Tuberculosis preventive treatment should be considered for all household contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in India

Mandar Paradkar; Chandrasekaran Padmapriyadarsini; Divyashri Jain; Shri Vijay Bala Yogendra Shivakumar; Kannan Thiruvengadam; Akshay N Gupte; Beena Thomas; Aarti Kinikar; Krithika Sekar; Renu Bharadwaj; Chandra Kumar Dolla; Sanjay Gaikwad; S Elilarasi; Rahul Lokhande; Devarajulu Reddy; Lakshmi Murali; Vandana Kulkarni; Neeta Pradhan; Luke Elizabeth Hanna; Sathyamurthi Pattabiraman; Rewa Kohli; Rani S; Nishi Suryavanshi; Shrinivasa B M; Samyra R Cox; Sriram Selvaraju; Nikhil Gupte; Vidya Mave; Amita Gupta; Robert C Bollinger; for the CTRIUMPH-RePORT India Study Team

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236743

. 2020 Jul 29;15(7):e0236743. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236743

Tuberculosis preventive treatment should be considered for all household contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in India

Mandar Paradkar ^1,^2,^*, Chandrasekaran Padmapriyadarsini ^3,^#, Divyashri Jain ¹, Shri Vijay Bala Yogendra Shivakumar ², Kannan Thiruvengadam ³, Akshay N Gupte ⁴, Beena Thomas ³, Aarti Kinikar ⁵, Krithika Sekar ³, Renu Bharadwaj ⁵, Chandra Kumar Dolla ³, Sanjay Gaikwad ⁵, S Elilarasi ⁶, Rahul Lokhande ⁵, Devarajulu Reddy ³, Lakshmi Murali ³, Vandana Kulkarni ^1,², Neeta Pradhan ^1,², Luke Elizabeth Hanna ³, Sathyamurthi Pattabiraman ³, Rewa Kohli ^1,², Rani S ³, Nishi Suryavanshi ^1,², Shrinivasa B M ³, Samyra R Cox ⁴, Sriram Selvaraju ³, Nikhil Gupte ^1,^2,⁴, Vidya Mave ^1,^2,^4,^#, Amita Gupta ^4,^#, Robert C Bollinger ⁴; for the CTRIUMPH-RePORT India Study Team^¶

Editor: Olivier Neyrolles⁷

¹Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, Maharashtra, India

²Johns Hopkins University Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Pune, Maharashtra, India

³National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

⁴Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

⁵Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College and Sassoon General Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India

⁶Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

⁷Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, FRANCE

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

¶ Members of the CTRIUMPH RePORT India Study team are listed in the Acknowledgments.

^✉

* E-mail: drman23@gmail.com

Contributed equally.

Roles

Mandar Paradkar: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Chandrasekaran Padmapriyadarsini: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Divyashri Jain: Data curation, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Shri Vijay Bala Yogendra Shivakumar: Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Kannan Thiruvengadam: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Akshay N Gupte: Data curation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Beena Thomas: Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Aarti Kinikar: Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Krithika Sekar: Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Renu Bharadwaj: Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Chandra Kumar Dolla: Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Sanjay Gaikwad: Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

S Elilarasi: Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Rahul Lokhande: Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Devarajulu Reddy: Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Lakshmi Murali: Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Vandana Kulkarni: Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Neeta Pradhan: Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Luke Elizabeth Hanna: Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Sathyamurthi Pattabiraman: Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Rewa Kohli: Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Rani S: Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Nishi Suryavanshi: Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Shrinivasa B M: Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Samyra R Cox: Funding acquisition, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Sriram Selvaraju: Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Nikhil Gupte: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Vidya Mave: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Amita Gupta: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Robert C Bollinger: Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Olivier Neyrolles: Editor

PMCID: PMC7390377 PMID: 32726367

Abstract

The World Health Organization (WHO) recently changed its guidance for tuberculosis (TB) preventive treatment (TPT) recommending TPT for all pulmonary TB (PTB) exposed household contacts (HHC) to prevent incident TB disease (iTBD), regardless of TB infection (TBI) status. However, this recommendation was conditional as the strength of evidence was not strong. We assessed risk factors for iTBD in recently-exposed adult and pediatric Indian HHC, to determine which HHC subgroups might benefit most from TPT. We prospectively enrolled consenting HHC of adult PTB patients in Pune and Chennai, India. They underwent clinical, microbiologic and radiologic screening for TB disease (TBD) and TBI, at enrollment, 4–6, 12 and 24 months. TBI testing was performed by tuberculin skin test (TST) and Quantiferon®- Gold-in-Tube (QGIT) assay. HHC without baseline TBD were followed for development of iTBI and iTBD. Using mixed-effect Poisson regression, we assessed baseline characteristics including TBI status, and incident TBI (iTBI) using several TST and/or QGIT cut-offs, as potential risk factors for iTBD. Of 1051 HHC enrolled, 42 (4%) with baseline TBD and 12 (1%) with no baseline TBI test available, were excluded. Of the remaining 997 HHC, 707 (71%) had baseline TBI (TST ≥ 5 mm or QGIT ≥ 0.35 IU/ml). Overall, 20 HHC (2%) developed iTBD (12 cases/1000 person-years, 95%CI: 8–19). HIV infection (aIRR = 29.08, 95% CI: 2.38–355.77, p = 0.01) and undernutrition (aIRR = 6.16, 95% CI: 1.89–20.03, p = 0.003) were independently associated with iTBD. iTBD was not associated with age, diabetes mellitus, smoking, alcohol, and baseline TBI, or iTBI, regardless of TST (≥ 5 mm, ≥ 10 mm, ≥ 6 mm increase) or QGIT (≥ 0.35 IU/ml, ≥ 0.7 IU/ml) cut-offs. Given the high overall risk of iTBD among recently exposed HHCs, and the lack of association between TBI status and iTBD, our findings support the new WHO recommendation to offer TPT to all HHC of PTB patients residing in a high TB burden country such as India, and do not suggest any benefit of TBI testing at baseline or during follow-up to risk stratify recently-exposed HHC for TPT.

Introduction

Household contacts (HHC) of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients are at high risk for acquiring TB infection (TBI) and TB disease (TBD) compared to the general population [1]. Providing TB preventive treatment (TPT) to HHC of PTB patients has been shown to reduce their risk of developing incident TBD (iTBD) [2–5]. In 2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) made new recommendations proposing TPT for all HHC exposed to a patient with PTB, even in high TB prevalence settings, after ruling out active TBD [2]. These recommendations, however, were conditional and made on low quality evidence. Thus, there continues to be a need to assess whether all HHC should be offered TPT and country-specific guidelines vary [6–8]. For example, India is the country with the largest absolute burden of TB accounting for 27% (2.7 of 10 million) cases occurring in the world annually [5]. Indian national guidelines currently recommend limiting TPT to recently-exposed HHC with HIV infection and those <6 years of age, regardless of their tuberculin skin test (TST) status [9–13], due to their increased risk for iTBD [14]. Currently, TPT is not universally recommended for other HHC in resource-constrained settings with high TB burden such as India.

However, in light of the new WHO recommendation, India is currently considering revising their national guidelines. While HIV screening of HHC is recommended in India, screening HHC for other TB risk factors is not incorporated into current national guidelines. Using TST to screen Indian HHC for TBI, as well as screening for a history of diabetes, smoking and/or alcohol abuse, have been considered to prioritize additional HHC for TPT [2, 15–17]. In addition, while people with TBI have a 5–15% lifetime risk of developing TBD [5], their greatest risk for TBD is within the first 24 months following exposure and their primary TBI diagnosis [18–20]. This suggests that TPT could be particularly beneficial to recently-infected persons of all ages [7]. However, in countries like India with high community rates of TBI in adults of up to 40% [5, 21], it is difficult to determine if older children or adult HHC have recent or more chronic TBI. Therefore, prospectively screening HHC for evidence of TST or QGIT conversion has also been considered, to prioritize offering TPT to HHC with recent TBI.

Routinely screening HHC for the risk factors of iTBD prior to recommending TPT would require significant resources for national TB control programs such as India’s. However, there are limited data available about the potential value of additional risk factor screening to inform the national TPT guidelines for TB-exposed HHC [22–24]. Additional relevant challenges include the reliance on TST for TBI diagnosis and the current recommendation to use a TST induration cut-off of ≥10mm when screening HIV-uninfected PTB contacts for TBI [9]. In many other settings, an interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) is also recommended for TBI diagnosis, to determine who is at greater risk for developing TBD and therefore would benefit most from TPT [7]. But, IGRA is not currently recommended for most programs in low- and middle-income settings for diagnosing TBI or for identifying TB-exposed HHC who might benefit from TPT [7, 25].

With India’s massive burden of TBD [5], optimizing Indian TPT guidelines for HHC could have a major impact on the global and national TB epidemic [26]. We therefore undertook a study to identify the risk factors for iTBD among Indian adult and pediatric HHC, to determine which HHC might benefit most from TPT.

Methods

Study population

Between August 2014 and December 2017, as part of the Cohort for TB Research with Indo-US Medical Partnership (C-TRIUMPH) study [27], the National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chennai, and the Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College (BJGMC), Pune, India, in an academic collaboration with Johns Hopkins University (JHU), USA, established a cohort of HHC of newly diagnosed PTB patients. The study received human subjects research approvals from- Ethics Committee- BJ Medical College and Sassoon General Hospitals; Institutional Ethics Committee, NIRT; and Johns Hopkins Medicine Institutional Review Board.

A written informed consent was obtained from the participating adult HHC (≥ 18 years of age) and from the legal guardian if the participating HHC was a child <18 years of age. As per the local IRB norms a written informed assent was sought and obtained from children within the age group of ≥ 8 to < 18 years. The details of this study design and implementation have been previously described [27–31]. Briefly, HHC were defined as all adults and children living in the same house as an adult (≥18yrs) with active PTB enrolled into C-TRIUMPH, during the 3 months prior to the diagnosis of TBD in this index patient. Index TBD patients were initially diagnosed in local clinics run by the Indian Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) and then referred to C-TRIUMPH study sites in Chennai and Pune, within one week of index patient’s anti-TB treatment initiation. After obtaining informed consent from index PTB patients, study staff approached HHC and those willing to participate in the study were consented and assented as applicable. HHC who did not consent or assent were referred to the RNTCP program, which is responsible for the routine screening of HHC of PTB patients in India.

Study procedures

At enrollment, we obtained socio-demographics, psycho-social history (tobacco smoking history including the frequency and quantity of smoking, alcohol consumption, and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) score) [32], TB contact history, medical history (current symptoms), history of chronic medical conditions including HIV infection and DM (defined as a known case of DM or, HBA1c ≥ 6.5%, or FBG ≥ 126 mg/dl or Random Blood glucose ≥ 200 mg/dl) and sleep index (whether HHC shared room and bed with index case prior to TBD diagnosis), specimens (sputum smear for AFB, Xpert MTB/Rif, solid and liquid TB cultures, TST, IGRA, HIV, and HbA1c), and chest radiographs. Tobacco smoke use was defined as follows at study entry: never smokers were those who smoked <100 cigarettes in their lifetime and were not current smokers; past smokers were those who smoked ≥ 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and were not currently smoking; and current smokers were those who smoked ≥100 cigarettes in their lifetime and reported current smoking. Pack years was calculated by multiplying the number of years smoked with the average number of packs (20 smoked tobacco products/pack) per day. Alcohol use disorder (AUD) was defined as having an AUDIT score of at least 8 points [32]. We also conducted a physical examination at baseline, including anthropometry to diagnose undernutrition, which was defined as a composite of body mass index (BMI) < 18.5 kg/m² for HHC ≥ 18 years of age, BMI for age ≤ minus 2 standard deviations for HHC >10 and <18 years of age, and weight-for-age ≤ minus 2 standard deviations for HHC ≤10 years of age [33, 34]. At follow-up, psycho-social history, medical history, physical examination and laboratory testing (sputum smear for AFB, Xpert MTB/Rif, solid and liquid TB cultures, TST and IGRA) were repeated at 4–6, 12 and 24 months. Blood for IGRA testing was collected prior to TST application. If follow-up history or examination revealed signs or symptoms suggestive of active TBD (e.g. history of cough >2 weeks, fever >2 weeks, unexplained weight loss, failure to thrive in children, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, undernutrition), then chest radiograph, sputum for AFB smear, TB cultures, and Xpert MTB/Rif were performed. Additional clinically indicated TB diagnostics were performed for identifying TB in the suspected extrapulmonary sites (e.g., lymph node biopsy for lymphadenopathy, pleural fluid examination for pleural effusion, abdominal ultrasound for pain in abdomen). Index PTB patient data were also collected and analyzed including baseline socio-demographics, psycho-social history, household characteristics (family size, family type, residence type, slum dwelling status, number of windows and family income), other household contact information, medical history, physical examination, laboratory testing (sputum smear for AFB, Xpert MTB/Rif, solid and liquid TB cultures, HIV, and HbA1c), and chest radiographs.

Diagnosis of TB infection and disease

At follow up, HHC underwent clinical and laboratory evaluations for signs and symptoms of TBD. TST was performed at baseline and repeated at 4–6, 12, and 24 months, if the prior TST was negative (defined as TST <10 mm). TST (Span/Akray diagnostics, India) was administered as 0.1 ml (≤ 5 tuberculin units) of Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) intradermally on the flexor aspect of the forearm. The reaction was read 48–72 hours later. The size of the reaction was determined by measuring the induration diameter in millimeters according to standard published methods [35]. Similarly, QuantiFERON®- TB Gold-in-tube (QGIT, Cellestis, USA) was performed at the baseline and repeated at 4–6, 12, and 24 months, if the prior QGIT was negative (defined as OD <0.35 IU/ml).

Definitions of TB infection

TBI was defined by applying each of the three distinct published TST induration cut-offs: ≥5mm [36], an induration increase of >6mm from baseline [37–39], and ≥10mm [38]. Two cut-offs were also applied to define a positive IGRA result, including the standard OD ≥0.35 IU/ml recommended by the manufacturer [40], and an additional cut-off of OD ≥0.70 IU/ml reported to have a higher specificity for TBI in recent studies [41–45]. Two TBI definitions were used for classification of HHC without clinical, microbiological or radiologic evidence of active TBD at baseline:

Prevalent or Baseline TBI of unknown duration included:
1. A HHC with a positive TST OR a positive IGRA at baseline OR
2. A HHC with a positive TST AND a positive IGRA at baseline
Incident TBI (iTBI) included: Any HHC who was negative for TBD and TBI at baseline, diagnosed to have iTBI using the same criteria that was used at baseline (1a or 1b above) at any subsequent follow-up visit.

Definitions of TB disease

An HHC was defined as having microbiologically confirmed TBD if they had a specimen from any source (e.g., sputum, CSF, lymph node) that was positive by TB culture or GeneXpert/MTB Rif. An HHC was defined as having probable TBD if all specimens were negative by TB culture and GeneXpert, but they had a specimen from any source (e.g., sputum, CSF, lymph node) that was positive on AFB smear. An HHC was defined as having possible TBD if all specimens were negative by TB culture, GeneXpert and AFB, but they were treated empirically for TB by the RNTCP based on clinical and/or radiologic findings. These same criteria were used to classify HHC as having prevalent TBD (defined as TBD diagnosed at enrollment) or iTBD (defined as TB diagnosed at any follow-up assessments among those who had no TBD at enrollment) [9].

Statistical analysis

Our analyses of HHC at baseline, included additional data that was not available for earlier C-TRIUMPH publications [29, 30]. After excluding HHC found to have active TBD at initial screening, baseline characteristics, including characteristics of the TB index patients and households, of the asymptomatic HHC with and without TBD were compared. Since prior studies have suggested that TB contacts with evidence of TBI should be prioritized for TPT, TST and IGRA results of the HHC at the baseline were analyzed. All p-values were two-sided with statistical significance evaluated at the 0.05 alpha level.

Next, the person-time follow up was calculated as the duration between date of enrollment of HHC to last study follow up date for each HHC, who were at risk of the event (iTBD or iTBI) being considered. The iTBD rate was calculated as number of HHC developing iTBD, per 1000 person-years (PY) follow up. To determine if the iTBD rate was dependent on the baseline TBI definition that was applied, iTBD rates for various combinations of TST cut offs (≥5mm, ≥10mm, increase of ≥6mm) and IGRA cut offs (≥0.35, ≥0.7 IU/ml), were compared. To describe the timing of TBD occurrence we calculated the proportion of HHC with TBD that were diagnosed at each study timepoint.

To determine if screening for specific risk factors could identify HHC at higher risk for progression to TBD that could be prioritized for TPT, we examined the association between baseline characteristics of HHC (including multiple TST and/or IGRA definitions of baseline TBI) and iTBD, using univariate, multivariable, and mixed-effect Poisson regression analyses. The HHC characteristics found to be associated with iTBD in the univariate analysis were included in the overall model and/or the adult multivariate models, as relevant. Additionally, those HHC characteristics that were not statistically significant in the univariate analysis but known to be the published risk factors for iTBD [2, 15–17], were included in the multivariate model. Next, to determine if evidence of recent TBI among the HHC was associated with an increased risk for iTBD, the iTBI rate was calculated as number of HHC developing iTBI, per 1000 PY follow up. To determine if the iTBI rate among HHC was dependent on the TBI definition applied, iTBI rates using various combinations of baseline and follow-up TST cut offs (≥5mm, ≥10mm, increase of ≥6mm) and IGRA cut offs (≥0.35, ≥0.7 IU/ml) were calculated and compared. We then compared iTBD rates for HHC with and without evidence iTBI, for each of the iTBI definitions.

Results

Characteristics of HHC, index PTB patients and households

As shown in Fig 1, a total of 1051 HHC from 442 households were enrolled. Forty-two (4%) HHC with TBD at baseline and 12 (1.1%) HHC with no baseline TBI testing available, were excluded. The median time from enrollment of the PTB index case to enrollment of their HHC was 1 day (Interquartile range (IQR): 0 to 8 days). PTB index patients reported an average symptom duration of 1.5 months (IQR: 1.0 to 3.0 months), prior to their TBD diagnosis and treatment initiation. HHC found to have baseline TBD reported an average symptom duration of 7 days (IQR: 3 to 8 days). Our analyses included 997 (95%) HHC with no evidence of baseline TBD and at least one TBI test available.

As shown in Table 1, most (68%) HHC were adults ≥18 years of age, 56% were female, 2% were HIV-infected, 70% had a BCG scar, and 4% had past history of TB. Among adult HHC, 9% had DM, 9% were current smoker, 3% prior smokers, and 20% consumed alcohol.

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of household contacts and risk factors for incident TB disease among household contacts of adult pulmonary TB patients in India.

HHC Characteristics	Overall	iTBD	IR/1000 PY (95% CI)	Univariate IRR (95% CI)	p-value	Adjusted IRR (95% CI) (Overall model)	p-value
Denominators	997	20
Age group (years)						0.99 (0.96–1.03)^a	0.78
< 6	83 (8%)	2 (10%)	15 (2–53)	1
6–12	144 (14%)	4 (20%)	17 (5–44)	1.17 (0.21–6.37)	0.86
13–17	94 (9%)	0	0	NA	NA
18–44	500 (50%)	11 (55%)	14 (7–24)	0.92 (0.20–4.17)	0.92
≥45	176 (18%)	3 (15%)	10 (2–30)	0.70 (0.12–4.21)	0.7
Gender
Male	442 (44%)	10 (50%)	14 (7–25)	1.20 (0.50–2.88)	0.69	0.86 (0.25–2.91)	0.80
Female	555 (56%)	10 (50%)	11 (5–21)	1		1
Marital status						Not included
Never married	189 (26%)	5 (36%)	16 (5–38)	1
Married	498 (69%)	9 (64%)	11 (5–21)	0.69 (0.23–2.07)	0.51
Divorced/ Widowed	34 (5%)	0	0	NA
Level of education						Not included
≤ Primary	351 (37%)	9 (47%)	16 (7–30)	1
Highschool	399 (42%)	6 (32%)	9 (3–20)	0.58 (0.21–1.62)	0.3
> Junior college	199 (21%)	4 (21%)	13 (3–33)	0.80 (0.25–2.6)	0.71
HIV infection
Positive	15 (2%)	2 (11%)	99 (12–359)	3.20 (0.93–10.99)	0.06	29.08 (2.38–355.77)	0.01
Negative	937 (98%)	17 (89%)	111 (7–179)	1		1
Baseline DM^b						Not included
Yes	67 (9%)	1 (7%)	8 (0–47)	0.64 (0.21–1.91)	0.42
No	667 (91%)	13 (93%)	12 (7–21)	1
Incident DM^b						Not included
Yes	3 (0%)	0	0	NA
No	992 (100%)	20 (100%)	13 (8–19)
Smoking^c
Current	58 (9%)	0	0	NA	0.46	Not included
Former	21 (3%)	1 (8%)	27 (1–149)	2.15 (0.28–16.57)
Never	597 (88%)	12 (92%)	12 (6–22)	1
Alcohol consumption^d						Not included
Yes	129 (13%)	3 (15%)	14 (3–41)	1.09 (0.30–3.91)	0.89
No	530 (54%)	11 (55%)	13 (6–23)	1
BCG scar						Not included
Present	569 (70%)	10 (71%)	11 (5–20)	1.09 (0.34–3.48)	0.88
Absent	240 (30%)	4 (29%)	10 (3–25)	1
Past history of TB						Not included
Yes	36 (4%)	0	0	NA
No	959 (96%)	20 (100%)	13 (8–20)
Undernourished^e
No	788 (81%)	13 (70%)	10 (5–17)	1		1
Yes	187 (19%)	7 (30%)	23 (9–48)	2.30 (0.92–5.76)	0.08	6.16 (1.89–20.03)	0.003
Baseline TST^f						Not included
Negative	714 (74%)	13 (72%)	11 (6–19)	1
Positive (≥10mm)	252 (26%)	5 (28%)	13 (4–30)	1.17 (0.42–3.27)	0.77
Baseline TST^f						Not included
Negative	442 (44%)	8 (44%)	11 (5–22)	1
Positive (≥5mm)	524 (56%)	10 (56%)	12 (6–22)	1.08 (0.43–2.74)	0.87
Baseline IGRA^g						Not included
Negative	455 (48%)	9 (47%)	12 (6–23)	1
Positive	484 (52%)	11 (53%)	14 (7–26)	1.17 (0.48–2.81)	0.73
Baseline TST^f & IGRA^g						Not included*
Both Negative	246 (45%)	5 (45%)	14 (7–27)	1
Both positive (TST≥5mm)	301 (55%)	6 (55%)	18 (6–42)	1.01 (0.31–3.29)	>0.95
Baseline TST^f &/or IGRA^g
Both Negative	290 (29%)	5 (25%)	11 (3–25)	1		1
Either Positive (TST≥5mm)	707 (71%)	15 (75%)	13 (7–22)	1.27 (0.46–3.48)	0.65	1.68 (0.45–6.30)	0.44
Baseline TST^f & IGRA^g						Not included*
Both Negative	183 (32%)	5 (36%)	14 (7–27)	1
Both positive (TST≥10mm)	386 (68%)	9 (64%)	18 (6–42)	1.26 (0.42–3.77)	0.67
Baseline TST^f &/or IGRA^g						Not included*
Both Negative	444 (45%)	9 (47%)	13 (6–24)	1
Either Positive (TST≥10mm)	553 (55%)	11 (53%)	12 (6–22)	0.99 (0.41–2.41)	>0.95

Open in a new tab

HHC = Household contacts of adult patients with pulmonary TB; TBD = TB disease; SD = standard deviation

a. Age is used as linear variable in multivariable models

b. Diabetes mellitus (DM): defined as- Known case of DM or, HB A1c ≥ 6.5%, or Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) ≥ 126 mg/dl or Random Blood glucose ≥ 200 mg/dl

c. Smoking: Never smokers defined as those HHC who smoked <100 cigarettes in their lifetime and were not current smokers; Past smokers defined as those HHC who smoked ≥ 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and were not currently smoking; and Current smokers defined as those HHC who smoked ≥100 cigarettes in their lifetime and reported current smoking

d. Alcohol: defined as history of any consumption of alcoholic drink

e. Undernourished: defined as BMI < 18.5 kg/m² for HHC ≥ 18 years of age, BMI for age ≤ minus 2 SD for HHC >10 years and <18 years of age and weight for age ≤ minus 2 SD for HHC ≤10 years of age

f. TST- positive test defined as an induration of ≥ 5 mm or more

g. IGRA- positive test defined as ≥0.35 IU/ml.

The PTB index patients for these HHC were predominantly male (61%), under the age of 45 years (63%), 92% had microbiologically confirmed TBD, 7% were HIV-infected, 26% had DM, 13% were current smokers, 18% former smokers and 44% consumed alcohol (Table 2). The average family size for the HHC was 5 members (IQR: 4 to 6), 69% were urban households and 71% of HHC slept in the same room as the PTB index patient (Table 3).

Table 2. Baseline characteristics of pulmonary TB index patients and risk factors for incident TB disease among household contacts of adult pulmonary TB patients in India.

Index Case Characteristics	Overall	iTBD	IR/1000 PY (95% CI)	Univariate IRR (95% CI)	p-value	Adjusted IRR (95% CI) (Overall model)	p-value
Denominators	997	20
Age group (years)
18–44	633 (63%)	12 (60%)	12 (6–21)	1		1
≥45	364 (37%)	8 (40%)	13 (6–26)	1.07 (0.44–2.61)	0.88	2.63 (0.80–8.64)	0.11
Gender
Male	611 (61%)	11 (55%)	11 (6–20)	0.77 (0.32–1.86)	0.56	2.50 (0.63–9.84)	0.19
Female	386 (39%)	9 (45%)	15 (7–28)	1		1
HIV infection
Positive	66 (7%)	3 (16%)	34 (7–100)	3.20 (0.93–10.99)	0.06	0.47 (0.04–5.19)	0.53
Negative	923 (93%)	16 (84%)	11 (6–17)	1		1
Baseline Diabetes Mellitus^a						Not included
Yes	259 (26%)	4 (20%)	9 (2–23)	0.64 (0.21–1.91)	0.42
No	733 (74%)	16 (80%)	14 (8–23)	1
Smoking^b						Not included
Current	127 (13%)	3 (15%)	15 (3–45)	1.04 (0.30–3.56)	0.95
Former	184 (18%)	1 (5%)	3 (0–18)	0.22 (0.03–1.63)	0.14
Non-Smoker	684 (69%)	16 (80%)	15 (8–24)	1
Alcohol consumption^c						Not included
Yes	430 (44%)	6 (30%)	8 (3–18)	0.53 (0.20–1.38)	0.2
No	555 (56%)	14 (70%)	16 (9–27)	1
Microbiologically confirmed TB^d						Not included
Yes	895 (92%)	18 (90%)	12 (7–20)	0.70 (0.16–3.01)	0.63
No	83 (8%)	2 (10%)	18 (2–64)	1
Xpert MTB/Rif						Not included
Positive	709 (85%)	14 (78%)	12 (7–21)	0.54 (0.18–1.63)	0.27
Negative	124 (15%)	4 (22%)	23 (6–59)	1
Smear^e/Culture^f (Baseline)
Culture+/Smear-	135 (15%)	1 (5%)	5 (1–29)	0.46 (0.04–5.02)	0.52	NA
Culture-/Smear+	12 (1%)	1 (5%)	46 (1–257)	3.98 (0.36–43.87)	0.26	11.50 (0.71–186.51)	0.09
Culture+/Smear+	664 (72%)	16 (80%)	15 (8–24)	1.26 (0.29–5.50)	0.75	1.34 (0.20–8.87)	0.76
Culture-/Smear-	113 (12%)	2 (10%)	12 (1–42)	1		1
Smear^e/Culture^f (Month 1)						Not included
Culture+/Smear-	244 (28%)	4 (21%)	10 (3–26)	0.52 (0.17–1.65)	0.26
Culture-/Smear+	44 (5%)	0	0	NA	NA
Culture+/Smear+	184 (21%)	3 (16%)	9 (2–27)	0.48 (0.14–1.71)	0.26
Culture-/Smear-	401 (46%)	12 (63%)	19 (1–34)	1
Smear^e/Culture^f (Month 2)						Not included
Culture+/Smear-	109 (13%)	4 (25%)	22 (6–57)	1.87 (0.60–5.79)	0.28
Culture-/Smear+	53 (6%)	0	0	NA	NA
Culture+/Smear+	55 (7%)	0	0	NA	NA
Culture-/Smear-	604 (74%)	12 (75%)	12 (6–21)	1
AFB (Baseline)						Not included
Negative	418 (42%)	8 (40%)	13 (5–25)	1
Positive	572 (58%)	12 (60%)	13 (6–22)	0.99 (0.41–2.43)	>0.95
LJ Colony count (Baseline) (CFU/HPF)						Not included
Negative	214 (22%)	7 (37%)	21 (8–43)	1
< 10	99 (10%)	2 (11%)	12 (2–45)	0.60 (0.12–2.87)	0.52
10–100	350 (36%)	4 (21%)	8 (2–20)	0.37 (0.11–1.27)	0.12
> 100	306 (32%)	6 (32%)	11 (4–24)	0.52 (0.18–1.55)	0.24
Index cavitory disease						Not included
No	382 (43%)	7 (41%)	11 (4–23)	1
Yes	507 (57%)	10 (59%)	12 (6–22)	1.09 (0.41–2.85)	0.87

Open in a new tab

TBD = TB disease; CFU/HPF = Colony Forming Units per High Power Field

a. Diabetes mellitus (DM): defined as- Known case of DM or, HB A1c ≥ 6.5%, or Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) ≥ 126 mg/dl or Random Blood glucose ≥ 200 mg/dl

b. Current smoker: Never smokers defined as those HHC who smoked <100 cigarettes in their lifetime and were not current smokers; Past smokers defined as those HHC who smoked ≥ 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and were not currently smoking; and Current smokers defined as those HHC who smoked ≥100 cigarettes in their lifetime and reported current smoking

c. Alcohol: defined as history of any consumption of alcoholic drink

d. AFB smear and/or Gene Xpert and/or TB culture positive

e. AFB Smear positive defined as scanty, 1+, 2+ or 3+ result

f. Culture positive defined as any culture (MGIT &/or LJ) positive for MTB

Table 3. Baseline characteristics of the household and risk factors for incident TB disease among household contacts of adult pulmonary TB patients in India.

Household Characteristics	Overall	iTBD	IR/1000 PY (95% CI)	Univariate IRR (95% CI)	p-value	Adjusted IRR (95% CI) (Overall model)	p-value
Denominators	997	20
Family size	5 (4–6)	5 (4.5–7)	NA	1.09 (0.94–1.26)	0.25	Not included
Family type						Not included
Nuclear	647 (65%)	13 (65%)	12 (7–21)	1
Joint	350 (35%)	7 (35%)	13 (5–26)	1.02 (0.41–2.56)	>0.95
Residing in slum						Not included
Yes	262 (27%)	7 (35%)	18 (7–37)	1.65(0.66–4.14)	0.29
No	716 (73%)	13 (65%)	11 (6–19)	1
Residence type
Urban	687 (69%)	17 (85%)	16 (9–26)	2.86 (0.84–9.75)	0.09	5.03 (1.02–24.75)	0.05
Rural	310 (31%)	3 (15%)	6 (1–16)	1		1
Windows (median)	2 (1–3)	2 (1–2.5)	NA	0.85 (0.64–1.12)	0.25	Not included
Family income (Rupees)
<10000	412 (43%)	8 (53%)	12 (5–24)	1		1
10000–30000	510 (53%)	6 (40%)	7 (3–16)	0.58 (0.20–1.67)	0.31	0.90 (0.28–2.90)	0.85
>30000	33 (4%)	1 (7%)	21 (1–118)	1.72 (0.22–13.77)	0.61	5.16 (0.39–68.62)	0.21
Sleep index^a
Different room	276 (30%)	3 (15%)	6 (1–18)	1		1
Same room/same bed	397 (42%)	10 (50%)	23 (11–42)	3.60 (0.99–13.07)	0.05	2.10 (0.38–11.56)	0.39
same room/different bed	276 (29%)	7 (35%)	11 (5–23)	1.78 (0.46–6.89)	0.4	0.69 (0.12–3.97)	0.68

Open in a new tab

TBD = TB disease.

a. Sleep location of adult pulmonary TB index patient.

Of 997 HHC, 908 (91%) had both TST and IGRA performed, 58 (6%) had only TST and 31 (3%) had only IGRA test performed. Seven-hundred-seven (71%) HHC had evidence of TBI with at least one test positive at baseline screening, of whom 301 (43%) demonstrated both a TST ≥5 mm and an IGRA OD ≥0.35 IU/ml. Of 290 (29%) HHC with no evidence of TBI at baseline, 246 (85%) had both tests performed and demonstrated a TST <5 mm and an IGRA OD <0.35 IU/ml while the remaining 44 (15%) HHC had only one of these two tests performed with a negative result (Fig 1).

Rates and risk factors for incident TB disease

Of 997 HHC, 20 (2%) subsequently developed iTBD during the 24-month follow-up period, yielding an estimated overall iTBD rate of 12 per 1000 PY (95% CI = 8 to 19/1000 PY). Of these, 2 HHC were under 6 years of age, yielding an estimated iTBD rate of 15 per 1000 PY (95% CI = 2 to 53/1000 PY). Fig 2 and S1 Table show the iTBD rates stratified by different definitions of baseline TBI. The median time from enrollment of the PTB index patient to development of iTBD in the HHC was 5.6 months (Range: 4.4 to 10.4 months) with 13/20 (65%) occurring within 6 months of their baseline screening.

Fig 2 — Line graph depicting the incident TB disease (iTBD) rates among household contacts (HHC) of adult pulmonary TB (PTB) patients in India, stratified using different TST and/or IGRA cut offs to define the baseline TB infection (TBI) status. The graph shows that the iTBD rates were similar irrespective of the individual test cut off used to define baseline TBI, and irrespective of whether the definition used both a positive TST and IGRA test (“AND”) or either test alone (“OR”).

Baseline characteristics of HHC, including their TBI status, were analyzed to identify risk factors for subsequent TBD that might identify HHC in India that could be prioritized for TPT. The univariate analyses identified only bed sharing with the index PTB patient (IRR-3.60, 95%CI: 0.99 to 13.07, p = 0.05) as a risk factor for iTBD (Tables 1–3). A multivariate model that included HHC characteristics (age, gender, HIV infection status, nutritional status, and baseline TBI status), index patient characteristics (age, gender, HIV infection status, sputum smear and culture status, and household characteristics (residence type, family income, and sleep index); identified HIV infection in HHC (aIRR = 29.08, 95%CI: 2.38 to 355.77, p = 0.01) and undernutrition (aIRR = 6.16, 95%CI: 1.89 to 20.03, p = 0.003) to be independently associated with increased risk of iTBD. Interestingly, there was no statistically significant difference in the risk of iTBD between HHC with and without baseline TBI, regardless of TST (≥5mm,≥10mm, ≥6mm increase) or QGIT (≥0.35, ≥0.7IU/L) cut-offs used to define baseline TBI or any other factors. A similar adult-only model that included DM, smoking and alcohol consumption in HHC as risk factors, both HIV (aIRR = 31.57, 95%CI: 0.98 to 1020.42, p = 0.05) and undernutrition (aIRR = 9.88, 95%CI: 2.07 to 47.11, p = 0.004) were independently associated with iTBD (Data not shown). These two risk factors however only accounted for 8 (40%) of the 20 iTBD cases (2 with HIV-infection and 7 with undernutrition).

TB infection conversion and risk of incident TB disease

We further examined if recent conversion of TB infection (i.e. iTBI) was associated with risk of iTBD by first calculating the rates of TST and IGRA conversion. Two-hundred twenty-one (89.8%) of 246 HHC who were TBI negative for both tests at baseline had at least 1 subsequent follow-up test available. Of these 221, 123 (55.7%) HHC converted their TBI status, with an overall iTBI estimate of 491 per 1000 PY (95% CI 408 to 586/1000 PY). Of 123 HHC with iTBI, 67 (82%) were detected within 6 months of baseline screening. iTBI estimates varied depending on the TBI definition used (Fig 3 and S2 Table).

Fig 3 — Line graph depicting the incident TB infection (iTBI) rates among household contacts (HHC) of adult pulmonary TB (PTB) patients in India, stratified using different thresholds for TST conversion and/or IGRA conversion to define iTBI status. The graph shows the rates of iTBI were higher for lower TST/IGRA conversion thresholds as compared to higher TST/IGRA conversion; and the iTBI rates were higher when the iTBI definition used either test positive (“OR”) criteria as compared to both test positive (“AND”) criteria. In addition, changing the cut-off for a positive IGRA from ≥0.35 to ≥ 0.70 IU/ml did not significantly impact the iTBI estimates. However, increasing the induration TST cut-off from ≥ 5 mm to ≥ 10 mm or requiring a ≥ 6 mm increase in induration from previous reading resulted in lower iTBI estimates, regardless of the IGRA cut off used.

Finally, we compared and found that the iTBD estimates were similar for those HHC with and without incident TBI, irrespective of the TST or IGRA cutoffs used to define iTBI. In addition, the iTBD estimates were similar irrespective of whether the definition of iTBI was based on the requirement of both a positive TST and IGRA test (“AND”) or either test alone (“OR”) (Fig 4; S3 Table).

Fig 4 — A line graph depicting the incident TB disease (iTBD) rates among household contacts (HHC) of adult pulmonary TB (PTB) patients in India, stratified by incident TB infection (iTBI) status which was defined using different TST conversion cut offs (≥ 5 mm, ≥ 10 mm, and ≥ 6 mm increase in induration from previous reading) along with the IGRA conversion cut off of ≥ 0.35 IU/l. The comparison shows that the iTBD estimates were similar for those HHC with and without iTBI, irrespective of the TST or IGRA cutoffs used to define iTBI. In addition, the iTBD estimates were similar irrespective of whether the definition of iTBI was based on the requirement of both a positive TST and IGRA test (“AND”) or either test alone (“OR”).

Discussion

Our study includes a number of findings that could inform national guidelines for the screening and provision of TPT for HHC of PTB patients in India, the country that accounts for 27% of all global TBD. We found that 68% of the HHC diagnosed with TBD and 71% HHCs diagnosed with TBI were detected at baseline. This highlights that households of PTB patients are hot spots for TB transmission. Furthermore, our study reports the first robust estimates of both iTBI and iTBD rates, among HHC of PTB patients from India, both of which were very high. Finally, we found that most HHC characteristics including baseline TBI status and evidence of recent TBI (iTBI) were not associated with an increased risk for iTBD. Given the high baseline risk of iTBD in HHC, and the lack of association between TBI status and iTBD, our results support the new WHO guidelines, to offer TPT to all HHC of PTB patients in India.,.

This study and our previous publications have demonstrated high (4%) prevalence of baseline TBD at time of initial HHC screening [28, 31], which is similar to prior studies from India [46, 47], as well as pooled estimates from meta-analyses from low- and middle-income countries [1]. Our findings confirm what has been shown in other countries [48]—timely screening of HHC is an important active TB case finding strategy for India and should be a high priority for the RNTCP. Our finding that 71% of HHC without TBD already had evidence of TBI at initial screening suggests that most iTBI in HHC occurred before HHC screening is initiated in India and is consistent with prior studies [29, 49]. The WHO now recommends TPT for all adults and pediatric HHC exposed to an adult patient with PTB after ruling out the active TBD. [2] However, the Indian national guidelines currently recommend limiting TPT to HHC with HIV and those <6 years of age, regardless of their TST status [9]. Our study, demonstrates that the risk for TBD remains very high among Indian HHC who have not already developed active TBD at the time of initial contact screening. Our iTBD rate of 12 per 1000 PY in HHC of index PTB patients is similar to recently reported iTBD rates from South Africa (13 per 1000 PY) [50], and Peru (9.3 per 1000 PY) [51]. Our iTBD rates are higher than the annual iTBD rates in the general population of India (1.99 per 1000 people) and higher than the average rate reported from other high TB burden countries (1.8 per 1000 people), including South Africa (5.2 per 1000 people) [5].

We found that only baseline HIV and undernutrition were independently associated with iTBD. No other baseline HHC characteristics including age, gender, DM, smoking, alcohol, baseline TBI and iTBI status, were associated with a higher risk of developing iTBD. These findings were confirmed independently in two distinct multivariate analytical models- an overall model including all the age groups, and a model restricted to the adult population which additionally included variables for DM, smoking (pack-years based quantification of tobacco smoking) and alcohol consumption. However, none of these were found to be independent risk factors for iTBD in either of the analytical model. This may be partly explained based on a published literature review stating that importance of these risk factors depends on prevalence of each risk factor and therefore is subject to the variations between regions and countries [15]. Furthermore, our analysis involved clustered HHCs and high-risk contacts were likely already diagnosed with prevalent TBD at enrollment and therefore excluded from the analysis. While some of the HHC subgroups like those with undernutrition and HIV infection had higher risk of iTBD and may benefit the most from TPT, the overall iTBD risk in HHC was much higher than what has been reported in the general population in India. This finding is in line with the WHO guidelines stating that TBI testing and risk categorization by DM status, nutritional status, smoking or alcohol use is not recommened for TPT initiation [8].

Other studies have reported that the greatest risk for TBD among HHC is within the first 12–24 months of their primary TBI [18–20], suggesting that they might have the greatest benefit of TPT. Our study also provides the first estimates of iTBI among HHC, based on TST and/or QGIT conversion from India. We defined the iTBI status in multiple possible ways, using various published TST and/or QGIT conversion cut offs, both in combinations of TST and IGRA and also by the individual test result. However, we found that irrespective of the iTBI definition used, iTBI was also not a risk factor for iTBD among HHC within the first 2 years of follow-up. This suggests that there is little utility in identifying and prioritizing HHC for TPT who have iTBI. Thus, our data suggest that in the absence of a diagnostic test that can more accurately predict who will develop iTBD, all HHC should be offered TPT.

An important limitation of our study was that we could not assess the impact of TPT (INH prophylaxis) in preventing the progression to TBD, because it is not currently recommended for all adult HHC in India. We also could not assess the predictive value of sustained versus transient IGRA conversion, with the risk of progression to TBD in different age groups [52].

In summary, our study supports the new WHO guidelines to rapidly screen all HHC of PTB patients and to offer TPT to all HHC without TBD and do not suggest any clear benefit of TBI testing at baseline or during follow-up to further risk stratify recently-exposed HHC for targeted TPT [7].

Supporting information

S1 Table. Incidence rates for TB disease among household contacts of adult pulmonary TB patients in India.

This table shows the incidence of TB disease (iTBD) among the household contacts (HHC) of adult pulmonary TB (PTB) patients in India, stratified using different TST (≥ 5 mm, ≥ 10 mm) and/or IGRA (≥ 0.35 IU/ml, ≥ 0.7 IU/ml) cut offs to define the baseline TB infection (TBI) status. The iTBD rates were similar irrespective of the individual test cut off used to define baseline TBI, and irrespective of whether the definition used both a positive TST and IGRA test (“AND”) or either test alone (“OR”).

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(17.2KB, docx)}

S2 Table. Incidence rates for TB infection among household contacts of adult pulmonary TB patients in India.

This table shows the incident TB infection (iTBI) rates among household contacts (HHC) of adult pulmonary TB (PTB) patients in India, stratified using different thresholds for TST conversion and/or IGRA conversion to define iTBI status. The rates of iTBI were higher for lower TST/IGRA conversion thresholds as compared to higher TST/IGRA conversion; and the iTBI rates were higher when the iTBI definition used either test positive (“OR”) criteria as compared to both test positive (“AND”) criteria. In addition, changing the cut-off for a positive IGRA from ≥0.35 to ≥ 0.70 IU/ml did not significantly impact the iTBI estimates. However, increasing the induration TST cut-off from ≥ 5 mm to ≥ 10 mm or requiring a ≥ 6 mm increase in induration from previous reading resulted in lower iTBI estimates, regardless of the IGRA cut off used.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(19.7KB, docx)}

S3 Table. Incident rates for TB disease among household contacts with and without incident TB infection.

This table shows the incident TB disease (iTBD) rates among household contacts (HHC) of adult pulmonary TB (PTB) patients in India, stratified by incident TB infection (iTBI) status which was defined using different TST conversion cut offs (≥ 5 mm, ≥ 10 mm, and ≥ 6 mm increase in induration from previous reading) along with the IGRA conversion cut off of ≥ 0.35 IU/l. The comparison shows that the iTBD estimates were similar for those HHC with and without iTBI, irrespective of the TST or IGRA cutoffs used to define iTBI. In addition, the iTBD estimates were similar irrespective of whether the definition of iTBI was based on the requirement of both a positive TST and IGRA test (“AND”) or either test alone (“OR”).

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(17.2KB, docx)}

Acknowledgments

The CTRIUMPH-RePORT India study team (Lead author: Amita Gupta) listed in alphabetical order—Aarti Kinikar⁵, Akshay N Gupte⁴, Amita Gupta⁴, Amita Nagraj^1,2, Anand Kumar B³, Andrea DeLuca⁴, Anita More¹, Anju Kagal⁵, Archana Gaikwad¹, Ashwini Nangude¹, Ayesha Momin¹, Balaji S³, Beena Thomas³, Bency Joseph³, Bharath TK³, Brindha B³, Chhaya Valvi⁵, Chandrasekaran Padmapriyadarsini³, Deepak Pole¹, Deepanjali Biradar¹, Devanathan A³, Devarajulu Reddy³, Devi Sangamithrai M³, Dhanaji Jagdale¹, Dileep Kadam⁵, Divyashri Jain¹, Dolla CK³, S.Elilarasi⁶, Gabriela Smit⁴, Gangadarsharma R³, Geetha Ramachandran³, Hanumant Chaugule¹, Hari Koli¹, Hemanth Kumar³, Jeeva J³, Jessica Elf⁴, Jonathan Golub⁴, Jyoti Chandane¹, Kannan M³, Kannan Thiruvengadam³, Karthikesh M³, Karunakaran S³, Kelly Dooley⁴, Lakshmi Murali³, Lavanya M³, Luke Hanna³, Madasamy S³, Madeshwaran A³, Mageshkumar M³, Mangaiyarkarasi S³, Mahesh Gujare¹, Mandar Paradkar^1,2, Manoharan S³, Michel Premkumar M³, Mrunalini Kamble¹, Munivardhan P³, Murugesan S³, Gomathy NS³, Neeta Pradhan^1,2, Nikhil Gupte^1,2,4, Nishi Suryavanshi^1,2, Ponnuraja C³, Poonam Patil¹, Prasad Deshpande¹, Prasanna Sahoo¹, Pratik Awale¹, Premkumar N³, Rahul Lokhande⁵, Rajkumar S³, Ranganathan K³, Rani S³, Rani V³, Renu Bharadwaj⁵, Renu Madewar¹, Rengaraj R³, Rewa Kohli^1,2, Robert Bollinger⁴, Rosemarie Warlick⁴, Rupak Shivakoti⁴, Sahadev Javanjal¹, Samir Shaikh¹, Samyra R. Cox⁴, Sandhya Khadse⁵, Sanjay Gaikwad⁵, Sathyamurthi P³, Savita Kanade^1,2, Shalini Pawar¹, Shashank Hande¹, Shital Muley¹, Shital Sali¹, Shri Vijay Bala Yogendra Shivakumar², Shrinivasa BM³, Shyam Biswal³, Silambu Chelvi K³, Smita Nimkar^1,2, Soumya Swaminathan³, Sriram Selvaraju³, Suba priya K³, Sunanda Kamble¹, Sundeep Salvi⁷, Sushant Meshram⁵, Surendhar S³, Swapnil Raskar¹, Swapnali Lakare¹, Syed Hissar³, Uma Devi³, Vandana Kulkarni^1,2, Vidula Hulyalkar¹, Vidya Mave^1,2,4, Vinod Taywade¹, Vrinda Bansode¹, Yogesh Daware¹, Zaheda Khan¹

1 Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, Maharashtra, India

2 Johns Hopkins University Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Pune Office, Maharashtra, India

3 National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

4 Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

5 Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College and Sassoon General Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India

6 Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

7 Chest Research Foundation, Pune, India

Data Availability

The data from this study are part of a large multisite consortium and can be made available with use of a data sharing agreement as per Indian government norms. Specific requests can be placed through: Sameer Khan, Data Manager, BJ Government Medical College Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site (sameeriz@hotmail.com) or Robert C Bollinger (rcb@jhmi.edu).

Funding Statement

Data in this manuscript were collected as part of the Regional Prospective Observational Research for Tuberculosis (RePORT) India Consortium. CTRIUMPH is part of the RePORT consortium funded with Federal funds from the Government of India’s (GOI) Department of Biotechnology (DBT), the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), the USA National Institutes of Health (NIH), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), the Office of AIDS Research (OAR), and distributed in part by CRDF Global (USB1-31147-XX-13 to AG). This work was also supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH 1R01A1I097494-01A1 to JG), the NIH funded Johns Hopkins Baltimore-Washington-India Clinical Trials Unit for NIAID Networks (UM1AI069465 to AG, VM, NG). Aarti Kinikar, Rajesh Kulkarni and Rahul Lokhande are supported by the BJGMC JHU HIV TB Program funded by the Fogarty International Center, NIH (D43TW009574 to RCB). The contents of this publication are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not represent the official views of the DBT, the ICMR, the NIH, or CRDF Global. Any mention of trade names, commercial projects or organizations does not imply endorsement by any of the sponsoring organizations. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236743.r001

Decision Letter 0

Olivier Neyrolles

13 May 2020

PONE-D-20-08293

Tuberculosis preventive therapy should be considered for all household contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in India

PLOS ONE

Dear Dr Paradkar,

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Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Partly

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2. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

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Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: No

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Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: No

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5. Review Comments to the Author

Please use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. (Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20,000 characters)

Reviewer #1: It is a well-designed study that will add the evidence on LTBI treatment. It is also well written and analyzed

Abstract: No comment

Introduction: No comment

Methods: No comment

Results: No comment

Discussion: No comment

Reference: No comment

Reviewer #2: This is a well-designed prospective study that has tried to use mixed-effect Poisson regression for inferential data analyzed. The study has also included a high number of HHC to support the WHO recommendation. It is also a timely and relevant study in one of the high TB burden countries, INDIA.

General comments

This study has come up with an interesting and relevant finding that warrants a detailed and a bit extended discussion. Because the author is claiming/recommending TPT for all HHC and thus supporting the WHO recommendation. As compared to the findings, however, the discussion section is a bit brief and shorter. It seems there are other important findings that needs discussion; for example, why age, diabetes mellitus, and alcohol consumption are not related to iTBD? Could the way age (of HHC and index cases) was categorized, smoking and alcohol consumption were classified, and DM patients were presented logical and acceptable? This necessitates to revise the analysis section. There need to be a discussion as to why these are a not a factor for iTBD in this study, as compared to previous studies that verified as these are strong factors that are related to TB diseases, such as studies mentioned in references 2, 14, and 16. This can have importance in terms of prioritizing TPT in some low income countries who could not afford TPT for all HCC. This is a critical issue in need to be investigated. This is because, the authors are arguing and trying to convince strongly that no HHC is to be prioritized, no need to test for TBI prior to TPT provision. This requires answering the following questions.

1.Is it really feasible to provide TPT for all HHC considering limited logistics and availability of the newer combinations of drugs for TPT?

2.Which HHC to be given a priority?

Hence, the authors justification and arguments need to be a bit stronger and discussed in detail so that NTPs will be convinced to provide TPT for HHC without any prioritization and testing using TST or IGRA.

Besides, the way authors are listed and narrated, and their affiliation may be revised to align with the PLOS I format. The study could benefit from language revision; a bit longer and vague sentences are noted. The references as inserted in the body of the manuscript and listed in the reference need revision throughout. The formatting in the reference is not consistent and some are (E.g, reference # 5) incomplete. It is also worth considering the use of recent references; there are references older than 10 years (reference # 17, 21, 35, 36, 37, 44, and 48).

At end, the headings in lines 136, 147, 164,251 and 287 need to be revised and well narrated; at least, the author need to avoid the use of abbreviations/acronyms in the headings.

Specific comments

1. A sentence in Lines 32 and 33 is very important sentence but lacks clarity. In the same sentence, it is narrated that the study determined which HHC group are beneficial from TPT in India and other high TB burden country. Is that the real and specific objective of the study, as it was carried out among the Indian population?

2. TBD in line 35 should be fully written as it appeared for the first time.

3. A sentence in lines 33-36 could be revised to be narrated clearly and succinctly. As currently written, it is long and difficult to understand.

4. Line 59 & 60, the India’s contribution to the global TB incidence could be described in the form of proportion, 28% (2.8 of 10 million) or near to one-third of… Similarly, line 91 need to be revised.

5. Who were the children in your study (as related to age category)? Can we define them with reference?

6. A sentence in lines 108-110 is not clear and needs revision.

7. What was applied, oral or written informed consent? How was the consent of a child requested and obtained?

8. What are the specific psycho-social and medical history in lines 116 & 123, and household characteristics in line 132?

9. What is/are the reference (s) for the definition in lines 121-123 and 165-174?

10. A sentence in lines 126-131 is too long and better be narrated again. For example, presumptive TB cases should be defined, and which microbiological, tissue-based, or radiologically investigations are indicated for which specific signs or/and symptoms detected during the follow up?

11. Consider revision for a sentence in lines 141-143, seems two sentences.

12. A sentence in lines 148-149 lacks clarity.

13. On what basis was the age category made or classified as described in table 1?

14. Having TBD, and HHC without baseline TBI test the only exclusion criteria?

15. What IQR stands for in Line212-213?

16. Line 241-242 is not a result. The author may consider moving to data analysis section of the method.

17. The widowed and divorced ( as a sub-category of marital status) are with lower number to be categorized for the univariate and multivariate analysis. Consider categorizing these again.

18. What were the criteria to include the HHC characteristic to multivariate analysis? A lot of variables are not considered to be part of the cultivatable analysis, Table 1. For instance, p-value of 0.65 was included while p-value of 0.67 not included in the multivariate analysis. What does the sentence in lines 198-199 mean? These better be aligned with the way real analysis was made.

19. Where in the study have you applied the Fisher’s exact test and Wilcoxon rank sum tests? Because these were stated in lines 181-182.

20. How was the level of alcohol consumption and smoking level determined? If possible, objectively quantifying the degree of alcohol consumption and smoking is a better option. It seems that a fewer month’s period of smoking and alcohol consumption were lumped up with the heavy alcohol consumption and a longer period smoking. If the level or degree of smoking or alcohol consumption is not objectively defined, the relation or impact these have on the TBD is not well determined

21. Why Table 1 and 3 are written separately? Why not the author considers HHC characteristics in one go? The other option is that tables 1-3 could be presented in two forms; first table/s could be committed to the description of the HHC and index cases, and the second table/s could present the result of the univariate and multivariate analysis.

22. Check the consistency in the content of sentences in lines 66& 67, and lines 345 &346.

23. The sentence in lines 371-373 is critical yet needs revision to make it so clear. The way “resource’ is used makes the sentence a bit confusing.

**********

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Reviewer #1: Yes: Muluken Aseresa

Reviewer #2: No

While revising your submission, please upload your figure files to the Preflight Analysis and Conversion Engine (PACE) digital diagnostic tool, https://pacev2.apexcovantage.com/. PACE helps ensure that figures meet PLOS requirements. To use PACE, you must first register as a user. Registration is free. Then, login and navigate to the UPLOAD tab, where you will find detailed instructions on how to use the tool. If you encounter any issues or have any questions when using PACE, please email us at figures@plos.org. Please note that Supporting Information files do not need this step.

PLoS One. 2020 Jul 29;15(7):e0236743. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236743.r002

Author response to Decision Letter 0

8 Jul 2020

Dated 8th July, 2020

Editor-in-Chief,

Plos One

Subject: #PONE-D-20-08293, Response to Reviewers for the manuscript titled, “Tuberculosis preventive therapy should be considered for all household contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in India”.

We thank you for the review of our manuscript. We have now revised the draft as per reviewer’s comments and have addressed each comment as below. We believe the changes suggested by the reviewers made the manuscript stronger and hope that you will consider our revised manuscript for publication.

Reviewer #1: No comments

Response: We appreciate the review and agreement with our manuscript.

Response: We appreciate your review of the manuscript and thank you for highlighting the importance of our findings.

1. General comments

a. Comment: This study has come up with an interesting and relevant finding that warrants a detailed and a bit extended discussion. Because the author is claiming/recommending TPT for all HHC and thus supporting the WHO recommendation. As compared to the findings, however, the discussion section is a bit brief and shorter. It seems there are other important findings that needs discussion; for example, why age, diabetes mellitus, and alcohol consumption are not related to iTBD?

Response: We have updated the draft to expand the discussion to address the specific issues that the reviewer has raised below.

b. Comment: Could the way age (of HHC and index cases) was categorized, smoking and alcohol consumption were classified, and DM patients were presented logical and acceptable? This necessitates to revise the analysis section. There need to be a discussion as to why these are a not a factor for iTBD in this study, as compared to previous studies that verified as these are strong factors that are related to TB diseases, such as studies mentioned in references 2, 14, and 16.

Response: We thanks the reviewer for raising this very important issue with respect to the age, smoking, alcohol consumption and diabetes mellitus (DM) variables used in the analysis.

i. We chose our age groups of the household contacts (HHC) based on the following: 1) <6 years is the cut-off for current Indian TB guidelines for TPT household contact recommendations in children. 2) 6-12 years was selected to include the older children. 3) 13-17 years represents the adolescents 4) 18-44 years to represent the younger adults and 5) ≥ 45 years was to represent the older adults. Also, we used age as a continuous variable in the Poisson regression analysis and did not find an association between age and iTBD.

ii. The data on smoking was collected under three mutually exclusive categories for the smoking variable, namely- current smoker, former smoker and non-smoker. However, there was only one former smoker who developed the outcome of incident TB disease (iTBD), while no current smoker developed iTBD. Therefore, in the original analysis presented in Table 1, we had combined these two categories as ‘Yes’ (any history of smoking) while the reference category being ‘No’ (no history of current or past smoking). Furthermore, there was no change in the inferences even when univariate and multivariate analysis were performed using the two smoking categories separately. Alternatively, as per the reviewer’s recommendation, to assess the impact of degree of smoking objectively and quantitatively, we also calculated the number of pack-years to reclassify the HHC in 3 categories of current smoker, former smoker and non-smoker and again separately performed the univariate and multivariate analysis (adult only model). This reclassification, however, did not change our conclusions in terms of association with iTBD. We have replaced the originally presented smoking variable with new smoking variable which is based on the pack-years analysis, in the revised Table 1.

iii. We had also collected the ‘Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) score’, to quantitatively assess the alcohol dependence. Alcohol use disorder (AUD) was defined as having an AUDIT score of at least 8 points. However, there was no HHC with AUD who developed the outcome of incident TB disease (iTBD). Therefore, we have used the originally presented alcohol consumption variable in the revised Table 1.

iv. Furthermore, we also revised the adult multivariate model replacing the original smoking variable with the new smoking variable described above (based on the pack-year analysis) however there was no change the in our conclusions in terms of association with iTBD.

v. As defined in Table 1, footnote b, the standard definition of DM was used (known case of DM or, HB A1c ≥ 6.5%, or FBG ≥ 126 mg/dl or Random Blood glucose ≥ 200 mg/dl). The prevalence of DM among the at-risk population (adults) was as low as 9% (70 out of 734 adult HHC had DM), while only 1 of these 70 HHC with DM developed iTBD.

In conclusion, no statistically significant association was found between any of the aforementioned variables (including age, smoking, alcohol consumption, DM) and iTBD. The lack of association with these risk factors in our study may possibly be due to- a) possible selection bias as this is not a population based study but a clustered HHC analysis, b) those with DM were more likely to be already diagnosed with prevalent TBD and therefore excluded from the analysis, c) Interaction of DM with malnutrition which is evident by DM having a non-significant protective effect due to higher BMI in diabetics, and d) due to the relatively low number of incident cases, we may not have power to identify individual risk factors that have relatively low prevalence in the HHC.

c. Comment: This can have importance in terms of prioritizing TPT in some low-income countries who could not afford TPT for all HHC. This is a critical issue in need to be investigated. This is because, the authors are arguing and trying to convince strongly that no HHC is to be prioritized, no need to test for TBI prior to TPT provision. This requires answering the following questions.

i. Is it really feasible to provide TPT for all HHC considering limited logistics and availability of the newer combinations of drugs for TPT?

ii. Comment: Which HHC to be given a priority?

Response: We agree with the reviewer’s comment about the importance of these issues. We felt this was a timely study, because the current WHO TPT recommendations and Indian guidelines are considering this as we described in lines 54-56, 66-67. The fact that we found that pre-screening test for identifying incident TB infection (iTBI) was not necessary to determine the eligibility for TB preventive treatment (TPT), makes provision of TPT for all HHC more feasible.

The iTBI status itself was comprehensively assessed using all the possible definitions based on different published TST conversion and IGRA conversion cut off values, both in combinations and also by individual test result. However, even after using each of these iTBI definitions, we did not find any impact on iTBD.

As noted in the result section and in response to point 1.b. above, our findings suggest that with the exception of malnutrition and HIV positive status in the HHC, no other HHC subgroup is more likely to benefit from TPT than other HHCs.

Furthermore, though some of the HHC subgroups like those with malnutrition and HIV infection, may benefit the most from TPT, nevertheless, the iTBD risk in HHC was much higher than what has been reported in the general population in India or South Africa. Therefore, being HHC of PTB patient itself is an important risk factor for iTBD and since our study did not find any predictors of disease progression, all HHC should be given TPT.

Lastly, it might be programmatically easier to provide TPT to all HHC in the light of the fact that about 75% of the HHC in our study, meet a high risk criteria of either being a child < 6 years of age or among those ≥ 6 years of age with a positive TBI test or being HIV infected. However, we acknowledge that this is not a feasibility/cost-effectiveness study, so assessing the feasibility is beyond the scope of this analysis. Future feasibility/cost-effectiveness studies can help address this important consideration.

To address these critical issues in above points 1.a., 1.b. and 1.c., we have revised the methods section (Lines 121-134), the results section (Lines 250, 299-301) and the discussion section (Lines 343-410), in the revised manuscript.

d. Comment: Besides, the way authors are listed and narrated, and their affiliation may be revised to align with the PLOS I format.

Response: The author list and affiliations sequence have been revised and the appropriate symbols are used in the revised manuscript to align with the PLOS One format as per the reviewer’s comment.

e. Comment: The study could benefit from language revision; a bit longer and vague sentences are noted.

Response: The manuscript has been revised thoroughly to address reviewer’s comment.

f. Comment: The references as inserted in the body of the manuscript and listed in the reference need revision throughout. The formatting in the reference is not consistent and some are (E.g, reference # 5) incomplete.

Response: The citations in the manuscript body and the reference list has been revised thoroughly to address the reviewer’s comment.

g. Comment: It is also worth considering the use of recent references; there are references older than 10 years (reference # 17, 21, 35, 36, 37, 44, and 48).

Response: The original references 17 and 35 have been replaced with a recent reference as suggested by the reviewer. The original references 44 and 48 have been removed since there are more recent supporting references already cited for the relevant lines. The original references 35, 36, 37 are still relevant and form the basis for the TST induration cut offs used in the analysis, therefore, these references are retained in the revised manuscript.

h. Comment: At end, the headings in lines 136, 147, 164,251 and 287 need to be revised and well narrated; at least, the author need to avoid the use of abbreviations/acronyms in the headings.

Response: The headings in the lines aforementioned by the reviewer are appropriately narrated and the abbreviations have been replaced with full forms, in lines 154, 165, 182, 269, and 305 of the revised manuscript.

2. Specific comments

a. Comment: A sentence in Lines 32 and 33 is very important sentence but lacks clarity. In the same sentence, it is narrated that the study determined which HHC group are beneficial from TPT in India and other high TB burden country. Is that the real and specific objective of the study, as it was carried out among the Indian population?

Response: This has been clarified in the introduction by removing the phrase “other high TB burden country”, in lines 32-34 in the revised manuscript.

b. Comment: TBD in line 35 should be fully written as it appeared for the first time.

Response: In the revised manuscript, TB disease (TBD) is written fully in line 34, where it has been mentioned for the first time.

c. Comment: A sentence in lines 33-36 could be revised to be narrated clearly and succinctly. As currently written, it is long and difficult to understand.

Response: The original sentence has been simplified in multiple sentences in the lines 34-36 of the revised manuscript, for the purpose of clarity.

d. Comment: Line 59 & 60, the India’s contribution to the global TB incidence could be described in the form of proportion, 28% (2.8 of 10 million) or near to one-third of… Similarly, line 91 need to be revised.

Response: In the revised manuscript, the global TB incidence is described in the form of proportion in lines 61-62 and the original sentence in line 91 has been deleted.

e. Comment: Who were the children in your study (as related to age category)? Can we define them with reference?

Response: As mentioned in the point 1.b. above, broadly, HHC < 18 years of age (non-adult HHC), including the younger children, the older children and the adolescents, are referred to as children. In India, ≥ 18 years is legally the age when a minor individual attains adulthood.

f. Comment: A sentence in lines 108-110 is not clear and needs revision.

Response: The relevant sentence has been simplified for clarity, in lines 110-112 of the revised manuscript.

g. Comment: What was applied, oral or written informed consent? How was the consent of a child requested and obtained?

Response: The written informed consent was obtained from the participating adult HHC (≥ 18 years of age) and from the legal guardian if the participating HHC was a child < 18 years of age. As per the local IRB norms a written informed assent was sought and obtained from children within the age group of ≥ 8 to < 18 years. This has been clarified in lines 112-117 of the revised manuscript.

h. Comment: What are the specific psycho-social and medical history in lines 116 & 123, and household characteristics in line 132?

Response: We have clarified the data variables referred to under the psychosocial, medical history and household characteristics, in lines 122-135, 150-151 of the revised manuscript.

i. Comment: What is/are the reference (s) for the definition in lines 121-123 and 165-174?

Response: The relevant references have been added for the definitions of undernutrition and TBD in lines 136-139 and lines 184-192 of the revised manuscript, respectively.

j. Comment: A sentence in lines 126-131 is too long and better be narrated again. For example, presumptive TB cases should be defined, and which microbiological, tissue-based, or radiologically investigations are indicated for which specific signs or/and symptoms detected during the follow up?

Response: The sentence has been simplified by splitting in two sentences in lines 142-149 of the revised manuscript. Also, symptoms and corresponding investigations have been clarified as suggested by the reviewer.

k. Comment: Consider revision for a sentence in lines 141-143, seems two sentences.

Response: The sentence has been simplified by splitting in two separate sentences in lines 160-162 of the revised manuscript.

l. Comment: A sentence in lines 148-149 lacks clarity.

Response: The sentence has been simplified for clarity in lines 167-168 of the revised manuscript.

m. Comment: On what basis was the age category made or classified as described in table 1?

Response: As mentioned above in point 1.b., the age groups were classified based on the following: 1) <6 years is the cut-off for current Indian TB guidelines for TPT household contact recommendations in children. 2) 6-12 years was selected to include the older children. 3) 13-17 years represents the adolescents 4) 18-44 years to represent the younger adults and 5) ≥ 45 years was to represent the older adults.

n. Comment: Having TBD, and HHC without baseline TBI test the only exclusion criteria?

Response: To ensure that we include only those HHC in the analysis who were at risk of TBD during the study follow up, we excluded HHC with TBD diagnosed at baseline. To identify the TBI test (TST and/or IGRA) conversion and its impact on the incident TBD, availability of at least one test result (TST or IGRA) at baseline was essential, therefore the HHC with no baseline TBI test results for both the tests were excluded. There were the only two exclusion criteria applied, as depicted in Figure 1.

o. Comment: What IQR stands for in Line 212-213?

Response: IQR stands for interquartile range. This full form has been added at the first mention in line 233, in the revised manuscript.

p. Comment: Line 241-242 is not a result. The author may consider moving to data analysis section of the method.

Response: The sentence has been moved to the data analysis section, in lines 198-200 of the revised manuscript.

q. Comment: The widowed and divorced as a sub-category of marital status are with lower number to be categorized for the univariate and multivariate analysis. Consider categorizing these again.

Response: The widowed and divorced categories have been merged in Table 1 of the revised manuscript. The original findings still do not change after this re-categorization as there were no HHC from this category who developed iTBD.

r. Comment: What were the criteria to include the HHC characteristic to multivariate analysis? A lot of variables are not considered to be part of the multivariable analysis, Table 1. For instance, p-value of 0.65 was included while p-value of 0.67 not included in the multivariate analysis. What does the sentence in lines 198-199 mean? These better be aligned with the way real analysis was made.

Response: The sentence in original lines 198-199 means that, those HHC characteristics which were found to be associated with iTBD in the univariate analysis were included in the overall model and/or the adult multivariate models, as relevant. Additionally, those HHC characteristics that were not statistically significant in the univariate analysis but known to be the published risk factors for iTBD, were included in the multivariate model. This has been clarified in lines 215-219 of the revised manuscript.

s. Comment: Where in the study have you applied the Fisher’s exact test and Wilcoxon rank sum tests? Because these were stated in lines 181-182.

Response: We agree with the reviewer that Fisher’s exact and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were not applied in the final analysis presented. Therefore, the relevant sentence has been deleted.

t. Comment: How was the level of alcohol consumption and smoking level determined? If possible, objectively quantifying the degree of alcohol consumption and smoking is a better option. It seems that a fewer month’s period of smoking and alcohol consumption were lumped up with the heavy alcohol consumption and a longer period smoking. If the level or degree of smoking or alcohol consumption is not objectively defined, the relation or impact these have on the TBD is not well determined.

Response: Please refer to our detailed response to point 1.b. above, which addresses the impact of objective quantification of smoking and alcohol variables on the association with iTBD.

u. Comment: Why Table 1 and 3 are written separately? Why not the author considers HHC characteristics in one go? The other option is that tables 1-3 could be presented in two forms; first table/s could be committed to the description of the HHC and index cases, and the second table/s could present the result of the univariate and multivariate analysis.

Response: We appreciate the reviewer’s suggestion to either have tables 1-3 merged or present them as two tables instead of three separate tables, but that would make the tables very lengthy. However, we are happy to revise the tables as per the editor’s preference.

v. Comment: Check the consistency in the content of sentences in lines 66& 67, and lines 345 &346.

Response: These sentences in lines 66-67 and lines 345-346 (line numbers as per the original manuscript) are both different. Line 66-67 mentions that revision of Indian guidelines for provision of TPT is currently under consideration, however are not yet revised. Line 345-346 states the current guideline regarding provision of TPT.

w. Comment: The sentence in lines 371-373 is critical yet needs revision to make it so clear. The way “resource’ is used makes the sentence a bit confusing.

Response: This critical sentence in the discussion section (Lines 408-411) is revised as follows, “In summary, our study supports the new WHO guidelines to rapidly screen all HHC of PTB patients and to offer TPT to all HHC without TBD and do not suggest any clear benefit of TBI testing at baseline or during follow-up to further risk stratify recently-exposed HHC for targeted TPT.”

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Response: The title has been revised as follows, “Tuberculosis preventive treatment should be considered for all household contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in India”

In your revised cover letter, please address the following prompts:

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Response: The data from this study are part of a large multisite consortium and can be made available with use of a data sharing agreement as per Indian government norms. Specific requests can be placed through the non-author institutional point of contact as follows: Sameer Khan, Data Manager, BJ Government Medical College Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site (sameeriz@hotmail.com). This information has been added to the revised cover letter.

Thank you for the opportunity to submit our manuscript for consideration. Please do not hesitate to contact us with questions.

Sincerely,

Mandar Paradkar, MBBS, DCH, MPH

Corresponding author

Email: drman23@gmail.com

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PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236743.r003

Decision Letter 1

Olivier Neyrolles

14 Jul 2020

Tuberculosis preventive treatment should be considered for all household contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in India

PONE-D-20-08293R1

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PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236743.r004

Acceptance letter

Olivier Neyrolles

16 Jul 2020

PONE-D-20-08293R1

Tuberculosis preventive treatment should be considered for all household contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in India

Dear Dr. Paradkar:

I'm pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been deemed suitable for publication in PLOS ONE. Congratulations! Your manuscript is now with our production department.

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

S1 Table. Incidence rates for TB disease among household contacts of adult pulmonary TB patients in India.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(17.2KB, docx)}

S2 Table. Incidence rates for TB infection among household contacts of adult pulmonary TB patients in India.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(19.7KB, docx)}

S3 Table. Incident rates for TB disease among household contacts with and without incident TB infection.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(17.2KB, docx)}

Attachment

Submitted filename: Response to Reviewers.pdf

Click here for additional data file.^{(575.2KB, pdf)}

Data Availability Statement

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PERMALINK

Tuberculosis preventive treatment should be considered for all household contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in India

Mandar Paradkar

Chandrasekaran Padmapriyadarsini

Divyashri Jain

Shri Vijay Bala Yogendra Shivakumar

Kannan Thiruvengadam

Akshay N Gupte

Beena Thomas

Aarti Kinikar

Krithika Sekar

Renu Bharadwaj

Chandra Kumar Dolla

Sanjay Gaikwad

S Elilarasi

Rahul Lokhande

Devarajulu Reddy

Lakshmi Murali

Vandana Kulkarni

Neeta Pradhan

Luke Elizabeth Hanna

Sathyamurthi Pattabiraman

Rewa Kohli

Rani S

Nishi Suryavanshi

Shrinivasa B M

Samyra R Cox

Sriram Selvaraju

Nikhil Gupte

Vidya Mave

Amita Gupta

Robert C Bollinger

Roles

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Study population

Study procedures

Diagnosis of TB infection and disease

Definitions of TB infection

Definitions of TB disease

Statistical analysis

Results

Characteristics of HHC, index PTB patients and households

Fig 1. Screening of household contacts of adult pulmonary TB patients in India.

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of household contacts and risk factors for incident TB disease among household contacts of adult pulmonary TB patients in India.

Table 2. Baseline characteristics of pulmonary TB index patients and risk factors for incident TB disease among household contacts of adult pulmonary TB patients in India.

Table 3. Baseline characteristics of the household and risk factors for incident TB disease among household contacts of adult pulmonary TB patients in India.

Rates and risk factors for incident TB disease

Fig 2. Incidence of TB disease among household contacts of adult pulmonary TB patients in India, stratified by TST and/or IGRA cut offs used to define baseline TB infection.

TB infection conversion and risk of incident TB disease

Fig 3. Incidence of TB infection among household contacts of adult pulmonary TB patients in India, stratified by baseline TST and/or IGRA cut offs.

Fig 4. Incident TB disease rates among household contacts with and without incident TB infection.

Discussion

Supporting information

Acknowledgments

Data Availability

Funding Statement

References

Decision Letter 0

Olivier Neyrolles

Roles

Author response to Decision Letter 0

Decision Letter 1

Olivier Neyrolles

Roles

Acceptance letter

Olivier Neyrolles

Roles

Associated Data

Supplementary Materials

Data Availability Statement

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

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