypes of IKZF1 and MRD ≥ 10-4 on day 33 of chemotherapy.

Keywords: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Minimal residual disease, Ikaros family zinc fnger protein 1, Child


急性淋巴细胞白血病(acute lymphoblastic leukemia, ALL)是儿童最常见恶性肿瘤,其中B细胞ALL(B-ALL)约占儿童ALL的80%,随着治疗的进步,80%左右可长期无病生存[1]。但仍有15%~20%的B-ALL复发,这与体内的残留白血病细胞即微小残留病(minimal residual diseas, MRD)有关[2]。在ALL的现代分层治疗中,MRD是危险分层的重要指标,可作为一个独立的预后参数,诱导缓解第33天是MRD监测的重要时间点[3-4]。中国儿童白血病协作组(Chinese Children's Leukemia Group, CCLG)ALL-2008方案将第33天MRD作为危险分层的一个独立参数,第33天MRD阳性是B-ALL患儿的高危因素[5-6]。IKZF1(Ikaros family zinc finger 1)基因的编码蛋白Ikaros属于锌指DNA结合蛋白家族,参与染色质重塑,发挥调控淋巴细胞分化发育,是淋巴系统发育必需的转录因子。Ikaros基因包含结合DNA的N端4个锌指结构,以及形成二聚体的C端2个锌指结构。IKZF1基因含8个外显子,可产生10余种亚型,只有N端含有至少3个锌指结构的亚型(IKl-IK3)才能与DNA正确结合而正常发挥功能,因此IKl-IK3被认为是功能亚型,而其他亚型为显性负向Ikaros异构体,即功能缺失亚型。IKZF1基因功能缺失亚型的表达与儿童ALL预后不良相关[7]。而关于IKZF1基因型联合诱导缓解第33天MRD对B-ALL儿童预后的预测鲜有报道。本研究通过巢式逆转录聚合酶链反(reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, RT-PCR)方法检测儿童B-ALL患者IKZF1基因亚型表达,并应用流式细胞术检测第33天MRD水平,以探讨第33天MRD及IKZF1基因型对于生存的影响。

1. 资料与方法

1.1. 研究对象

收集湖南省儿童医院血液内科2012年1月至2015年6月第一疗程化疗获得完全缓解且有完整随访信息的152例初诊B-ALL患者的临床资料,均经骨髓细胞形态学、免疫学分型、细胞遗传学和分子生物学确诊,诊断、疗效评价、复发均参照《血液病诊断及疗效标准》[8],并按CCLG-ALL-2008方案治疗[6]。其中男88例、女64例,平均年龄6.25岁。随访截至2017年8月1日,中位随访时间35(14~68)个月,随访期间2例因严重感染死亡,26例复发。无复发生存期指从完全缓解(complete remission, CR)至第一次复发的时间。

本研究获得患儿家长的知情同意。

1.2. 染色体、融合基因和MRD检测

染色体、融合基因和MRD检测均由武汉康圣达医学检验所完成。危险度分组参照CCLG-ALL-2008方案[6]标准。并以第33天MRD作为危险分层的依据,残留白血病细胞 < 10-4者为MRD标危组(60例),10-4≤MRD < 10-2为MRD中危组(55例),MRD≥10-2为MRD高危组(37例)。

1.3. 巢式RT-PCR检测IKZF1基因亚型表达

收集化疗前的骨髓单个核细胞,用TRIzol法提取总RNA,逆转录合成cDNA。利用Primer Premier 6软件设计PCR引物,引物合成委托美国Invitrogen公司完成。内参基因GAPDH引物上游5'-GAAGGTGAAGGTCGGAGTC-3',下游5'-GAAGATGGTGATGGGATTTC-3',扩增片段长度226 bp。IKZF1基因巢式PCR引物能够扩增IKZF1所有亚型,外引物上游5'-ATGGATGCTGATGAGGGTCAAGAC-3',下游5'-TTAGCTCATGTGGAAGCGGTGCTC-3';内引物上游5'-CCCCTGTAAGCGATACTCCAGATG-3',下游5'-GATGGCTTGGTCCATCACGTGGGA-3'。第一轮PCR反应体系为20 μL,包括2×GoTaq Green Master Mix 10 μL、外侧上游和下游引物1.5 μL、cDNA 1.5 μL、ddH2O 7 μL,ddH2O做阴性对照。PCR条件:95℃预变性5 min;95℃变性30 s,60℃退火30 s,72℃延伸30 s,35个循环后72℃延伸7 min,4℃终止反应。取第一轮PCR扩增产物0.5 μL与9.5 μL ddH2O混合,从中吸取1.5 μL进行第二轮PCR。第二轮PCR反应体系为20 μL,包括2×GoTaq Green Master Mix 10 μL、外侧上游和下游引物各1.5 μL、第一轮PCR扩增产物1.5 μL、ddH2O 7 μL,用ddH2O做阴性对照。PCR条件:95℃预变性5 min;95℃变性30 s,60℃退火30 s,72℃延伸30 s,35个循环后72℃延伸7 min,4℃终止反应。取最终扩增产物2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳,利用紫外成像仪成像分析,电泳产物进行切胶回收测序鉴定:IKl-IK3为功能亚型,而缺乏IKl-IK3亚型为功能缺失亚型。上述实验由武汉康圣达医学检验所完成。

1.4. 统计学分析

采用SPSS 19.0软件进行数据处理。计数资料以频数或百分率(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。采用Kaplan-Meier方法评估患儿5年无复发生存率,无复发生存率的组间比较采用log-rank检验。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结果

2.1. B-ALL患儿中IKZF1基因亚型的表达

152例B-ALL患儿的IKZF1基因型有7种亚型(图 1):IK1(945 bp)、IK2/3(684 bp)、IK4(558 bp)、IK6(225 bp)、IK8(390 bp)、IK9(135 bp)和IK10(95 bp),并经过测序鉴定证实。130例(86%)儿童B-ALL患者表达IKZF1功能亚型,22例(14%)表达IKZFl功能缺失亚型。

1.

巢式PCR方法检测B-ALL患儿IKZF1基因表达情况

注:M泳道为marker,第l、8泳道945 bp处的明显条带为IK1亚型,第2泳道684 bp处的明显条带为IK2/3亚型,3泳道390 bp处的明显条带为IK8亚型,第4、9泳道225 bp处的明显条带为IK6亚型,第5、6泳道558 bp处的明显条带为IK4亚型,7泳道135 bp处的明显条带为IK9亚型,9泳道95 bp处的明显条带为IK10亚型。

1

2.2. IKZF1基因亚型及第33天MRD与B-ALL复发的关系

152例患儿随访期间复发26例(17%),自诊断至复发的中位时间为28(6~62)个月。随着MRD水平增高,复发率逐渐增高,以MRD高危患儿复发率最高(P < 0.05),而标危、中危组复发率的差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),见表 1

1.

MRD水平对B-ALL患儿复发的影响 [例(%)]

组别 n 复发
注:a示与MRD高危比较,P < 0.05。
MRD标危 60 3(5)a
MRD中危 55 7(13)a
MRD高危 37 16(43)
χ2 9.41
P 0.0021

表达IKZF1基因功能缺失亚型的患儿复发率高于表达IKZFl功能亚型的患儿(P < 0.01),见表 2

2.

IKZF1基因亚型对B-ALL患儿复发的影响 [例(%)]

组别 n 复发
IKZF1功能亚型 130 11(8)
IKZF1功能缺失亚型 22 15(68)
χ2 47.3
P < 0.001

2.3. MRD危险分组及IKZF1基因型对B-ALL患儿5年无复发生存率的影响

152例B-ALL患儿5年无复发生存率为(82.5±1.8)%,第33天MRD标危、中危和高危组的5年无复发生存率分别为(94.2±2.9)%、(86.7±3.8)%和(56.2±4.5)%,三组间的差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);表达IKZF1基因功能亚型的患儿其5年无复发生存率[(89.6±2.7)%]高于表达功能缺失亚型的患儿[(31.3±3.9)%],差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01)。见图 2

2.

2

MRD分组及IKZF1基因亚型对B-ALL患儿5年无复发生存率的影响

2.4. MRD危险分组与IKZF1基因型联合对于B-ALL患儿无复发生存率的预测

诱导化疗第33天MRD标危组中表达IKZF1基因功能亚型或功能缺失亚型的患儿5年无复发生存率分别为(96.4±2.5)%和(75.8±3.6)%,差异无统计学意义(P=0.058);中危组及高危组表达IKZF1基因功能亚型的患儿5年无复发生存率[(95.3±2.2)%,(67.7±2.6)%]高于表达功能缺失亚型的患儿[(58.3±3.2)%,(14.3±1.5)%],差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见图 3

3.

MRD危险分组与IKZFl基因型联合对于B-ALL患儿无复发生率的预测

A:MRD标危组;B:MRD中危组;C:MRD高危组。

3

3. 讨论

近年来,儿童B-ALL的疗效取得很大进步,但复发仍是导致治疗失败的最主要原因,我国儿童ALL的累计复发率为15%左右[9]。本研究B-ALL的累计复发率为17.1%。B-ALL的高复发率对危险度分级提出了挑战。MRD监测在儿童ALL的疗效和预后评价方面具有重要价值,将MRD引入到传统的危险分层形成一种新的分层体系,能更好地判断ALL预后、优化治疗方案、提高治愈率[10]

诱导缓解第33天的MRD具有重要的预后意义。Pui等[11]研究显示,在诱导缓解后MRD阴性的382例ALL中6例(1.6%)复发,而MRD阳性的11例患者2例(18.2%)复发。安粉艳等[6]报道第33天MRD≥10-2是B-ALL患儿5年无事件生存率和总生存率显著减低的高危因素。因此一些医疗机构已将第33天MRD引入白血病危险分层以指导治疗[5, 12]。刘晓明等[5]应用第33天MRD调整危险度并进行相应强度化疗,患儿严重感染的发生率没有增加,但复发率及病死率降低。Vora等[12-13]进行的随机对照试验显示,诱导结束时MRD < 0.01%和MRD为0.01%~0.1%的患者5年EFS分别为(87±1)%和(74±4)%,对MRD阳性患者采用更强的治疗方案可改善预后。本研究根据第33天MRD水平进行B-ALL危险分层,结果显示高危患儿复发率高于标危和中危。

IKZF1基因是与淋巴细胞发育相关的重要转录因子,编码产生IKAROS蛋白,参与造血细胞的分化发育,尤其在淋巴系统发育与肿瘤抑制中起关键作用[14]

近年来发现部分复发ALL儿童存在IKZF1基因的缺失和突变。而IKZFl基因缺失突变主要表现为显性负向亚型即功能缺失亚型的表达,如IK6等表达。IKZF1基因缺失被证实是ALL预后不良因素[15]。研究表明IKZFl基因功能亚型的缺失与成人ALL早期复发与耐药有关[16]。黄小航等[17]报道IK6亚型(IKZFl基因功能缺失亚型)的表达可作为儿童B-ALL预后不良的标志,与B-ALL复发密切相关。本研究显示,存在IKZFl基因功能缺失亚型患儿的累计复发率高于IKZFl基因功能亚型阳性患儿,其5年无复发生存率也较低,与文献报道相似。虽然,MRD预后分层可识别出治疗反应差的B-ALL患者,但仍有部分MRD中危的患者出现复发。因此,目前的MRD预后分层系统不能真正反映患者复发风险。本研究将诱导缓解第33天MRD和IKZFl基因型联合,分析两者对于儿童B-ALL无复发生存率的共同影响。结果提示,第33天MRD标危组中存在IKZF1基因功能亚型患儿的5年无复发生存率与功能缺失亚型阳性患儿的差异无统计学意义,中危组和高危组中存在IKZF1基因功能亚型患儿的5年无复发生存率均高于功能缺失亚型阳性患儿,提示IKZF1功能缺失亚型B-ALL患儿若同时存在高水平MRD则复发率很高,预后非常差,有必要调整或探求新的治疗方案。

总之,将MRD联合IKZF1基因表达进行ALL的预后分层,可能为B-ALL患儿的个体化治疗提供更多依据。

Biography

旷文勇, 男, 博士, 副主任医师

Funding Statement

国家自然科学基金(81200367);湖南省卫计委科研项目(B2014-120)

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics are provided here courtesy of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University

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