Table 2.

Overview of PbHPs (polysaccharide-based hydrogel particles) produced by prilling/inotropic crosslinking/drying methods.

Polysaccharide	Prilling Configuration	Ionic Cross-Linking Conditions	Drying Method	Type of Particle/ Inner Structure	Pharmaceutical Application	References
Alginate	Basic Apparatus	Inverse gelation Ca2+	None	Soft alginate capsules	Topical administration	[199]
Alginate	Coaxial system	Inverse gelation Ca2+	None	Hydrated core-shell beads loaded with hydrophobic substances	Microencapsulation of hydrophobic compounds into a hydrophilic matrix	[200]
Alginate	Basic Apparatus	External gelation Ca2+, Zn2+, Ca2+ plus Zn2+	Conventional	Only core Xerogels	Delayed DDS for oral administration	[23,29,201,202,203]
Alginate	Basic Apparatus	External gelation Ca2+	Dielectric	Only core Xerogels	Controlled DDS for oral administration	[181,182]
Pectin	Basic Apparatus	External gelation Zn2+	Conventional	Only core Xerogels	Delayed DDS for oral administration	[204]
Pectin	Basic Apparatus plus enteric coating ES100	External gelation Zn2+	Conventional	Core/shell beads Xerogels	Colon targeted DDS for oral administration	[32,205]
Pectin and Alginate	Coaxial system	External gelation Zn2+	Conventional	Core/shell beads Xerogels	Colon targeted DDS for oral administration	[31,43]
Alginate, Pectin and HPMC	Basic Apparatus	External gelation: Zn2+	Conventional	Floating Hollow Beads	Floating and sustained release DDS for oral administration	[206]
Alginate	Basic Apparatus	(a) External gelation Zn2+ (b) Internal gelation Ca2+	Conventional	Floating Hollow Beads	Floating and sustained release DDS for oral administration	[207]
Alginate	Basic Apparatus	External gelation Ca2+	Supercritical-CO2	Only core Aerogels	Immediate release DDS for oral administration	[208,209]
Alginate and Pectin	Coaxial system	External gelation Ca2+	Supercritical-CO2	Core/shell Aerogels	Topical application (Wound Healing)	[44]
Alginate	Basic Apparatus	External gelation Ca2+	▪Conventional ▪Freeze-drying ▪Supercritical-CO2	▪Xerogels ▪Cryogels ▪Aerogels	Controlled DDS for oral administration or topical application	[169]