Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia can develop hypoxaemic acute respiratory failure (hARF) with the need for positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). The administration of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) through a helmet improves oxygenation and avoids intubation [1, 2]. A European consensus document suggests that helmet CPAP should be the first therapeutic choice for hARF caused by COVID-19 pneumonia, mainly for minimising aerosol generation [3–5]. However, recommendations are based on experts' opinion and consider only evidence obtained in critically ill COVID-19 patients [3]. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign does not recommend the administration of CPAP for the initial management of severe COVID-19 [6].
Short abstract
Helmet CPAP treatment fails in up to 44% of patients with moderate-to-severe hypoxaemic acute respiratory failure due to COVID-19 pneumonia https://bit.ly/3g7FAB8
To the Editor:
Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia can develop hypoxaemic acute respiratory failure (hARF) with the need for positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). The administration of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) through a helmet improves oxygenation and avoids intubation [1, 2]. A European consensus document suggests that helmet CPAP should be the first therapeutic choice for hARF caused by COVID-19 pneumonia, mainly for minimising aerosol generation [3–5]. However, recommendations are based on experts' opinion and consider only evidence obtained in critically ill COVID-19 patients [3]. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign does not recommend the administration of CPAP for the initial management of severe COVID-19 [6].
In order to evaluate outcomes of COVID-19 patients with pneumonia-related hARF undergoing CPAP treatment, a multicentre, observational, prospective study was conducted between 7 March 2020 and 21 April 2020 in three high-dependency units (HDU) at two hospitals in Milan, Italy. Adults (aged ≥18 years) with hARF secondary to community-acquired COVID-19 pneumonia undergoing helmet CPAP treatment were consecutively recruited. Indications for helmet CPAP included all of the following: a diagnosis of pneumonia as the only cause of hARF and an arterial oxygen tension (PaO2)/inspiratory oxygen fraction (FIO2) ratio <300 evaluated during oxygen therapy supplied for at least 30 min through either a Venturi mask (FIO2 of at least 0.50) or reservoir mask. CPAP was delivered through high-flow generators (VitalSigns Inc; 90–140 L·min−1; MYO 3133A, Pulmodyne) using a helmet (StarMed) as interface with a PEEP valve (VitalSigns). The presence of other causes of hARF were excluded by clinical evaluation. Patients with at least one of the following criteria were excluded: need for immediate intubation; Glasgow Coma Scale <15; respiratory acidosis; systolic blood pressure (SBP) <90 mmHg despite fluid resuscitation and/or use of vasopressors; swallowing disturbance with increasing risk of aspiration pneumonia; and inability to protect the airways. The Ethical Committees of the two hospitals approved the study (No. 345/2020 and No. 17263/2020). Demographic, epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory data were recorded at admission. Arterial blood gas analysis and vital signs were recorded before CPAP, and within 6 h, on day 3 and day 7 after CPAP initiation. Lung recruitability during CPAP treatment was defined as an increase of PaO2/FIO2 ratio of at least 30% from oxygen therapy (baseline) to CPAP treatment (within 6 h). Severe pneumonia on admission was defined according to latest American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines [7]. Patients were followed up to either 30-days or hospital discharge if still hospitalised at 30 day from HDU admission. The primary outcome was CPAP failure defined as the occurrence of either intubation or death due to any cause during HDU stay. According to local standard operating procedures, indication for intubation included the presence of either at least 1 major or at least two minor criteria lasting for ≥1 h. Major criteria were: respiratory arrest; respiratory pause with unconsciousness; severe haemodynamic instability (i.e. SBP <90 mmHg instead of adequate volume resuscitation); and intolerance to helmet CPAP leading to discontinuation of the device. Minor criteria were: reduction of ≥30% of basal PaO2/FIO2 ratio; PaO2/FIO2 ratio <100; 20% increase of arterial carbon dioxide tension if basal arterial carbon dioxide tension was ≥40 mmHg; worsening of alertness; new onset or persistent respiratory distress; oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry (SpO2) <90%; and exhaustion. Achievement of the criteria did not automatically imply intubation of the patient, since this decision was based on a multidisciplinary discussion among the attending physician, the senior attending physician and the critical care physician. Secondary outcomes included the weaning from CPAP to oxygen therapy (CPAP success), all-cause in-hospital and 30-day mortality. A Do-Not-Intubate (DNI) order was defined as the decision of the attending physician in charge (after discussion with the critical care physician) to withheld intubation and to use CPAP as “ceiling” treatment considering the patient's characteristics (e.g. extremely poor functional status prior on admission, very low predicted probability of hospital survival, patient's own opinion when reliable, frailty score and comorbidities). Weaning from helmet CPAP was standardised across the three HDUs. Patients on helmet CPAP who did not show signs of respiratory distress (e.g. respiratory rate <25 breaths·min−1) and maintained a SpO2 >94% with a FIO2 <50% and a PEEP ≤5 cmH2O underwent a weaning trial. Patients maintaining a PaO2/FIO2 ratio >250 on Venturi mask with a FIO2 <40% for at least 24 h were considered successfully weaned from helmet CPAP. Qualitative and quantitative variables were summarised with frequencies (absolute and relative) and central tendency (means and medians) and variability (standard deviations and interquartile ranges) indicators, depending on their parametric distribution. A Chi-squared or Fisher exact test was computed for qualitative variables; Student t-test or Mann–Whitney was used for quantitative variables with a parametric or non-parametric distribution, respectively. A Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was carried out to assess the relationship between the composite primary outcome and independent variables. No specific computations were carried out. All the individuals potentially fitting the study selection criteria were recruited when admitted at the two hospitals in Milan. A two-tailed p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical computations were performed with STATA version 16 (StatsCorp, College Station, TX, USA).
A total of 157 patients (74.5% males, median (IQR) age: 64 (55–75) years) with hARF (median (IQR) PaO2/FIO2 ratio 142.9 (96.7–203.2)) underwent helmet CPAP with an initial median (IQR) FIO2 of 0.6 (0.5–0.6) and mean±sd PEEP of 10.8±2.3 cmH2O (table 1). The most prevalent comorbidities were arterial hypertension (44.0%), diabetes (22.9%), ischaemic cardiac disease (17.2%) and chronic arrhythmia (10.8%). Hypoxaemia generally improved when CPAP treatment was initiated: median (IQR) values of PaO2/FIO2 ratio at baseline on oxygen therapy (142.9 (96.7–203.2)) significantly improved when helmet CPAP was used after 6 h (205.6 (140.0–271.1), p<0.0001). However, an increase of at least 30% in PaO2/FIO2 ratio during helmet CPAP application in comparison to oxygen therapy was found only in 52% of the population. Median (IQR) duration of helmet CPAP treatment was 6 (3–10) days. Only four patients discontinued helmet CPAP because of intolerance. No patients were lost during follow-up. CPAP failure was observed in 70 (44.6%) patients: 34 (21.7%) were intubated and 36 (22.9%) died during the HDU stay. 87 (55.4%) patients improved during the HDU stay, weaned to oxygen therapy and transferred to the general ward. No patients were intubated during the first hours after CPAP initiation or under high emergency conditions (e.g. cardiac arrest). Among those who died in HDU, pneumonia-related deaths were detected in 26 patients, while non-pneumonia related in 10 patients, including pulmonary embolisms (n=5), end-stage renal failure (n=2), cerebrovascular accident (n=1), end-stage heart failure (n=1) and septic shock (n=1). Among the 34 patients who were intubated in HDU and transferred to the ICU, nine (26.5%) died. A total of 65 (41.4%) patients had a DNI status on HDU admission: 36 died and 29 survived. At the multivariable analysis (adjusted for sex, age, severe community-acquired pneumonia, interleukin-6, and ΔPaO2/FIO2 ratio ≥30%), CPAP failure was associated with the severity of pneumonia on admission (HR (95%CI) 2.9 (1.3–6.2), p=0.009) and higher baseline values of interleukin-6 (HR (95%CI) 1.0 (1.0–1.0), p<0.009). The all-cause in-hospital and 30-day mortality rates were 28.7% and 28.0%, respectively.
TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment and outcomes of the study population according to CPAP failure or success
| CPAP success | CPAP failure | p-value | |
| Subjects n | 87 | 70 | |
| Demographics | |||
| Males | 60 (69.0) | 57 (81.4) | 0.08 |
| Age years | 66 (56–75) | 60 (51–72) | 0.08 |
| >65 years | 45 (51.7) | 26 (27.1) | 0.07 |
| >75 years | 20 (23.0) | 15 (21.4) | 0.82 |
| BMI | 27.4 (25.1–30.2) | 27.5 (23.7–29.3) | 0.39 |
| Obesity (BMI ≥30 kg·m−2) | 16 (25.4) | 13 (24.1) | 0.87 |
| Current/former smoker | 17 (19.5) | 10 (14.3) | 0.39 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Any cardiovascular disease | 49 (56.3) | 32 (45.7) | 0.19 |
| Hypertension | 41 (47.1) | 28 (40.0) | 0.37 |
| Diabetes | 24 (27.6) | 12 (17.1) | 0.12 |
| Ischaemic cardiac disease | 19 (21.8) | 8 (11.4) | 0.09 |
| Chronic arrhythmia | 7 (8.1) | 10 (14.3) | 0.21 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 9 (10.3) | 4 (5.7) | 0.39 |
| Immunosuppression | 8 (9.2) | 3 (4.3) | 0.35 |
| COPD | 7 (8.1) | 3 (4.3) | 0.51 |
| Chronic renal failure | 6 (6.9) | 3 (4.3) | 0.73 |
| Liver disease | 5 (5.8) | 4 (5.7) | 1.00 |
| Asthma | 1 (1.29 | 2 (2.9) | 0.59 |
| Radiology | |||
| Consolidation on chest radiograph | 66 (75.9) | 58 (82.3) | 0.29 |
| Pleural effusion | 15 (17.2) | 11 (15.7) | 0.80 |
| Pharmacological treatment | |||
| Treatment with immunomodulators | |||
| None | 56 (64.4) | 42 (60.0) | 0.74 |
| Anakinra | 26 (29.9) | 22 (31.4) | |
| Tocilizumab | 5 (5.8) | 6 (8.6) | |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 84 (96.6) | 68 (97.1) | 0.83 |
| Lopinavir/ritonavir | 48 (55.2) | 37 (52.9) | 0.77 |
| Remdesivir | 2 (2.3) | 3 (4.3) | 0.66 |
| Endovenous steroids | 37 (42.5) | 35 (50.0) | 0.42 |
| Antibiotics | 84 (96.6) | 66 (94.3) | 0.49 |
| Anticoagulation | 24 (27.9) | 21 (30.4) | 0.73 |
| Disease severity | |||
| Severe pneumonia | 56 (64.4) | 55 (78.6) | 0.05 |
| Septic shock vasopressor | 3 (3.5) | 2 (2.9) | 1.00 |
| Aggressive fluid resuscitation | 2 (2.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.50 |
| Clinical variables before CPAP treatment | |||
| Confusion | 7 (8.1) | 2 (2.9) | 0.30 |
| Temperature C (n=153) | 37.3±1.1 | 37.6±0.9 | 0.12 |
| Systolic blood pressure mmHg (n=156) | 130 (115–140) | 130 (120–140) | 0.87 |
| Diastolic blood pressure mmHg (n=156) | 75 (70–85) | 80 (70–85) | 0.69 |
| Heart rate bpm (n=156) | 88.3±15.6 | 86.5±14.5 | 0.47 |
| Respiratory rate breaths·min−1 (n=153) | 28 (24–32) | 25.5 (21–30) | 0.09 |
| Respiratory rate ≥30 breaths·min−1 | 37 (43.5) | 20 (29.4) | 0.07 |
| SpO2% (n=154) | 93 (89–97) | 95.5 (90–97) | 0.41 |
| Blood gas analysis before CPAP treatment | |||
| pH (n=155) | 7.48 (7.45–7.51) | 7.47 (7.45–7.50) | 0.91 |
| PaCO2 mmHg (n=157) | 33.0±5.0 | 32.9±5.9 | 0.89 |
| PaO2 mmHg (n=157) | 65 (53–83) | 75.5 (60–96) | 0.009 |
| PaO2:FIO2 ratio (n=157) | 136 (95.0–204.8) | 152 (100–202) | 0.85 |
| PaO2:FIO2 ratio classes | |||
| PaO2:FIO2 ratio ≤100 mmHg | 23 (26.4) | 18 (25.7) | 0.90 |
| 100 mmHg <PaO2:FIO2 ratio ≤200 mmHg | 39 (44.8) | 34 (48.6) | |
| 200 mmHg <PaO2:FIO2 ratio ≤300 mmHg | 25 (28.7) | 18 (25.7) | |
| Blood tests before CPAP treatment | |||
| White blood cells cell·mm−3 (n=156) | 7060 (5550–9630) | 8000 (5490–10 450 | 0.45 |
| Platelets cell·mm−3 (n=155) | 227 00 (169 000–336 000) | 199 000 (142 000–264 500) | 0.02 |
| D-dimer µg·L−1 (n=126) | 793 (561.0–1242.5) | 1098 (667–2444) | 0.03 |
| Ferritin µg·L−1 (n=123) | 1484 (832–2732) | 1558.5 (1049–2830) | 0.54 |
| IL-6 ng·L−1 (n=125) | 46.6 (19–75) | 134 (77.9–266) | <0.0001 |
| C-reactive protein, mg·dL−1 (n=157) | 13.6 (8.4–44.0) | 15.6 (10.8–25.8) | 0.49 |
| CPAP initiation and treatment | |||
| FIO2 % (n=154) | 50 (50–60) | 60 (50–70) | <0.0001 |
| PEEP cmH2O (n=154) | 10.4±2.2 | 11.4±2.4 | 0.01 |
| Increase of PaO2:FIO2 ratio of at least 20% from oxygen therapy to CPAP | 53 (64.6) | 33 (48.5) | 0.047 |
| Increase of PaO2:FIO2 ratio of at least 30% from oxygen therapy to CPAP | 51 (62.2) | 27 (39.7) | 0.006 |
| Days of CPAP treatment (n=153) | 8 (5–14) | 4 (3–7) | <0.0001 |
| CPAP complications | |||
| Pneumothorax | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.4) | 0.45 |
| Pneumomediastinum | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.9) | 0.20 |
| Haemodynamic instability | 0 (0.0) | 9 (12.9) | 0.001 |
| Intolerance# | 10 (11.5) | 11 (15.7) | 0.44 |
| Ulcer | 2 (2.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.50 |
| Study outcomes | |||
| Weaning from CPAP to oxygen therapy | 84 (96.6) | 6 (8.6) | <0.0001 |
| Days from CPAP initiation to weaning to oxygen therapy (n=87) | 7 (4–12) | 7 (1–8) | 0.31 |
| Intubation | 0 (0.0) | 34 (48.6) | <0.0001 |
| Days from CPAP initiation to intubation (n=34) | 3 (2–5) | ||
| Mortality in HDU | 0 (0.0) | 36 (51.4) | <0.0001 |
| Days from CPAP initiation to HDU mortality (n=36) | 5 (3–10) | ||
| Length of hospitalisation (n=138) | 18 (14–25.5) | 8 (4–22) | <0.0001 |
| In-hospital mortality | 0 (0.0) | 45 (64.3) | <0.0001 |
| Days from CPAP initiation to in-hospital mortality (n=45) | 0 (0–0) | 6 (4–11) |
Data are presented as n (%), median (interquartile range), mean±sd, unless otherwise stated. BMI: body mass index; bpm: beats per minute; SpO2: oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry; PaCO2: arterial carbon dioxide tension; PaO2: arterial oxygen tension; FIO2: inspiratory oxygen fraction; IL: interleukin; PEEP: positive end-expiratory pressure; HDU: high dependency unit. #: among them, four patients discontinued helmet CPAP.
The rate of CPAP failure (either intubation or death) in COVID-19 patients seems to be higher in our study compared with the one recently reported in a multicentre, observational study which enrolled non-COVID-19 pneumonia patients with comparable severity of hARF (44.6% versus 23%) [8]. Both intubation (21.7% versus 11%) and mortality (22.9% versus 12%) rates were also higher in COVID-19 pneumonia than non-COVID-19 pneumonia patients [8]. This finding can be explained by the complex phenomena behind the occurrence of the respiratory failure experienced by COVID-19 patients, which is often paralleled by local vascular micro-thrombosis, and, more importantly, by the absence of a treatment of proven efficacy [9]. Nevertheless, the overall mortality rate of our cohort was comparable to that recently reported in ICU patients [10]. A total of 55.4% of our patients with a median PaO2/FIO2 ratio of 136 and treated with helmet CPAP avoided intubation, and, then, were successfully weaned to oxygen therapy. Unfortunately, prognostic criteria which can discriminate responders to CPAP therapy at HDU admission are still lacking. Finally, a French study enrolled 38 COVID patients with acute respiratory failure and suggested that CPAP seems to avoid intubation especially in DNI patients [11]. It is difficult to compare our results with those by Oranger et al. [11] for different reasons, including the different intervention (Boussignac and oro-nasal CPAP versus helmet CPAP), unclear severity of respiratory failure (only PaO2 was reported), inclusion of patients needing oxygen >6 L·min−1 to maintain an SpO2 >92%, which represents a selection bias (increase of the number of milder patients), and the absence of a mortality rate reported in the CPAP arm.
The present study has several limitations which can limit the generalisability of our results. Among those, the lack of a control group and different standard operating procedures across the three centres, as well as the lack of important information, including the daily length of CPAP treatment, might reduce the inference. However, this is the first experience which evaluated outcomes in COVID-19 patients undergoing helmet CPAP in a multicentre, prospective study. In conclusion, the application of helmet CPAP in COVID-19 patients should be carefully considered and monitored to prevent a delayed endotracheal intubation.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the support of all the pulmonologists, respiratory fellows, nurses and respiratory physiotherapists of the COVID-19 HDUs of the Policlinico and Luigi Sacco Hospitals in Milan, Italy.
Footnotes
Conflict of interest: S. Aliberti reports grants and personal fees from Bayer Healthcare, Aradigm Corporation, Grifols, Chiesi and INSMED, personal fees from AstraZeneca, Basilea, Zambon, Novartis, Raptor, Actavis UK Ltd and Horizon, outside the submitted work.
Conflict of interest: D. Radovanovic has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: F. Billi has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: G. Sotgiu has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: M. Costanzo has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: T. Pilocane has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: L. Saderi has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: A. Gramegna has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: A. Rovellini has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: L. Perotto has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: V. Monzani has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: P. Santus has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: F. Blasi reports grants and personal fees from AstraZeneca, Chiesi, GSK, Insmed and Pfizer, grants from Bayer, personal fees from Guidotti, Grifols, Menarini, Mundipharma, Novartis, Zambon and Vertex, outside the submitted work.
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