The caption submitted for Figure 1 was the same as the caption for Figure 2, and incorrect.
The correct caption for Figure 1 is shown below.
Figure 1.
Hypothesised relationship between genetic variant Gj, modifiable exposure X and outcome Y in the presence of an unobserved confounder, denoted by U. The line from Gj to X represents instrumental variable assumption IV1. Dashed lines represent potential violations of the instrumental variable assumptions IV2 and IV3.
First published online 10 December 2018, Int J Epidemiol 2019;48:713–27. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyy262