Table 1.
Cognitive restraint scores between vegetarians and omnivores: the inconsistent results.
| Higher Cognitive Restraint Scores in Vegetarians |
Higher Cognitive Restraint Scores in Non-Vegetarians | Not Difference in Cognitive Restraint between the Two Groups |
|---|---|---|
| Barr et al. [11] ** N vegetarians = 23 N non-vegetarians = 22 Method: The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire |
Brytek-Matera [12] * N vegetarians = 188 N non-vegetarians = 182 Method: The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R18) |
Barr and Broughton [13] * N current vegetarians = 90 N past vegetarians = 35 N non-vegetarians = 68 Method: Multiple-pass 24-h diet recall |
| Gilbody et al. [14] * N total = 131 young adults women Method: the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire |
Curtis and Comer [15] * N total = 90 female undergraduate students and community members Method: The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire |
Barthels et al. [16] * N vegetarians = 63 N vegans = 114 N non-vegetarians = 182 Method: the Restraint Eating Scale |
| Martins et al. [17] * N vegetarians = 70 N non-vegetarians = 105 N semi-vegetarians = 49 Method: The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire |
Janelle and Barr [18] * N vegetarians = 23 N non-vegetarians = 22 Method: The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire |
Brytek-Matera et al. [19] * N vegetarians = 39 N vegans = 40 N non-vegetarians = 174 Method: The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R18) |
| McLean and Barr [20] * N total = 1350 female university students Method: The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire |
Fisak et al. [21] * N vegetarians = 52 N non-vegetarians = 204 Methods: the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire and the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire |
|
| Trautman et al. [22] * N total = 330 college students Method: the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire |
Forestell et al. [23] * N vegetarians = 55 N pesco-vegetarians = 28 N semi-vegetarians = 29 N flexitarians = 37 N non-vegetarians = 91 Method: The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire |
|
| Worsley and Skrzypiec [24] * N total = 2000 senior secondary school students Method: the Food Frequency Questionnaire |
* Cross-sectional study; ** Longitudinal study.