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. 2020 Jul 31;53(7):379–384. doi: 10.5483/BMBRep.2020.53.7.253

Glycosyl flavones from Humulus japonicus suppress MMP-1 production via decreasing oxidative stress in UVB irradiated human dermal fibroblasts

Eui Jeong Nam 1, Gyhye Yoo 2, Joo Young Lee 3, Myungsuk Kim 2, Changho Jhin 2, Yang-Ju Son 2, Sun Young Kim 2, Sang Hoon Jung 3, Chu Won Nho 2,*
PMCID: PMC7396918  PMID: 32317077

Abstract

Exposure to Ultraviolet (UV) light induces photoaging of skin, leading to wrinkles and sunburn. The perennial herb Humulus japonicus, widely distributed in Asia, is known to have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects. However, the physiological activities of isolated compounds from H. japonicus have rarely been investigated. This study focused on the isolation of active compounds from H. japonicus and the evaluation of their effects on photoaging in UVB-irradiated human fibroblast (Hs68) cells. When the extract and four fractions of H. japonicus were treated respectively in UVB-irradiated Hs68 cells to investigate anti-photoaging effects, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction showed the strongest inhibitory effect on MMP-1 secretion. From EtOAc fraction, we isolated luteolin-8-C-glucoside (1), apigenin-8-C-glucoside (2), and luteolin-7-O-glucoside (3). These compounds suppressed UVB-induced MMP-1 production by inhibiting the phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and activator protein-1 (AP-1). When the antioxidant activity of the compounds were estimated by conducting western blot, calculating the bond dissociation energies of the O-H bond (BDE) at different grade, and measuring radical scavenging activity, we found luteolin-8-C-glucoside (1) showed the strongest activity on the suppression of UVB-induced photoaging. These results demonstrate the inhibitory effect of three flavone glycosides derived from H. japonicus on MMP-1 production, MAPK and AP-1 signaling, and oxidative stress; this could prove useful in suppressing UVB induced photoaging.

Keywords: Antioxidant, Flavone glycosides, Humulus japonicus, MMP-1, Photoaging

INTRODUCTION

Aging is a natural process resulting in the degeneration of the organs but premature aging can be induced by external factors such as diets and life styles (1). Photoaging of the skin is one of the symptoms of premature aging characterized by dryness, wrinkles, laxity, and uneven pigmentation (2, 3). UV irradiation through sunlight is a predominant factor inducing photoaging and has harmful effects including immune suppression and oxidative stress. Cumulative damage by chronic exposure to sunlight leads to photoaging of the skin, and ultimately skin cancer. The UV portion of sunlight is divided into UVA (320-400 nm), UVB (280-320 nm), and UVC (100-280 nm). Approximately 90-99% of the solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) energy that reaches the earth’s surface is UVA, whereas only 1-10% is UVB (4). However, UVB, which has a short wavelength and high energy, can penetrate the upper layers of the epidermis and cause severe damage to the skin, such as impairment of DNA synthesis and repair system, inflammation, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and alternation of signaling transduction (3). Therefore, the suppression of UVB effects is critical to inhibition of photoaging of the skin.

The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis and functions as a skin connective tissue. The extracellular matrix (ECM) in the dermis is primarily composed of type I collagen, which is an essential building block of human skin that is in charge of its strength and resilience (1). However, it has been reported that when the skin is exposed to UV radiation, collagen degeneration is increased, accompanied by the aberrant accumulation of elastin fibers and glycosaminoglycans (3). Collagen damage results from an increase of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) stimulated by ROS (5). MMPs are a family of enzymes and have the capacity to degrade components of the ECM. Among the different types of MMPs, MMP-1 is a major collagenolytic enzyme in response to UV exposure and responsible for degradation of the ECM. UV-induced ROS production activates MAPK signaling pathway including JNK, ERK, and p38 pathways that play an important role in transmitting environmental cues through cell surface receptors and induce the phosphorylation of c-Fos, which binding with c-Jun forms the activator protein-1 (AP-1) complex (1, 6). Because the AP-1 complex is a well-known transcription factor that induces MMP-1 expressions, it can be surmised that the suppression of MMP-1 elevated by MAPK and AP-1 signaling is a potential strategy in anti-photoaging.

Humulus japonicus Siebold & Zucc, one of the family Cannabaceae, is a perennial herb that grows as a weed in Korea, China, and Japan (7). Traditionally, this plant has been used as a medicine for pulmonary tuberculosis, hypertension, leprosy, and venomous wounds, and as an ingredient of tea in China and Korea. H. japonicus has been reported its various medicinal activities such as anti-inflammatory (8) antitumor (9) and antioxidant activities (10). Its bioactive constituents such as terpenes (11), phenols (12), and flavonoids (7) have been isolated. Although H. japonicus extract has been investigated for its various bioactivities, the physiological activities of its isolated compounds have rarely been studied. In this study, we isolated three important bioactive compounds from its ethyl acetate (EtOAC) fraction based on their activities, and demonstrated the potential of complete H. japonicus extract and its compounds in anti-photoaging in UVB-irradiated human fibroblast (Hs68).

RESULTS

Inhibitory effects of H. japonicus extract and EtOAc fraction on UVB-induced MMP-1 secretions in Hs68 cells

Before studying the anti-photoaging effects of H. japonicus, we examined the cytotoxicity of H. japonicus extract (HJE) and H. japonicus fractions (HJF). The results of MTT assay showed that HJE, EtOAc, and BuOH fractions had no cytotoxicity at any concentration (Fig. 1A and B). However, CH2Cl2 and Hex fractions exhibited a cytotoxicity at 6.25 μg/ml and at 25 μg/ml, respectively (Fig. 1B). Based on these data, when these fractions were applied for UVB-exposed fibroblasts, their concentration was 6.25 μg/ml or less.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

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Effects of HJE and HJF on cell viability and MMP-1 expression in UVB-induced Hs68 cells. Cell viability was examined with various concentration of HJE (A) and HJF (B): Hex, CH2Cl2, EtOAc, or BuOH, with UVB (20 mJ/cm2) in Hs68 cells. Quantified protein level of MMP-1 in cells pretreated with the indicated concentration of HJE (C) and HJF (D): Hex, CH2Cl2, EtOAc, or BuOH, for 1 h and irradiated with UVB (20 mJ/cm2). EGCG was used as a positive control. Results are expressed as mean ± SD of triplicate experiments (*P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, **P < 0.01, ****P < 0.0001).

To examine whether HJE inhibited MMP-1 production, we measured the concentration of MMP-1 secreted into the media in UVB-irradiated Hs68 cells. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) was used as a positive control because it has been well known to inhibit MMP-1 production in human dermal fibroblasts (13). HJE significantly decreased MMP-1 secretion in a dose dependent manner (Fig. 1C). When fractions were treated at 20 μg/ml concentrations, EtOAc, BtOH and CH2Cl2 fractions showed strong inhibition of MMP-1 secretion (Fig. 1D).

Suppressive effects of three flavone glycosides from the EtOAc fraction of H. japonicus on MMP-1 secretion, and MAPKs and AP-1 activation in UVB-induced Hs68 cells

Considering severe toxicity of CH2Cl2 fraction and the effect of HJFs on MMP-1, we selected the EtOAc fraction as the most active one. Three flavone glycosides were isolated from EtOAc-12 fraction by preparative high performance liquid chromatography (Fig. 2A). The compounds were identified as luteolin-8-C-glucoside (lut-8-C) (1), apigenin-8-C-glucoside (api-8-C) (2), and luteolin-7-O-glucoside (lut-7-O) (3) (Fig. 2B).

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

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Effects three flavone glycosides from EtOAc fraction on cell viability and MMP-1 expression in UVB-induced Hs68 cells. (A) Active guided fractionation of HJE (B) Chemical structure of isolated compound (1), (2), and (3) from EtOAC-12 fraction by preparative HPLC. (C) Cell viability was examined with isolated compounds. (D) Quantified protein level of MMP-1 in cells pretreated with isolated compounds. Results are expressed as mean ± SD of triplicate experiments (*P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, **P < 0.01).

None of the compounds showed any significant cytotoxicity up to a concentration of 25 μM (Fig. 2C). Analysis of MMP-1 secretion by ELISA revealed significant suppression of MMP-1 secretion by all three compounds (Fig. 2D). Specifically, lut-8-C (1) showed the strongest inhibition effect on MMP-1 at 20 μM. This was comparable to inhibition levels of EGCG at 10 μM.

Because MAPK signaling and AP-1 have a critical role in ECM maintenance of the dermis, we investigated the effects of three flavone glycosides on UVB-induced activation of MAPKs and AP-1 complex by western blot (Fig. 3A). Lut-8-C (1) and lut-7-O (3) decreased the phosphorylation levels of JNK, ERK, and p38 that were activated up on UVB irradiation (20 mJ/cm2). Api-8-C (2) suppressed on the phosphorylation of ERK, and p38, but had no effect on the phosphorylation of JNK. The phosphorylation of c-Jun and the expression of c-Fos were enhanced by UVB irradiation (20 mJ/cm2). However, three compounds strongly suppressed their levels (Fig. 3B). Lut-8-C (1) showed the strongest effect at reducing phospho-c-Jun. Taken together, all three compounds exhibited an inhibitory activity towards MAPKs and AP-1 signaling in the background of UVB exposure.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

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Effects three flavone glycosides on protein expression of MAPKs, anti-oxidant enzyme and total collagen production in UVB-induced Hs68 cells. (A) MAPKs (JNK, ERK and p38), (B) AP-1 signaling (phosphor-c-Jun and c-Fos) and (C), (D) antioxidant enzymes (Nrf2 and HO-1) were determined by western blot analysis. β-actin was used as an internal control. (E) total collagen production were determined by ELISA assay. (F) ROS level was measured by fluorescence analysis with DCFDA. Results are expressed as mean ± SD of triplicate experiments (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ##P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ###P < 0.001).

Antioxidant activity of three flavone glycosides via their OH groups in UVB-induced Hs68 cells

To estimate antioxidant activity of three compounds, the bond dissociation energies (BDE) of flavonoid OH groups were calculated (14-16) and DPPH radical scavenging activity were evaluated (Table 1). Lut-8-C (1) had the lowest minimal value of BDE for OH bonds (BDEmin) for 4’OH (75.50 kcal/mol), and a high number of OH bonds. Lut-7-O (3) and api-8-C (2) showed the same number of OH bonds, but the 4’-OH value of api-8-C (2) was higher by 8.66 kcal/mol. Concomitant to BDE analysis, api-8-C (2) showed the lowest DPPH radical scavenging activity among three compounds. Altogether, the compounds were found to possess scavenging properties for ROS with several OH bonds, and lut-8-C (1) showed the strongest effect on antioxidant activity among the three flavone glycosides. In the western blot analysis, lut-8-C (1) and api-8-C (2) had the strong effect on the elevation of antioxidant related proteins, Nrf2 and HO-1 in a dose dependent (Fig. 3C) and time dependent manner (Fig. 3D). Whereas api-8-C (2) only showed significant upregulation of total collagen in Hs68 (Fig. 3E), all flavone glycosides were suppressed ROS production by UVB (Fig. 3F).

Table 1.

BDE values for all OH positions, number of OH groups, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and EC50 value in three flavones

Name BDE (kcal/mol) TEAC (g TE/g) EC50 value (mg/L)
3’ OH 4’ OH 5 OH 7OH n OH
Luteolin-8-C-glucoside 86.25 75.5 90.17 89.79 4 0.628 ± 0.004b 56.179 ± 1.277b
Apigenin-8-C-glucoside 84.78 88.40 89.31 3 0.015 ± 0.007c 4,339.568 ± 228.643a
Luteolin-7-O-glucoside 80.56 76.12 88.02 3 0.649 ± 0.005a 55.902 ± 1.510b
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DISCUSSION

Skin aging is a cumulative process induced by genetic, environmental and stress factors and is mainly caused by UV radiation mediated photoaging (1, 3). Photoaged skin is accompanied by dryness, wrinkles, laxity, uneven and pigmentation, and increased the risk of skin cancer (17). Therefore, the protection from photoaging by UV radiation is a critical issue for human health. Here, we have demonstrated the protective effects of H. japonicus against UVB irradiation and elucidated its mechanisms.

Dermal fibroblasts consist of human dermis and are primary cell types for production of collagens (18). With aging, they show adverse activity of ECM maintenance as well as low production of collagens, suggesting their critical role in skin aging. Under UVB irradiation, Hs68 fibroblasts increased MMP-1 secretion, showing its activity on ECM degradation by UVB induction. However, HJE and its active compounds inhibited MMP-1 secretion from Hs68 cells and modulated AP-1 signaling. In addition, the induction of phosphorylation on MAPK by HJE and its active compounds suggested that HJE exhibits a protective effect in dermal fibroblasts against UVB irradiation, resulting in protection of the skin against UV.

ROS generation induced by UV is the main stimulator of the damage to skin cells (3, 19). Therefore, control of ROS level is important for the prevention of skin aging. Luteolin and apigenin, major compounds in the HJE, have been extensively investigated for their diverse biological activities such as the inhibition of oxidative stress through the ERK2/Nrf2 pathway. Because of the different number of OH groups, the relative order of antioxidant effect was luteolin > apigenin, when analyzed by diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazl (DPPH) method and xanthine/xanthine oxidase system in the skin (18) and TEAC assay (20). Lut-8-C (1) and lut-7-O (3) from HJE showed lower BDE values than api-8-C (2) due to their backbone structure. Furthermore, glycosylation of C at position 8 in flavone glycosides is known to increase antioxidant capacity because glycosylation of C at position 8 enhances the stability of the compound by its reduced negative charge (21-23). Therefore, the most stable radical was found in lut-8-C (1) because of its backbone structure (luteolin), C-8 glycosylation and a large number of aromatic hydroxyl groups that is essential for radical scavenging.

However, unlike the expected antioxidant activity based on BDEs, the measurement of antioxidant activity based on the DPPH method showed that lut-7-O (3) had the strongest activity. These data suggest two possibilities: 1) separate activity of HJE distinct from antioxidant activity could participate in the protection of skin cells against UVB, and 2) the DPPH estimation could be less accurate than that of BDE expectation in vitro. The first possibility was demonstrated by collagen estimation, indicating that api-8-C (2) had the best activity on collagen synthesis, while it showed similar effect on the expression of antioxidant enzymes to lut-8-C (1). As for the second possibility, elevated HO-1 and Nrf2 by lut-8-C (1) demonstrated that antioxidant activity predicted by BDE calculations is more accurate in cells than DPPH assay, indicating that antioxidant activity of compounds could be estimated differently between cells based on the chemical reaction used. These results suggested that the protective effects of HJE on dermal fibroblasts against UVB arise from the antioxidant properties of the three compounds including lut-8-C (1).

In conclusion, we demonstrated that the flavone glycosides lut-8-C (1), api-8-C (2), and lut-7-O (3) isolated from H. japonicus suppressed UVB-induced MMP-1 production in Hs68 cells via decreasing the oxidative stress through JNK, ERK, and p38 MAPKs and AP-1 signaling. Therefore, H. japonicus can be used as a constituent of medicines or cosmetics to protect the skin from the effects of UV radiation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Chemical reagents

Fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin and Dulbecco’s-modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) were purchased from Hyclone (South Logan, USA). Antibodies for phospho-p44/42 MAPK (ERK1/2 Thr202/Tyr204), ERK1/2, phospho-stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/c-Jun (JNK) (Thr183/Tyr185), SAPK/JNK (Thr183/Tyr185) phospho-c-Jun, c-Jun, c-Fos and β-actin were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology Inc. (Danvers, USA).

Sample preparation

Aerial parts of H. japonicus were purchased from Jirisanman Company (Gokseong-gun, South Korea). The dried aerial parts of H. japonicus (6.0 kg) were repeatedly extracted with MeOH (10.0 L) 3 times a day. The extract (403.6 g) was poured into distilled water and partitioned with Hexane (Hex, 89.0 g), CH2Cl2 (15.0 g), Ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 21.3 g), buthanol (BuOH, 100.0 g), and H2O (178.3 g) fractions successively. Three compounds isolated from the EtOAc fraction were obtained by preparative high performance liquid chromatography. In order to isolate active compounds, EtOAc extract (21.3 g) was subjected to silica gel (Merck, no. 7734) column chromatography and eluted with CH2Cl2 − MeOH (10 : 0 → 10 : 5) monitoring by thin layer chromatography. The compounds were determined based on various spectroscopic methods such as 1D-NMR (1H, 13C), 2D-NMR (gCOSY, gHSQC, gHMBC), IR and mass spectroscopy.

Cell culture and UVB irradiation

Hs68, human fibroblast cell line (the American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, USA) were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 100 units/ml penicillin under 5% CO2 in a humidified atmosphere at 37°C. Cells were cultured to 80% confluence, then pretreated with various concentrations of each samples in serum-free medium for 1 h. After washed with fresh phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), cells were irradiated with UVB light (20 mJ/cm2) (VL-6.LM, Vilber Lourmat, Marne-la-Vallee Cedex1, France). UV strength was measured with a Waldman UV meter (model 585100, Waldman, Wheeling, USA). After irradiation, cells were incubated in fresh serum-free culture media with various concentration of HJE, HJF, and each compound.

Cell viability

Cell viability was measured with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA). After UVB irradiation and sample treatments, 0.5 mg/ml MTT was added to the cells then incubated for 2 h and the absorbance was measured with a microplate reader at 550 nm (Bio-Tek Instruments, Winooski, USA).

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

After UVB irradiation and sample treatments, cell culture medium was collected to measure MMP-1 (human MMP-1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) kit, Abnova, Taipei, Taiwan), and cells were collected with scraper to quantify total collagen (the total collagen ELISA kit (BioVision, Milpitas, CA, USA).

Western blot analysis

After UVB irradiation and sample treatments, Hs68 cells were lysed in RIPA buffer containing protease inhibitors and protein concentrations of cell lysates were quantified using Bradford protein assay (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, USA). Equal amounts of proteins (10 μg) from each sample were loaded and separated by 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate−polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and then transferred to PVDF membranes (Whatman GmbH, Dassel, Germany). Membranes were blocked with 5% bovine serum albumin (Sigama-Aldrich), and reacted with specific antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, USA). Proteins were detected with enhanced pierce ECL substrate (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, USA) and visualized using an ChemiDocTM XRS+ system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, USA). Antibodies against p–JNK, JNK, p-ERK, ERK, p-38, p-p-38, c-fos, p-c-Jun, and c-Jun were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA). Antibodies against β-actin, HO-1, and secondary anti-rabbit and anti-mouse antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX. The antibody against Nrf2 was purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA).

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement in UV-B irradiated human fibroblast cell

HS 68 cells were cultured in 96-well plates (6 × 103 cells/well), and maintained for 24 h. After washing cells with PBS once, the 20 μM of lut-C, api-8-C, and lut-7-O, or 10 μM of EGCG in serum free media were treated for 1 h. Cells were rinsed with PBS again, and 50 μL of PBS was put into each wells. The UVB was irradiated (20 mJ/cm2) to cells, and remaining PBS was eliminated. For detecting ROS in cells, 20 μM of 2’,7’-dichlorofluoresceindiacetate (DCFDA) in serum free media was added to each well. After 30 min, the fluorescence intensity was measured at 495 nm for excitation and at 530 nm for emission.

Calculation of bond dissociation energy

Bond dissociation energies of lut-8-C (1), api-8-C (2), and lut-7-O (3) were calculated by a quantum chemical calculation method. Structures of three flavone glycosides were retrieved from PubChem database (24). Three-dimensional coordinates for each retrieved molecule were predicted and converted into molecular orbital package software package (MOPAC) input file formats by Open Babel (25). Molecular structures were geometrically optimized and their heat of formation (ΔHf) was calculated by PM7 (26) semi-empirical quantum chemical calculation method using the MOPAC 2016 software (Stewart Computational Chemistry, CO, USA). The bond dissociation energies of O-H bond (BDE) were calculated from the following equation:

BDE = ΔHf (AO•) + ΔHf (H) − ΔHf (AOH)

Where ΔHf (AO•), ΔHf (H), and ΔHf (AOH) represent heat of formations of a hydrogen abstracted oxy radical of a phenolic compound, a hydrogen atom and a phenolic compound molecule, respectively.

DPPH radical scavenging activity

DPPH radical scavenging activities of ut-8-C (1), api-8-C (2), and lut-7-O (3) were analyzed using a method developed by Brand-Williams’ group (27).

Statistical analysis

All data were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) of three determinations. Statistical analyses were performed using the statistical software, GraphPad Prism (GraphPad Software Inc, La Jolla, USA). Group differences were determined by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student’s t-test followed by Dunnett test.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work was supported by the National Research Council of Science & Technology (NST) grant by the Korea government (MSIP) (No. CRC-15-01-KIST).

Footnotes

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

The authors have no conflicting interests.

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