Stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy versus conventionally fractionated radiotherapy for early stage large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung

Abstract

Aim:

Some patients with early stage large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of the lung are not surgical candidates and will be managed with radiotherapy. We used the national cancer database to identify predictors of stereotactic radiotherapy and compare outcomes.

Materials & methods:

We queried national cancer database for T1-2N0 LCNEC treated with radiation. Logistic regression and Cox regression identified predictors of stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) and survival, respectively.

Results:

We identified 754 patients, with 238 (32%) treated with SABR. Predictors of SABR were distance to facility, no chemotherapy, academic center, T1 and recent year. After propensity matching, median survival was 34.7 months compared with 23.7 months in favor of SABR (p = 0.02).

Conclusion:

SABR for LCNEC has increased over time and was associated with improved survival.

Practice points.

• Some patients with early stage large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung will be ineligible for surgery.

• These patients will be managed with radiotherapy; either stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) or conventionally fractionated radiation therapy.

• These patients are typically quite under represented on available lung SABR trials.

• This large national analysis showed that up to one third of such patients are managed with SABR.

• The median SABR dose was 50 Gy in four fractions and the median conventionally fractionated radiation therapy dose was 65 Gy in 33 fractions.

• Predictors of SABR included distance to facility, earlier stage, treatment at an academic facility and more recent year of treatment.

• After propensity matching patients treated with SABR had improved survival, median of 34.7 months compared with 23.7 months (p = 0.02).

• SABR use will likely increase for these patients and appears reasonable based on the results presented herein.

Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is a rare pulmonary tumor representing <5% of lung cancer diagnoses and having features of both non small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Due to its rarity, clinical management is often extrapolated from both NSCLC and SCLC guidelines [1]. As such, the gold standard treatment for early stage LCNEC is surgical resection with some data showing benefit of surgical resection over radiotherapy [2]. However, there will be a subset of patients unable to undergo surgery due to comorbidities, technical limitations, anatomic location or even patient refusal. In those situations, radiation represents an alternative treatment, with techniques ranging from daily conventionally fractionated radiation therapy (CFRT), to more hypofractionated advanced regimens.

One such technique is stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), also referred to as stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR). SABR is a radiotherapeutic technique, whereby, high dose radiation is delivered in a conformal manner over a relatively small number of fractions. Having emerged over the past 15–20 years, SABR represents an excellent alternative to surgical resection for non-operative patients and is supported by high level evidence in the setting of NSCLC [3]. However, to date, nearly all studies on the subject of SABR in NSCLC have focused on more common histologies, such as squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Recent evidence has also suggested a potential role for SABR in treatment of early stage SCLC as well [4], however the efficacy and utilization patterns of SABR in LCNEC remains relatively unknown. Considering the paucity of evidence regarding SABR in LCNEC, we analyzed the national cancer database (NCDB) to examine trends in the use of SABR and compare outcomes in patients with LCNEC receiving SABR versus CFRT.

Materials & methods

We queried the NCDB dataset (years: 2004–2015) for patients with NSCLC with LCNEC histology (histologic code: 8012, 8013) that were clinical stage T1-2N0 and treated with chest-directed radiation. Radiation technique is coded for within the NCDB and patients receiving either SBRT/SABR or definitive dose (50–75 Gy) CFRT were included. Only patients with follow-up of ≥1 month from diagnosis were included to account for immortal time bias. Figure 1 is a CONSORT diagram outlining all selection criteria and patient cohorts.

Figure 1. . CONSORT diagram showing selection criteria.

The NCDB is hospital-based registry overseen and managed by the American Cancer Society and American College of Surgeons. Data provided is de-identified; thus, Internal Review Board (IRB) approval was not required to conduct this study. The NCDB is estimated to capture pertinent diagnostic and treatment information on approximately 70% of newly diagnosed malignancies each year across 1500 cancer centers nationwide. Of note, the American College of Surgeons and the Commission on Cancer (both IL, USA) have not verified and are not responsible for the analytic or statistical methodology employed, or the conclusions drawn from these data by the authors of this study.

Characteristics captured in the NCDB and used in this analysis included race (Caucasian, African American and other), facility type (community program, comprehensive community program and academic/research program), comorbidity score (the well regarded Charlson/Deyo score [5]) and location (metropolitan, urban and rural). Other reported socioeconomic data includes income and percentage of population with less than a high school diploma, both of which are based upon the patient’s zip code.

Statistical analyses were performed with Medcalc Version 18 (Ostend, Belgium). Summary statistics are presented for discrete variables. Overall survival (OS) is recorded in months from diagnosis to death or last follow-up. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors of SABR and included all baseline characteristics. In addition, the results of the multivariable logistic regression were used to generate a propensity score indicating the likelihood of SABR based on baseline clinicopathologic characteristics [6]. Patients treated with SABR were then matched with patients treated with CFRT using an exact match on that score. This resulted in 203 matched pairs, in which a Kaplan–Meier analysis was then used to generate survival curves on those 203 pairs [7]. Finally, a multivariable Cox regression was also utilized to generate hazard ratios and predictors of worse outcome [8].

Results

We identified 754 patients meeting the eligibility criteria above, of which 238 (32%) received SABR. Median SABR dose was 50 Gy (48–60 Gy) in four fractions (three–five fractions) corresponding to a biologically effective dose (BED)₁₀ >100 Gy which has been shown to correlate with better outcomes [9]. For patients treated with CFRT the median dose was 65 Gy (60–68 Gy) in 33 fractions (27–35 fractions). The median time from diagnosis to start of radiation was 50 days (31–78 days). The median age was 63 years old and there was a relatively even distribution of men and women. Approximately one third of patients received chemotherapy. Table 1 contains a full list of baseline patient characteristics.

Table 1. . Patient characteristics (n = 754).

Characteristics	Number (%)
Sex
Males	389 (52)
Females	365 (48)
Race
White	664 (88)
African American	77 (10)
Other	13 (2)
Comorbidity score
0	467 (62)
1	170 (22)
≥2	117 (16)
Insurance
Not insured	9 (1)
Private payer	115 (15)
Government	620 (82)
Unrecorded	10 (2)
Education %
≥29	156 (21)
20–28.9	210 (28)
14–19.9	251 (33)
<14	137 (18)
Treatment facility type
Community cancer program	65 (9)
Comprehensive community cancer program	429 (57)
Academic/research program	260 (34)
Treatment facility location
Metro	599 (79)
Urban	131 (17)
Rural	24 (4)
Income ($USD†)
<30,000 30,000–35,000 35,000–45,999	195 (26) 204 (27) 193 (26)
>46,000	162 (21)
Distance to treatment facility (miles)
≤10 >10	377 (50) 377 (50)
Age distribution (years)
≤73	399 (53)
>73	355 (47)
Grade
Well differentiated	3 (1)
Moderately differentiated	8 (1)
Poorly differentiated	371 (49)
Not recorded	372 (49)
Year of diagnosis
2004–2006	237 (31)
2007–2009	248 (33)
2010–2012	173 (23)
2013–2014	96 (13)
T stage
1	416 (55)
2	338 (45)
Chemotherapy
No	512 (68)
Yes	242 (32)
Treatment
SABR	238 (32)
CFRT	516 (68)

Education quantified as percentage of individuals from that zip code with less than a high school diploma.

^†Median income quantified by patient zip code.

CFRT: Conventionally fractionated radiation therapy; SABR: Stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy.

On multivariable logistic regression including all baseline characteristics, predictors of SABR included: treatment at an academic facility (p = 0.001), distance of >10 miles to treatment facility (p = 0.001), more recent year of treatment (p < 0.0001) and lack of chemotherapy (p < 0.0001). Table 2 comprehensively outlines the results of that analysis. Median follow-up was 29.7 months (1.2–106.9 months). On multivariable Cox regression, predictors of worse survival were: increased age, CFRT, male sex and T2 stage (Table 3). After propensity matching (as described in the methods) 203 pairs were generated using an exact match on the propensity score. Kaplan–Meier analysis was done and there appeared to be a survival benefit to SABR (median survival of 34.7 vs 23.7 months; p = 0.02; Figure 2).

Table 2. . Multivariable logistic regression for stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy.

Characteristics	Odds ratios (95% CI)	p-value
Sex
Males	Reference
Females	0.83 (0.56–1.24)	0.37
Race
White	Reference
African American	1.57 (0.83–3.00)	0.17
Other	0.75 (0.16–3.50)	0.71
Comorbidity score
0	Reference
1	1.01 (0.63–1.63)	0.97
≥2	0.79 (0.46–1.36)	0.27
Insurance
Not insured	Reference
Private payer	0.90 (0.12–6.76)	0.92
Government	1.27 (0.18–9.03)	0.81
Unrecorded	2.77 (0.23–33.46)	0.42
Education %
≥29	Reference
20–28.9	1.38 (0.75–2.55)	0.30
14–19.9	1.87 (0.91–3.82)	0.09
<14	1.96 (0.82–4.70)	0.13
Treatment facility type
Community cancer program	Reference
Comprehensive community cancer program	2.48 (1.02–6.00)	0.04*
Academic/research program	4.64 (1.86–11.56)	0.0010*
Treatment facility location
Metro	Reference
Urban	0.72 (0.40–1.33)	0.30
Rural	1.35 (0.45–4.02)	0.59
Income ($USD†)
<30,000 30,000–35,000 35,000–45,999 >46,000	Reference 1.27 (0.69-2.35) 1.59 (0.78-3.25) 0.92 (0.40–2.11)	0.44 0.20 0.84
Distance to treatment facility (miles)
≤10 >10	Reference 2.09 (1.35-3.25)	0.0010*
Age distribution (years)
≤73	Reference
>73	0.80 (0.52–1.22)	0.30
Grade
Well differentiated	Reference
Moderately differentiated	0.52 (0.01–33.16)	0.76
Poorly differentiated	0.89 (0.02–32.90)	0.95
Year of diagnosis
2004–2006	Reference
2007–2009	7.98 (4.30–14.86)	<0.0001*
2010–2012	11.44 (5.90–22.17)	<0.0001*
2013–2014	22.24 (10.55–46.89)	<0.0001*
T stage
1	Reference
2	0.41 (0.27–0.62)	<0.0001*
Chemotherapy
No	Reference
Yes	0.15 (0.09–0.26)	<0.0001*

*p values less than or equal to 0.05.

Education quantified as percentage of individuals from that zip code with less than a high school diploma.

^†Median income quantified by patient zip code.

Table 3. . Multivariable Cox regression.

Characteristic	Hazard ratio (95% CI)	p-value
Age (years)
≤74	Reference
>74	1.24 (1.04–1.47)	0.015
Education (%†)
≥29	Reference
20–28.9	1.17 (0.90–1.52)	0.24
14–19.9	1.19 (0.87–1.62)	0.28
<14	1.29 (1.05–1.59)	0.016
Treatment
SBRT	Reference
CFRT	1.21 (1.00–1.46)	0.046
Gender
Males	Reference
Females	0.70 (0.59–0.83)	<0.0001
T stage
T1	Reference
T2	1.35 (1.13–1.59)	0.0005

^†Education quantified as percentage of individuals from that zip code with less than a high school diploma.

CFRT: Conventionally fractionated radiation therapy; SABR: Stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy.

Figure 2. . Propensity matched Kaplan–Meier curve showing benefit to stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy with a median overall survival 34.7 versus 23.7 months; p = 0.02.

CFRT: Conventionally fractionated radiation therapy; SABR: Stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy.

Discussion

Over the past decade SABR has become the standard of care for NSCLC patients ineligible for surgical resection. This technique has been studied mostly in NSCLC patients with more common histologies (i.e., adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma). As such, only a small fraction of patients treated with SABR carried a diagnosis of LCNEC (i.e., 5% LCNEC in radiation therapy oncology group [RTOG] 0236) [3]. Not surprisingly, our analysis showed a steady increase in SABR use over time for early stage LCNEC. In addition, patients treated at academic facilities were more likely to get SABR, likely owing to expertise, availability of appropriate technology/personnel, distance or proximity and access to clinical trials.

As described above, the use of SABR skyrocketed following the initial results of RTOG 0236. In this trial, patients with medically inoperable early stage NSCLC were treated to a dose of 54 Gy in three fractions [3]. Local control was excellent at >90% with minimal toxicity in patients with peripheral disease. An NCDB analysis, highlighted this shift in practice patterns demonstrating an increase in SABR use compared with CFRT in patients with early stage adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and NSCLC not otherwise specified (NOS) [10]. For instance, in 2004 approximately 10% of patients received SABR; whereas >90% of patients were treated with SABR in 2015. In that same study, with propensity matching there was an OS benefit to SABR (median survival of 39 vs 28 months; p < 0.001) compared with CFRT. Similarly, a large retrospective analysis from Memorial Sloan Kettering (NY, USA) compared outcomes in 398 patients treated with SABR (median dose 48 Gy/four fractions) and fractionated radiation to a median dose of 75.6 Gy in 43 fractions [11]. Patients treated with SABR had improved local control (87 vs 66%; p < 0.001) and 3 year OS (53 vs 39%; p = 0.018). Most recently, a prospective randomized trial from multiple institutions in Australia and New Zealand compared SABR (54 Gy/three fractions) to CFRT (66 Gy/33 fractions). Patients were randomized in a 2:1 fashion with a primary end point of local control [12]. Both local control (89 vs 65%; p = 0.008) and OS (77 vs 59%; p = 0.027) were improved with SABR at a median follow-up of 2 years. Importantly, <2% of the study population (i.e., 2/101 patients) were of LCNEC histology, limiting the interpretation of this study.

SABR has also been evaluated, although not prospectively, in SCLC. Typically, SABR is not used in SCLC considering the rarity of early stage disease. Nevertheless, a multi-institutional registry study examined outcomes in 21 inoperable patients with SCLC treated to a median dose of 48 Gy in four fractions, with only four patients going on to systemic therapy [4]. Local control was not reported, but 1-year survival was 73% potentially a reflection of distant spread. An NCDB study similar to the aforementioned study compared outcomes in early stage SCLC treated with SABR compared with CFRT [13]. That series included 2107 patients of which 147 were treated with SBRT (median dose 50 Gy in four fractions), while the remainder were treated with CFRT (median dose 55.8 Gy in 30 fractions). Median survival after propensity matching was 34 versus 25 months, favoring SABR. It should be noted that the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines now recommend SABR for inoperable stage I SCLC [14].

As described above the data for SABR in LCNEC are rather limited, with poor or non-existent representation in most of the SABR literature. Certainly, patients with LCNEC are most likely present in several prospective studies, however, are potentially reported as NSCLC NOS [15]. This was the case in the famous SPACE trial which compared SBRT (66 Gy in three fractions) to conventional fractionation (70 Gy in 35 fractions) ultimately showing no difference in OS despite a lack of balance in prognostic factors [15]. Highlighting the paucity of available data, a review of the literature identifies only single case report which was published in 2019. This case involved a 78 year old male with early stage LCNEC who was treated with SABR at a dose of 55 Gy in five fractions [16]. He tolerated treatment well and was controlled locally at 18 months. There is another NCDB analysis examining the use of chemotherapy after surgical resection of early stage LCNEC [17]. That analysis showed a significant benefit to chemotherapy given after resection (hazard ratio: 0.54; p < 0.0001). With those results in mind, perhaps systemic therapy should be considered following SABR for inoperable patients.

There are certainly limitations that need to be discussed in regard to our study, namely its retrospective nature and inherent selection bias. Of note, patients treated with CFRT were more likely to receive chemotherapy, potentially indicating more aggressive biology or other undocumented disease characteristics which could account for the inferior outcomes. In addition, the NCDB does not document location of tumors, as more central lesions would have likely precluded SABR, especially in the earlier years of the cohort due to concerns over toxicity [18]. Moreover, the NCDB does not track toxicity data which is important when comparing these radiation techniques. There is also no documentation of local control, distant recurrence or any salvage therapy which would all be important end points/covariates to report and interpret, particularly in the setting of LCNEC which has a propensity for recurrence (both local and distant).

Conclusion

The results presented here show an increase in the use of SABR for non-operative bronchopulmonary LCNEC. Compared with CFRT, survival outcomes were superior with SABR suggesting its preferential use over CFRT. The use of SABR for early stage LCNEC will likely continue to rise and appears to be appropriate based on the data presented herein.