Abstract
Objectives
This study sought to investigate the relationship between occlusion length and long-term outcomes of patients with recanalised chronic total occlusion (CTO) lesion.
Design
A retrospective cohort study.
Setting
Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, China
Participants
Consecutive patients with successfully recanalised CTO were included from January 2010 to December 2013.
Primary and secondary outcome measures
The primary endpoint of the present study was a composite event of all-cause death and myocardial infarction (MI). The secondary endpoints included target lesion revascularisation (TLR) and target vessel revascularisation (TVR).
Results
A total of 1987 patients were included and 1801 (90.6%) subjects completed 5-year follow-up in this study. Based on occlusion length, the patients were divided equally into two groups: short (length <15 mm, n=957) and long (length ≥15 mm, n=1030) CTO group. Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed no significant difference in the risk of the composite primary endpoint between short and long CTO groups (p=0.242). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis also established occlusion length ≥15 mm as a cut-off value for predicting TLR and TVR, with an area under the curve of 0.604 (95% CI: 0.569 to 0.638, p<0.001) and 0.605 (95% CI: 0.572 to 0.638; p<0.001). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the risks for TLR (p=0.002) and TVR (p=0.002) were higher in a patient with long CTO lesion. Multivariate Cox analysis also identified long CTO lesion as an independent predictor of TLR (HR: 1.539, 95% CI: 1.033 to 2.293; p=0.034) and TVR (HR: 1.476, 95% CI: 1.012 to 2.151; p=0.043).
Conclusion
Patients with long CTO lesion did not show a higher risk of death and MI after recanalisation, but had higher risks of TLR and TVR. Lesion with occlusion length ≥15 mm should be under close surveillance for restenosis after recanalisation.
Keywords: cardiology, ischaemic heart disease, coronary intervention
Strengths and limitations of this study.
This was a long-term follow-up study with large sample size.
A dedicated database was prospectively used to document the information about baseline demographics, laboratory examinations, stenting and so on.
All angiographic and procedural characteristics were evaluated by an independent Core Laboratory and all adverse events were adjudicated by an independent committee.
All patients in the present study were retrospectively included from 2010 to 2013.
Chronic total occlusion intervention was at a preliminary stage in China in the first decade of the 21st century, so the results need to be confirmed by researches based on the current practice.
Introduction
Percutaneous recanalisation of chronic total occlusion (CTO) contributes to relieving regional myocardial ischaemia and improving quality of life when clinically indicated.1 Previously, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of CTO lesions was considered as the last barrier to full percutaneous revascularisation of patients. Reported success rates of CTO PCI were approximately 70%–80% in the first decade of the 21st century.2 However, with development of novel equipment and evolution of therapeutic strategy, the success rates have significantly improved in the past decade, with experienced centres around the world consistently achieving the rates of 85%–90%.3–6
Many factors can affect successful CTO PCI. Apart from operator’s experience, it is largely influenced by the complexity of CTO lesion, including previous attempt, blunt stump, severe calcification, severe tortuosity, long segment occlusion, non-left anterior descending artery occlusion and so on,7–9 among which occlusion length is one of the most important elements.7 8 It has already been well established that long CTO lesion is not only related to a lower success rate of recanalisation, but also a higher periprocedural complication rate.7 8 10 But it remains unknown whether the length also has an impact on the long-term prognosis of the patients. As a result, we performed this study to investigate their relationship in a large Chinese cohort.
Methods
Patients
From January 2010 to December 2013, consecutive patients undergoing CTO PCI were retrospectively included at Fuwai Hospital. Patients with a successfully recanalised CTO lesion were enrolled in the present study. A CTO lesion was defined as total occlusion of a coronary artery with thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) grade 0 flow persisting for more than 3 months.11 The Multicenter CTO Registry of Japan (J-CTO) score was used to assess CTO lesion complexity.7 Synergy between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery (SYNTAX) score was used to grade complexity of coronary artery disease.12
A dedicated database was used to prospectively document baseline demographics, laboratory examinations and stenting information. Angiographic and procedural characteristics were retrospectively evaluated by an independent Core Laboratory (Interventional Cardiovascular Imaging Core Laboratory, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, China). Clinical follow-up visits at 1 month, 6 months, 1 year and annually up to 5 years were carried out by an independent office. All adverse events were adjudicated and evaluated by an independent clinical events committee. All enrolled patients were willing to take part in this research and provided their informed consent documents.
Procedures and antiplatelet regimens
Coronary angioplasty and PCI were performed through femoral or/and radial artery according to standard methods. Antegrade wiring was most commonly used in the present population, while retrograde approach via collateral pathways was also performed and mainly by experienced operators. Crossing strategy, guide catheter selection and stent type, as well as intravascular imaging utilisation was left to the discretion of the operators. Procedural success was defined as reperfusion of the occluded vessel.
Patients were prescribed daily aspirin (100 mg once daily) and clopidogrel (75 mg once daily) for at least 6 days, or a loading dose (aspirin 300 mg, clopidogrel 300 mg) before the procedure. After PCI procedure, pharmacological treatments were at each operator’s discretion, mainly patients were maintained on aspirin (100 mg once daily) indefinitely and clopidogrel (75 mg once daily) for at least 1 year.
Endpoints and definitions
The primary endpoint of the present study was a composite event of all-cause death and myocardial infarction (MI). The secondary endpoints included target lesion revascularisation (TLR) and target vessel revascularisation (TVR). The frequency of cardiac death, MI and stent thrombosis was also assessed. Cardiac death was defined as death of cardiac causes or any death without another known cause. MI was defined according to Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions definition.13 Stent thrombosis was defined as definite or probable based on Academic Research Consortium definitions according to the level of certainty.14 TLR and TVR were defined as clinically driven repeated revascularisation (either repeated PCI or coronary artery bypass grafting) of the initially treated target lesion and vessel, respectively.
Patient and public involvement
This study did not involve patients and the public in the design or planning of the study.
Statistical analysis
Data were expressed as mean±SD for continuous variables or as percentages for categorical variables. Differences in continuous variables were evaluated with the Student’s t-test. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used when the distributions were unsymmetrical. The χ2 test was used for categorical analysis of nominal data. Fisher’s exact test was used if the patient number in any group was less than five. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the ability of occlusion length to predict outcomes. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the rate of survival free from the endpoint event. The log-rank test was used to compare survival curves among different patient groups. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify variables associated with the end point. Variables with p values≤0.10 in the univariate analysis are included in the multivariate analysis. Statistical analyses were conducted with SAS V.9.4 (SAS Institute). All statistical tests were two-sided and p values <0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.
Results
Baseline characteristics
There were 2659 patients with 2735 lesions undergoing CTO PCI during the period mentioned above (figure 1). A total of 1987 patients (mean age: 57.1±10.5; female: 17.3%) with 2060 recanalised CTO lesions were included in present study. Forty-eight (2.3%) lesion was previously attempted and retrograde approach was used in 37 (1.8%) lesion. All the patients were divided equally into two CTO groups based on occlusion length: short group (occlusion length <15 mm, n=957) and long group (occlusion length ≥15 mm, n=1030) (table 1). Patients in the short group were elder than those in the long one (58.0±10.3 vs 56.3±10.6; p<0.001), and women were found more in the short group (19.7% vs 15.0%, p=0.006). In addition, left circumflex artery CTOs were found more in the short group (17.6% vs 13.3%, p=0.008), while right coronary artery CTOs more in the other (47.5% vs 40.8, p=0.002).
Figure 1.
Patient flowchart of study enrollment and follow-up. CTO, chronic total occlusion; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.
Table 1.
Clinical, angiographic and procedural characteristics
| Variables | Overall (n=1987) | <15 mm (n=957) | ≥15 mm (n=1030) | P value |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| Age, years | 57.1±10.5 | 58.0±10.3 | 56.3±10.6 | <0.001 |
| Female, % | 344 (17.3) | 189 (19.7) | 155 (15.0) | 0.006 |
| Prior MI, n (%) | 980 (49.3) | 460 (48.1) | 520 (50.5) | 0.281 |
| Prior PCI, n (%) | 179 (9.0) | 72 (7.5) | 107 (10.4) | 0.025 |
| Prior CABG, n (%) | 63 (3.2) | 26 (2.7) | 37 (3.6) | 0.264 |
| Prior stroke, n (%) | 149 (7.5) | 63 (6.6) | 86 (8.3) | 0.134 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 790 (39.8) | 355 (37.1) | 435 (42.2) | 0.04 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 1267 (63.8) | 636 (66.5) | 631 (61.3) | 0.016 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 1677 (48.4) | 793 (82.9) | 884 (85.8) | 0.069 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 612 (30.8) | 290 (30.3) | 322 (31.3) | 0.643 |
| Family history of CAD, n (%) | 235 (11.8) | 102 (10.7) | 133 (12.9) | 0.119 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.5±3.3 | 26.3±3.2 | 26.6±3.4 | 0.09 |
| Stable angina, n (%) | 1087 (54.7) | 515 (53.8) | 572 (55.5) | 0.442 |
| LVEF, % | 60.4±8.3 | 60.7±8.0 | 60.2±8.6 | 0.175 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 100.7±28.8 | 98.9±27.9 | 102.2±29.6 | 0.023 |
| PAD, n (%) | 90 (4.5) | 38 (4.0) | 52 (5.0) | 0.247 |
| Angiographic characteristics | ||||
| LAD CTO, n (%) | 827 (41.6) | 404 (41.2) | 423 (39.2) | 0.341 |
| LCX CTO, n (%) | 316 (15.9) | 172 (17.6) | 144 (13.3) | 0.008 |
| RCA CTO, n (%) | 913 (45.9) | 400 (40.8) | 513 (47.5) | 0.002 |
| Previous attempt, n (%) | 48 (2.3) | 17 (1.7) | 31 (2.9) | 0.085 |
| Calcification, n (%) | 172 (8.3) | 71 (7.2) | 101 (9.4) | 0.083 |
| Bending, n (%) | 158 (7.7) | 24 (2.4) | 134 (12.4) | <0.001 |
| Blunt stump, n (%) | 128 (6.2) | 51 (5.2) | 77 (7.1) | 0.069 |
| J-CTO score | 1.4±1.0 | 0.8±0.7 | 1.8±1.0 | <0.001 |
| SYNTAX score | 19.2±8.4 | 19.6±8.2 | 18.9±8.6 | 0.088 |
| Procedural characteristics | ||||
| Previous attempt, n (%) | 48 (2.3) | 17 (1.7) | 31 (2.9) | 0.085 |
| Retrograde approach, n (%) | 37 (1.8) | 4 (0.4) | 33 (3.1) | <0.001 |
| Use of DES, n (%) | 1390 (70.0) | 674 (70.4) | 716 (69.5) | 0.657 |
| Contrast volume, mL | 182.8±119.7 | 179.4±115.2 | 186.0±123.0 | 0.241 |
All values are shown as number (%) or mean±SD. Bold values are statistically significant (p<0.05).
BMI, body mass index; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; CAD, coronary artery disease; CTO, chronic total occlusion; DES, drug eluted stent; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; J-CTO, multicenter CTO registry of Japan; LAD, left anterior descending artery; LCX, left circumflex artery; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MI, myocardial infarction; PAD, peripheral artery disease; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; RCA, right coronary artery; SYNTAX, synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with taxus and cardiac surgery.
Clinical outcomes
There were 1801 (90.6%) patients completing 5-year follow-up (figure 1). Occurrence of the primary endpoint event was presented in table 2. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that there was no significant difference in survival free from all-cause or MI between short and long CTO groups (p=0.242, figure 2).
Table 2.
Outcomes of 5 years after procedure
| Overall (n=1801) |
＜15 mm (n=878) |
≥15 mm (n=923) |
P value | |
| All-cause death + MI, n (%) | 174 (9.7) | 92 (10.5) | 82 (8.9) | 0.252 |
| All-cause death, n (%) | 97 (5.4) | 50 (5.7) | 47 (5.1) | 0.56 |
| Cardiac death, n (%) | 56 (3.1) | 27 (3.1) | 29 (3.1) | 0.945 |
| MI, n (%) | 121 (6.7) | 67 (7.6) | 54 (5.9) | 0.131 |
| Target vessel related, n (%) | 105 (5.8) | 57 (6.5) | 48 (5.2) | 0.242 |
| Definite/probable stent thrombosis, n (%) | 58 (3.2) | 29 (3.3) | 29 (3.1) | 0.836 |
| TLR, n (%) | 136 (7.6) | 48 (5.5) | 88 (9.5) | 0.001 |
| TVR, n (%) | 151 (8.4) | 55 (6.3) | 96 (10.4) | 0.002 |
All values are shown as number (%). Bold values are statistically significant (p<0.05).
MI, myocardial infarction; TLR, target lesion revascularisation; TVR, target vessel revascularisation.
Figure 2.
Survival free from all-cause death and myocardial infarction.
Occurrence of the secondary endpoint events were listed in table 2. Coincidentally, ROC curve analysis also established occlusion length ≥15 mm as a cut-off value for predicting both TLR and TVR, with an area under the curve of 0.604 (95% CI: 0.569 to 0.638, p<0.001) and 0.605 (95% CI: 0.572 to 0.638; p<0.001), respectively (online supplementary figure S1). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the patients with long CTO lesion had higher risks for TLR (HR: 1.753, 95% CI: 1.233 to 2.492; p=0.002) (figure 3A) and TVR (HR: 1.671, 95% CI: 1.200 to 2.328; p=0.002) (figure 3B). Multivariate Cox regression analysis also identified the length ≥15 mm as an independent predictor of TLR (HR: 1.539, 95% CI: 1.033 to 2.293; p=0.034) and TVR (HR: 1.476, 95% CI: 1.012 to 2.151; p=0.043) (table 3).
Figure 3.
Survival free from TLR (A) and TVR (B). TLR, target lesion revascularisation; TVR, target vessel revascularisation.
Table 3.
Cox regression analysis of risk factors for TLR and TVR
| Variables | TLR | TVR | ||||||||||
| Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||||||||
| HR | 95% CI | P value | HR | 95% CI | P value | HR | 95% CI | P value | HR | 95% CI | P value | |
| Age | 1.001 | 0.985to 1.017 | 0.906 | – | – | – | 1.001 | 0.986 to 1.016 | 0.908 | – | – | – |
| Male | 1.094 | 0.686 to 1.742 | 0.707 | – | – | – | 1.178 | 0.749 to 1.852 | 0.479 | – | – | – |
| Prior MI | 0.973 | 0.695 to 1.363 | 0.875 | – | – | – | 0.997 | 0.725 to 1.372 | 0.987 | – | – | – |
| Prior PCI | 1.108 | 0.637to 1.927 | 0.718 | – | – | – | 1.155 | 0.687 to 1.940 | 0.587 | – | – | – |
| Current smoking | 0.981 | 0.096 to 1.383 | 0.913 | – | – | – | 1.009 | 0.729 to 1.397 | 0.958 | – | – | – |
| Hypertension | 1.082 | 0.761 to 1.539 | 0.66 | – | – | – | 1.025 | 0.736 to 1.429 | 0.883 | – | – | – |
| Hyperlipidemia | 0.901 | 0.571 to 1.423 | 0.655 | – | – | – | 0.972 | 0.623 to 1.515 | 0.899 | – | – | – |
| Diabetes mellitus | 0.973 | 0.675 to 1.404 | 0.885 | – | – | – | 1.026 | 0.727 to 1.448 | 0.885 | – | – | – |
| BMI | 0.968 | 0.918 to 1.019 | 0.216 | – | – | – | 0.966 | 0.919 to 1.015 | 0.169 | – | – | – |
| LVEF | 1.025 | 1.002 to 1.049 | 0.035 | 1.025 | 1.001 to 1.050 | 0.04 | 1.024 | 1.002 to 1.046 | 0.036 | 1.023 | 1.001 to 1.047 | 0.044 |
| eGFR | 0.995 | 0.998 to 1.002 | 0.141 | – | – | – | 0.997 | 0.991 to 1.003 | 0.333 | – | – | – |
| Non-LAD CTO | 1.733 | 1.188 to 2.529 | 0.004 | 1.441 | 0.977 to 2.124 | 0.065 | 1.873 | 1.301 to 2.697 | <0.001 | 1.601 | 1.101 to 2.328 | 0.014 |
| Reference vessel diameter | 0.662 | 0.439 to 0.997 | 0.049 | 0.744 | 0.494 to 1.122 | 0.158 | 0.672 | 0.456 to 0.991 | 0.045 | 0.759 | 0.516 to 1.118 | 0.163 |
| J-CTO score | 1.271 | 1.009 to 1.601 | 0.042 | 1.279 | 1.018 to 1.607 | 0.035 | 1.247 | 1.000 to 1.556 | 0.05 | 1.254 | 1.007 to 1.561 | 0.043 |
| SYNTAX score | 1.039 | 1.020 to 1.059 | <0.001 | 1.033 | 1.012 to 1.053 | 0.002 | 1.034 | 1.015 to 1.053 | <0.001 | 1.026 | 1.006 to 1.046 | 0.01 |
| Retrograde approach | 1.888 | 0.769 to 4.637 | 0.166 | – | – | – | 1.713 | 0.699 to 4.199 | 0.239 | – | – | – |
| Occlusion length ≥15 mm | 1.753 | 1.233 to 2.492 | 0.002 | 1.539 | 1.033 to 2.293 | 0.034 | 1.671 | 1.200 to 2.328 | 0.002 | 1.476 | 1.012 to 2.151 | 0.043 |
Bold values are statistically significant (p<0.05).
BMI, body mass index; CTO, chronic total occlusion; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; J-CTO, multicenter CTO registry of Japan; LAD, left anterior descending; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MI, myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; SYNTAX, synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with taxus and cardiac surgery; TLR, target lesion revascularisation; TVR, target vessel revascularisation.
bmjopen-2020-038302supp001.pdf (130.1KB, pdf)
Discussion
It is well established that occlusion length affects the success rate of CTO recanalisation,6 8 but its influence on the prognosis of the recanalised patients remains unclear. This 5-year follow-up study certified that occlusion length also had an impact on the long-term outcomes of these patients. The main findings of this study were as follows: (1) the long-term risk of death and MI was not significantly different between patients with successfully recanalised long and short CTO lesion; (2) patients with long CTO lesion had higher risks for TLR and TVR after the recanalisation and (3) occlusion length ≥15 mm might be a predictor for TLR and TVR.
In the present study, we found that the length of CTO lesion had no impact on combined ‘hard’ endpoint of death and MI. A CTO vessel is often collateralised by donor artery. After the recanalisation, antegrade flow of the CTO vessel restored and collateral function regressed.15 Initial study showed that collateral circulation had the potential to recover when recurrent occlusion developed in the recanalised lesion,16 and well-developed collateral was able to attenuate myocardial ischaemia and reduce all-cause mortality. 17 All these processes were independent from the length of CTO lesion, which could explain why the primary endpoint was comparable between patients with the short and long CTO.
Although the risk of ‘hard’ endpoint was not significantly different between long and short CTO patients, the long CTO lesion was associated with increased risks for ‘soft’ endpoints, including TLR and TVR, after recanalisation. The increased revascularisation could be explained by the following reasons. First of all, long CTO lesion always needs long stent implantation, which was closely bound up with occurrence of revascularisation in unselected patients undergoing drug-eluting stent implantation.18–20 For another, as our study showed, blunt stump, calcification and bending occurred more often in long CTO lesion, which signified that CTO lesions got more complex with increased occlusion length. Subintimal tracking and vessel injury seemed to be developed inevitably when management of complex CTO lesion.21–24 Some studies showed that extensive subintimal stenting and target vessel injury increased the chance of revascularisation.24 25
Recent studies evaluated the role of occlusion length on the outcomes of successful CTO PCI,26 27 however, there are still some questions needed to be answered. In the first place, the relationship between occlusion length and revascularisation requires to be analysed further. A 2-year follow-up study from Korea, which included 235 patients undergoing successful CTO PCI, showed that TVR occurred more often in patients with long CTO lesion, whereas TLR did not. In the present study, we demonstrated that occlusion length was associated with a higher rate of not only TVR, but also TLR. Small sample size and short follow-up period of Korean study might explain the inconsistent results. In addition, the occlusion length predicting TLR and TVR remains unknown. The present study constructed ROC curves to identify the best cut-off value for occlusion length to predict the two events, and found that the threshold value was 15 mm with acceptable sensitivity and specificity. This suggested that those with CTO length ≥15 mm might be under close surveillance for restenosis after recanalisation.
This study also had several limitations. First, the research was retrospective, so its results need to be confirmed by prospective studies. Second, CTO PCI was at a preliminary stage in China from 2010 to 2013, and recanalisation was first attempted and antegrade approach was used in most patients in the present study, so its results need to be confirmed by studies based on current CTO practice. Third, because of medical cost, intravascular ultrasound was only used in a small proportion of patients, so CTO length was measured by the core laboratory using angiography. Finally, the patients were not given regular angiographic follow-up; therefore, some adverse events, such as TLR and TVR, might not be recorded accurately.
Conclusions
Occlusion length had an impact on the prognosis of recanalised CTO lesion. The long lesion was associated with a higher risk for TLR and TVR, but not death and MI. A lesion with occlusion length ≥15 mm should be under close supervised for restenosis after recanalisation.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
The authors thank staffs in the Department of Cardiology and Catheterization Laboratory, Fuwai Hospital, for their research contributions.
Footnotes
Contributors: TT contributed to the concept and wrote the manuscript; CG and YB participated in data collection and statistical analysis; LG, LS, JY, FH, KD, YT, YW, YY and JC were responsible for including patients; BX, S-BQ and WY participated in study design and manuscript revision. All authors checked the final version of the manuscript.
Funding: This study was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (No 3332018058) and the Postgraduate Education and Teaching Reform Project of Peking Union Medical College (No 10023201900203).
Competing interests: None declared.
Patient and public involvement: Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.
Patient consent for publication: Not required.
Ethics approval: This study followed the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Fuwai Hospital.
Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data availability statement: Data are available upon reasonable request.
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