Abstract
Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Overall survival (OS) of patients is largely dependent on disease stage at diagnosis and/or surgical resection. TCN1 mainly encodes the vitamin B12 transporter, transcobalamin. Early studies show that TCN1 is a marker of CRC progression, but the impact of TCN1 on survival is unclear.
Material/Methods
We reviewed and analyzed colorectal tumor records, summarized the clinicopathological data, performed immunohistochemical detection of TCN1 again, and semi-quantitatively analyzed protein expression in tumor tissue, non-tumor tissue, and lymph nodes. We followed up patients for 5-year survival.
Results
Of 123 patients, 60 (48.7%) had a strong TCN1 immunohistochemical reaction, 36 (29.3%) had a moderate immune response, and 27 (22.0%) had weak expression. The level of immunohistochemical reactivity of TCN1 was correlated with the degree of histological differentiation (H (2.92)=4.976; P=0.083). Survival analysis showed that OS in patients with low TCN1 expression was significantly longer than that in the medium and high TCN1 expression groups (P=0.045). Five-year OS in patients with low, medium, and high TCN1 expression was 88.9%, 50.0%, and 40.0%, respectively. In univariate analysis, TCN1 immune expression was significantly correlated with the 5-year survival rate.
Conclusions
Although independent risk factors affecting survival of patients with CRC are age, serum CA125, CA19-9, lymph node metastasis, and nerve invasion, negative factors affecting overall 5-year survival in TCN1 should not be ignored, because its high expression suggests a worse clinical prognosis.
MeSH Keywords: 14-3-3 Proteins; Colorectal Neoplasms; Pathological Conditions, Anatomical; Prognosis
Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, and it is the third most common cancer among men and second among women. Multiple factors may contribute to colorectal cancer, including alcohol, smoking, obesity, and lack of exercise [1]. Diagnosis and new treatment options are very advanced, but the clinical outcome in patients with CRC who have locally advanced or metastatic disease remains unsatisfactory. Overall survival (OS) of patients is largely dependent upon disease stage at diagnosis and/or surgical resection [2,3]. Accumulation of various genetic and epigenetic changes in colorectal epithelial cells has also been considered an important factor driving development and progression of CRC [4,5]. It is not difficult to understand why 20% of patients have metastasis at initial diagnosis. Under these circumstances, the 5-year OS rate is less than 15%. Importantly, even the prognosis of patients with primary tumors is unsatisfactory [6,7]. Identifying new methods to describe the high-risk population and applying them clinically has become a huge challenge [8].
Transcobalamin I (TCN1) is a protein with a molecular weight of 60–70 kDa and comes from granulocytic-lineage cells [9,10]. The TCN1 gene (MIM 189905) is located on human chromosome 11q11-q12.3 [11], with nine exons ranging in size from 59 to 191 bp and eight introns ranging in size from 160 bp to 3.2 kb, encoding a protein with 433 amino acids [12,13]. This gene mainly encodes the vitamin B12 transporter, transcobalamin. Upregulation of TCN1 has been reported in the cytoplasm of tumour tissues, and TCN1 is overexpressed in some malignant tumors, such as hepatocellular carcinoma and breast, lung, and gastric cancers [14,15]. Through a microarray meta-analysis, Chu et al. [16] recently found that TCN1 is a significantly expressed gene associated with advanced CRC. The expression level of TCN1 in tumor cells seems to be higher than that reported in early studies, suggesting that TCN1 is a marker of CRC progression. In this study, we researched the expression of TCN1 protein in colorectal tumor samples and assessed the impact of its expression on prognosis by studying its relationship with clinicopathological variables and survival.
Material and Methods
Patients
A total of 123 patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma admitted to our hospital and Jiangning District People’s Hospital between 2011 and 2014 were retrospectively analysed. Inclusion criteria were (1) colorectal adenocarcinoma, with complete preoperative data and postoperative follow-up data; (2) exposure to adjuvant oxaliplatin/5-fluorouracil/leucovorin were selected; and (3) history of radical surger. Exclusion criteria were: (1) previous history of other malignant tumor; (2) familial adenomatous polyposis; (3) perioperative chemoradiotherapy; (4) intestinal inflammation; and (5) out-of-area metastasis.
From all original medical records, we gathered data on age, sex, tumor location, degree of tumor differentiation, depth of invasion, tumor size, nerve invasion, lymph node metastasis, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level, cancer antigen 125 (CA125) level, and cancer antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) level. The age range of patients was between 39 and 81 years. Tumors were detected in the proximal end of the colon in 30 patients (24.4%), in the distal end in 27 patients (22.0%), and in the rectum in 66 patients (53.6%). Three-grade differentiation was used for grading: 30 cases (24.4%) were well-differentiated (G1), 48 cases (39.0%) were moderately differentiated (G2), and 45 cases (36.6%) were poorly differentiated (G3) (Table 1).
Table 1.
Clinicopathologic data.
| Parameters | Number of cases | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Age | ||
| <65 years | 78 | 63.4 |
| ≥65 years | 45 | 36.6 |
| Mean±SD | 53.61±2.128 | |
| Median | 61 | |
| Age range | 39–81 | |
| Sex | ||
| Female | 57 | 46.3 |
| Male | 66 | 53.7 |
| CEA level | ||
| Increased | 45 | 36.6 |
| Normal | 78 | 63.7 |
| CA125 level | ||
| Increased | 27 | 22.0 |
| Normal | 96 | 78.0 |
| CA19-9 level | ||
| Increased | 24 | 19.5 |
| Normal | 99 | 80.5 |
| Tumor location | ||
| Colon | 30 | 24.4 |
| Distal colon | 27 | 22.0 |
| Rectum | 66 | 53.6 |
| Histological differentiation | ||
| G1 | 30 | 24.4 |
| G2 | 48 | 39.0 |
| G3 | 45 | 36.6 |
| Depth of invasion | ||
| T1/T2 | 21 | 17.1 |
| T3/T4 | 102 | 82.9 |
| Tumor size | ||
| <5 cm | 66 | 53.7 |
| ≥5 cm | 57 | 46.3 |
| Metastases to regional lymph nodes | ||
| No | 66 | 53.7 |
| Yes | 57 | 46.3 |
| Nerve invasion | ||
| No | 75 | 61.0 |
| Yes | 48 | 39.0 |
| Adjuvant chemotherapy | ||
| No | 5 | 4.1 |
| Yes | 118 | 95.9 |
CEA – carcinoembryonic antigen; CA125 – cancer antigen 125; CA19-19 – cancer antigen 19-9.
Ethics and consent
We conducted the research according to the Declaration of Helsinki and patients signed informed consent. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board and Human Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu, China.
Immunohistochemistry
Immunohistochemistry procedures
Tissues were embedded in paraffin and sectioned, and the sections were deparaffinized and hydrated. Antigen was retrieved with citric acid (pH 6.0), high temperature, and high pressure. Sections were rinsed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and incubated with TCN1 rabbit polyclonal antibody (1: 1000) (Abcam: ab202121) at 4°C overnight. Sections were rinsed with PBS and incubated with secondary antibody (K5004, ready-to-use rapid immunohistochemistry kit, Maixin Biotechnologies, Fuzhou) at room temperature for 20 minutes. Then the sections were rinsed with PBS, developed with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine, counterstained with haematoxylin, and mounted after clearing with xylene.
Semi-quantitative analysis results of TCN1 [17]
The stained regions and the intensity of the immunohistochemical reaction were primary targets of observation. Quantitative analysis associated with the stained area of the tissue section was as follows: (1) <30% of the cells showed immunoreactivity; (2) 30% to 60% of cells were positive for TCN1; and (3) >60% of the cells were positive. Intensity of the immunohistochemical reaction was quantified as follows: (1) absent or weak; (2) moderate; and (3) strong. The grade of each tissue section was eventually obtained by characterizing the staining area and staining intensity. Expression of TCN1 was given grade 1 for absent/low; grades 2, 3, and 4 for moderate; and grades 6 to 9 for strong reactivity. Evaluation criteria were analyzed by two pathologists using blind methods.
Survival analysis
Survival analysis was performed on the 123 patients, and the survival curve was drawn by the Kaplan-Meier method. Overall survival (OS) was defined as the time from surgery to a patient’s death. Follow-up was for 60 months, although patients who survived beyond 5 years were still followed.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 17 software. Clinical characteristics of patients’ TCN1 immunoreactivity were assessed with the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney U test. In addition, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationship between TCN1 immunoexpression and age, CEA level, degree of tumor differentiation, size of primary tumor, and regional lymph node metastasis. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the survival curve, and the long-rank test technique was used to show the difference in the survival curve.
Results
Clinicopathology of TCN1 expression and its relationship with prognosis were analyzed, and CRC tumor tissue was analyzed immunohistochemically. Only trace protein expression was detected in the colorectal mucosa adjacent to non-tumor tissue, whereas high expression was found in poorly differentiated or moderately differentiated tumors and metastatic lymph nodes (Figures 1–3). Of the 123 specimens, 60 (48.7%) had strong TCN1 immunohistochemical reactivity, 36 (29.3%) had moderate reactivity, and 27 (22.0%) had weak TCN1 expression. There was moderate to strong expression of TCN1 in lymph node metastases, and there was also high expression of TCN1 in the para-tumoral nervous tissues.
Figure 1.
Adjacent non-tumor tissue.
Figure 2.
Tumor tissue.
Figure 3.
Metastatic lymph node tissue.
We next calculated whether there was any correlation between TCN1 expression and nerve invasion by tumors (Figure 4). The correlation between the level of TCN1 immunohistochemical reactivity and histological differentiation was H (2.92)=4.976 (P=0.083). The expression of TCN1 was higher in patients with G3 tumors (R=0.353; P=0.024). There was also a significant correlation between strong immunoreactivity of TCN1 protein and the depth of tumor invasion (Z=−2.821; P=0.005), and the expression of this protein increased as the depth of tumor invasion increased (R=0.446; P=0.003). There was a correlation between tumor progression and the increase in serum CEA, and the immunoexpression level of TCN1 was also associated with these two (R=0.460; P=0.002). Regional lymph node metastasis and tumor size were also related to immune expression of TCN1, and patients with regional lymph node involvement had stronger immune expression of TCN1 (Z=−3.845; P<0.001). TCN1 protein expression was also higher in samples with larger tumour diameters (Z=−2.341; P=0.019; Table 2). We calculated the correlations between TCN1 immunoexpression and sex, age, nerve invasion, and tumour location, and no significant results were found (P>0.05; Table 2).
Figure 4.
Nervous system tissue.
Table 2.
Relationship between TCN1 immunoexpression and clinicopathological characteristics in patients with colorectal cancer.
| Parameters | TCN1 immunoexpression level | Statistical results | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low | Moderate | Strong | |||
| Age | ≥65 | 6 | 18 | 21 |
Z=−0.250; P=0.803 R=−0.039; P=0.806 |
| <65 | 21 | 18 | 39 | ||
| Sex | Female | 15 | 15 | 27 | Z=−0.369; P=0.712 |
| Male | 12 | 21 | 33 | ||
| CEA level | Increased | 6 | 9 | 36 |
Z=−2.909; P=0.004 R=0.460; P=0.002 |
| Normal | 21 | 27 | 24 | ||
| CA125 level | Increased | 0 | 12 | 15 | Z=−1.043; P=0.297 |
| Normal | 27 | 24 | 45 | ||
| CA19-9 level | Increased | 3 | 3 | 18 | Z=−1.482; P=0.138 |
| Normal | 24 | 33 | 42 | ||
| Tumor location | Colon | 3 | 3 | 24 |
H (2.92)=4.525 P=0.104 |
| Distal colon | 9 | 9 | 9 | ||
| Rectum | 15 | 24 | 27 | ||
| Histological differentiation | G1 | 9 | 15 | 6 |
H (2.92)=4.976 P=0.083 |
| G2 | 15 | 9 | 24 | 1−2, 1–3 R=0.353; P=0.024 |
|
| G3 | 3 | 12 | 30 | ||
| Depth of invasion | T1/T2 | 15 | 3 | 3 |
Z=−2.821; P=0.005 R=0.446; P=0.003 |
| T3/T4 | 12 | 33 | 57 | ||
| Tumor size | ≤5 cm | 21 | 24 | 21 |
Z=−2.341; P=0.01 9 R=−0.370; P=0.017 |
| >5 cm | 6 | 12 | 39 | ||
| Metastases to regional lymph nodes | No | 27 | 24 | 15 | Z=−3.845, p<0.001 |
| Yes | 0 | 12 | 45 | ||
| Nerve invasion | No | 21 | 18 | 36 | Z=−0.551; P=0.582 |
| Yes | 6 | 18 | 24 | ||
| Adjuvant chemotherapy | No | 1 | 2 | 2 | Z=−0.352; P=0.683 |
| Yes | 36 | 38 | 44 | ||
CEA – carcinoembryonic antigen; CA125 – cancer antigen 125; CA19-19 – cancer antigen 19-9.
Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that OS in patients in the low TCN1 expression group was significantly longer than that in the medium and high TCN1 expression groups (P=0.045; Table 3, Figure 5). Five-year OS rates in patients with low, medium, and high levels of TCN1 immunoexpression were 88.9%, 50.0%, and 40.0%, respectively. The average survival time was 59.667 months (95% confidence interval (CI): 59.051–60.283) in the group with low TCN1 expression, 52.750 months (95% CI: 46.538–58.962) in the group with medium TCN1 expression, and 45.850 months (95% CI: 38.695–53.005) in the group with strong TCN1 expression. The average survival time of all patients was 50.902 months (95% CI: 46.619–55.186; Table 4).
Table 3.
Results of survival analysis.
| Chi-squared | df | Sig. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Log rank (Mantel-Cox) | 6.181 | 2 | .045 |
Figure 5.
Survival difference plot.
Table 4.
Survival time in patients with different TCN1 expression levels.
| TCN1 | Mean | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | Std. error | 95% confidence interval | ||
| Lower bound | Upper bound | |||
| TCN10-1 | 59.667 | .314 | 59.051 | 60.283 |
| TCN1 2 | 52.750 | 3.169 | 46.538 | 58.962 |
| TCN1 3 | 45.850 | 3.651 | 38.695 | 53.005 |
| Overall | 50.902 | 2.185 | 46.619 | 55.186 |
In univariate analysis, CEA, CA125, CA19-9, differentiation degree of tumor, regional lymph node involvement, perineural invasion, size of primary tumor, and TCN1 immunoexpression were significantly associated with lower 5-year survival. However, multivariate analysis showed that only age (HR=4.329; 95% CI: 1.194–15.695; P=0.026), CA125 (HR=3.732; 95% CI: 1.371–10.154; P=0.010), CA19-9 (HR=6.045; 95% CI: 2.017–18.119; P=0.001), regional lymph node metastasis (HR=5.868; 95% CI: 1.546–22.272; P=0.009), and nerve invasion (HR=9.711; 95% CI: 2.403–39.243; P=0.001) were independent risk factors for poor survival. Due to CRC stage in the patients, postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy regimens were different, basically only oxaliplatin/5-FU. Only a small number of patients with early-stage disease did not receive chemotherapy, and the difference was not statistically significant compared with those receiving chemotherapy (Table 5).
Table 5.
Multivariate analysis of various prognostic parameters in CRC patients with Cox regression analysis.
| Prognostic parameters | HR | 95% CI | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (≥65 vs. <65) | 4.329 | 1.194–15.695 | 0.026 |
| Sex (Male vs. Female) | – | – | – |
| CEA | 1.492 | .532–4.197 | 0.447 |
| CA125 | 3.732 | 1.371–10.154 | 0.010 |
| CA19-9 | 6.045 | 2.017–18.119 | 0.001 |
| Tumor grading | 16.132 | 6.673–43.990 | 0.065 |
| Depth of invasion | 0.763 | 0.413–1.540 | 0.502 |
| Tumor size (≥5 vs. <5) | 1.847 | 0.847–4.578 | 0.126 |
| Regional lymph nodes (yes vs. no) | 5.868 | 1.546–22.272 | 0.009 |
| Nerve invasion (yes vs. no) | 9.711 | 2.403–39.243 | 0.001 |
| Adjuvant chemotherapy (yes vs. no) | 4.128 | 2.226–10.153 | 0.079 |
| TCN1 | 1.561 | 0.941–3.002 | 0.073 |
CRC – colorectal cancer; CEA – carcinoembryonic antigen; CA125 – cancer antigen 125; CA19-19 – cancer antigen 19-9.
Discussion
Correlation between TCN1 and clinicopathology of colorectal tumours
In this study, we found that TCN1 protein was highly expressed in both primary colorectal adenocarcinomas and lymph node metastases. In addition, high levels of TCN1 immunoexpression in tumor tissues are strongly associated with clinicopathological factors related to malignant tumors and 5-year OS. High expression of TCN1 is significantly correlated with tumor grading in advanced disease. Statistical results of Kruskal Wallis showed that there was a statistically significant difference between G1 stage tumors and G2 stage tumors, and between G1 stage tumors and G3 stage tumors. In both groups, patients with stage 3 tumors were characterized by high levels of TCN1 expression (R=0.353; P=0.024). The Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient showed that strong TCN1 expression was correlated with increased CEA, tumor enlargement, greater degree of invasion, and presence of lymph node metastasis, suggesting that this protein may be involved in the development and progression of malignant tumors. For example, upregulation of TCN1 in the cytoplasm of tumor tissues has been reported, and TCN1 is overexpressed in several malignant tumors, such as hepatocellular carcinoma and breast, lung, and gastric cancers [14,15]. In semi-quantitative analysis, TCN1 was also highly expressed in nervous system tissue, which also showed that TCN1 could be a good indicator of nerve invasion and provide good evidence for metastasis of tumour to the nervous system. Recently, a bioinformatics-based study showed that TCN1 is an important oncogene for normal and CRC tissue classification [16]. The high expression of TCN1 in lymph node metastases may indicate that colorectal cancer cells expressing TCN1 have greater metastatic ability. Increased TCN1 immunoexpression has been associated with decreased OS in patients with CRC. In gastric cancer studies, TCN1 was significantly correlated with gastric cancer stage, cell differentiation, lymph node metastasis, and prognosis [18]. The effect of TCN1 on survival of patients with different tumors also varies. Increased expression in gastrointestinal tumors suggests poor survival, while in liver tumors, the correlation was the opposite [19], suggesting that the mechanism of TCN1 in different solid tumors may not be identical. However, multivariate analysis showed that TCN1 was not an independent risk factor for CRC prognosis. TCN1 is a poorly studied protein but has not been reported to be associated with colorectal cancer. Further studies will help us to better understand its role in colorectal cancer and discover its different pathways of action, not to mention that it may influence tumors through more than one pathway.
Analysis of factors affecting the survival of patients with colorectal cancer
Colorectal cancer develops fast. It afflicts patients of all ages. The patients in our study included many both young and elderly. Epidemiologic studies have shown that the median age of patients at diagnosis of CRC is 69 years, 90% of those who are diagnosed are older than 50 years, and incidence increases with age. The incidence increases significantly in people over 65, and it can be as high as 176/100 000 people [20]. In this study, patients under 65 accounted for a relatively large proportion, 63.4%, which was related to the small sample size. In different age groups, the pathological nature of the tumor is also different. Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma accounts for only 10% of cases in elderly patients. Although this proportion is small, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma has a high degree of malignancy. Coupled with related factors such as age, the prognosis is expected to be relatively poor, making this a problem worthy of our attention [21]. Moreover, the general health status of the elderly is relatively poor, so for most patients, the tumor can go unnoticed and already reach an advanced stage at the time of examination, and tumor invasion is more obvious, which reduces patient survival.
Levels of hematological markers, such as CEA, CA125, and CA19-9, are reliably higher in CRC patients, and their elevated values often indicate a high degree of tumor malignancy, poor differentiation, and susceptibility to metastasis [22]. In advanced CRC, high perioperative expression often indicates distant metastasis [23,24]. However, CEA is not very specific, not sensitive for early diagnosis, and can only be used as an auxiliary means of diagnosing primary malignant tumors with metastasis and postoperative recurrence of tumors. Therefore, in the analysis of this group of patients, it cannot be used as an independent risk factor that affects survival. Nakata et al. [25,26] found that serum CA125 levels were higher in patients with gastrointestinal tumours that had metastasized, suggesting a strong correlation between the two. High expression of CA19-9 in tumors that are rapidly progressing and metastasize to distant locations can be used to predict tumor stage, and the higher the detected value, the greater the accuracy. Multivariate regression analysis in our patients revealed that both CA125 and CA19-9 were correlated with patient survival. Higher initial levels of both parameters suggest a poor clinical prognosis, which is different from the clinical significance reflected by CEA.
Cancer cells can metastasize and spread to lymph nodes through microlymphatic vessels, which is an important step in tumor cell invasion and metastasis. In tumor tissue, the newly formed lymphatic vessel cells form a monolayer, which has a loose connection and no intact basement membrane. In this case, with tumor hyperplasia, the interstitial pressure of the tissue increases and extrudes the lymphatic vessels that have not yet completely formed, so the intercellular space around the monolayer endothelial cells is increased, and its resistance to tumor cells is decreased, which provides a favorable channel for metastasis of tumor cells [27]. Regional lymph node metastasis leads to disease progression in patients and affects their survival.
Nerve invasion was also a risk factor for patient survival in this study. The enteric neural network guides tumor cell migration, in part through the L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) and N-cadherin [28]. These results open new avenues to study the underlying mechanisms and progression of nerve invasion by CRC. In our TCN1 immunohistochemistry study, we also found that there was higher expression of TCN1 in nervous system tissue. TCN1 has a functional relationship with vitamin B12, and vitamin B12 plays an important role in maintaining nervous system function, hematopoiesis, and cellular metabolism [14,29,30]. There was no statistical significance in the relationship between TCN1 and nerve invasion in this group, which may be related to our low number of clinical medical records.
Conclusions
In summary, high expression of TCN1 in colorectal tumor tissue has many correlations with clinicopathological factors in patients. Although independent risk factors affecting patient survival are age, serum CA125, CA19-9, lymph node metastasis, and nerve invasion, the negative effect of TCN1 on 5-year OS cannot be ignored, and high expression of TCN1 indicates a worse clinical prognosis.
Footnotes
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Source of support: This project was supported by Suqian Science and Technology Innovation Special Project no. S201913
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