Abstract
Species of the spider family Hypochilidae Marx, 1888 from China are studied, including two known species and two new species of the genus Ectatosticta Simon, 1892. The new species are E. wukongsp. nov. (♂♀) from Sichuan and E. xuanzangsp. nov. (♀) from Tibet.
Keywords: diagnosis, etymology, taxonomy, type, webs
Introduction
Hypochilidae Marx, 1888 is a small family that includes two genera: Hypochilus Marx, 1888 and Ectatosticta Simon, 1892. Hypochilus is endemic to the USA and includes ten species, whereas Ectatosticta is endemic to China and until now only included two species: E. davidi (Simon, 1889) from Shaanxi and E. deltshevi Platnick & Jäger, 2009 from Qinghai (WSC 2020, Li 2020).
Hypochilidae was considered the sister group of all other araneomorph spiders (Platnick 1977), but Wheeler et al. (2017) confirmed that Hypochilidae is the sister group of Filistatidae Simon, 1864. Unlike Hypochilus, Ectatosticta build simple sheet webs between soil blocks, huge rocks or in tree trunks. On one side of the web of some species there is a tube-retreat which typically extends into rock crevices, soil or between roots.
In this paper, photographs of two known Ectatosticta species are provided, of which E. davidi (Simon, 1889) is based on material collected near the type locality and E. deltshevi Platnick & Jäger, 2009 is based on the male holotype and females from the same locality as the holotype. In addition, two new species of the genus Ectatosticta are described: E. wukong sp. nov. (♂♀) from Sichuan and E. xuanzang sp. nov. (♀) from Tibet.
Material and methods
All specimens were preserved in 75% ethanol. Female genitalia were cleared in a trypsin enzyme solution to dissolve non-chitinous tissue. Specimens were examined under a LEICA M205C stereomicroscope. Photomicroscope images were taken with an Olympus C7070 zoom digital camera (7.1 megapixels). Photos were stacked with Helicon Focus 6.7.1 (Khmelik et al. 2006) and processed in Adobe Photoshop CC 2018.
All measurements are in millimeters. Eye sizes are measured as the maximum diameter from either the dorsal or frontal view. Leg measurements are given as follows: total length (femur, patella + tibia, metatarsus, tarsus). Distribution maps were generated using ArcMap software 10.2 (ESRI 2002).
Abbreviations:
ALE anterior lateral eyes
AME anterior median eyes
C conductor
E embolus
IS inner spermathecae
OS outer spermathecae
PLE posterior lateral eyes
PME posterior median eyes
S spermathecae
TS thickened setae
The material studied in the paper is housed in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IZCAS) in Beijing, China.
Taxonomy
Family Hypochilidae Marx, 1888
Genus. Ectatosticta
Simon, 1892
2805C737-4C67-5A2A-91B3-55FE832FDA0F
Type species.
Hypochilus davidi Simon, 1889 from China.
Diagnosis.
Ectatosticta can be easily distinguished from Hypochilus by the rectangular labium which is almost as long as wide and bears a pair of triangular posterolateral flanges, also by numerous leg spines (Forster et al. 1987) and in the lateral view of the male palp, the cymbium to bulb length ratio is almost 3:1 (Figs 2, 4) but nearly 1 : 1 in Hypochilus (Forster et al. 1987: figs 38, 43, 48, 53, 58, 63, 68, 73).
Figure 2.
Ectatosticta spp., prolateral view of left male palps AE. davidi, male from Shaanxi BE. deltshevi, holotype CE. wukong sp. nov., holotype DE. wukong sp. nov., embolus and conductor of right palp (rotated horizontally), holotype.
Figure 4.
Ectatosticta spp., retrolateral view of left male palps AE. davidi, male from Shaanxi BE. deltshevi, holotype CE. wukong sp. nov., holotype DE. wukong sp. nov., embolus and conductor of right palp (rotated horizontally), holotype.
Distribution.
China.
Key to Ectatosticta males
| 1 | Male palp with fewer than 5 thickened setae, the most dorsal setae are dispersed, and the length ratio of the embolus to the embolus base is more than 2 : 1 (Fig. 1) | 2 |
| – | Male palp with 5–7 thickened setae, all closely appressed one another, and the length ratio of the embolus to the embolus base is almost 1 : 1 (Fig. 1) | E. davidi |
| 2 | Male palp with 4 thickened setae, the dorsalmost setae are dispersed and the length ratio of the embolus to the embolus base is almost 2 : 1 (Fig. 1) | E. deltshevi |
| – | Male palp with 2 thickened setae, the length ratio of the embolus to the embolus base is almost 3 : 1 (Fig. 1) | E. wukong sp. nov. |
Figure 1.
Ectatosticta spp., outlines of male bulbs and thickened setae in retrolateral view (Red line, E. davidi; green line, E. deltshevi, holotype; black line, E. wukong sp. nov., holotype) A bulbs B thickened setae.
Key to Ectatosticta females
| 1 | Two pairs of spermathecae (Fig. 5A, B, D) | 2 |
| – | One pair of spermathecae (Fig. 5C) | E. wukong sp. nov. |
| 2 | The ratio of the length of the inner spermathecae to the outer spermathecae is almost 1 : 3 (Fig. 5D) | E. xuanzang sp. nov. |
| – | The ratio of the length of the inner spermathecae to the outer spermathecae is almost 1 : 1 to 1 : 2 (Fig. 5A, B) | 3 |
| 3 | Spermathecae weakly sclerotized (Fig. 5A) | E. davidi |
| – | Spermathecae strongly sclerotized (Fig. 5B) | E. deltshevi |
Figure 5.
Ectatosticta spp., dorsal view of female genitalia AE. davidi, female from Shaanxi BE. deltshevi, female from Qinghai (type locality) CE. wukong sp. nov., paratype DE. xuanzang sp. nov., holotype.
Ectatosticta davidi
(Simon, 1889)
5B625907-1C1E-54E7-A908-93EB6C7F6C3F
Figs 1 , 2A , 3A , 4A , 5A , 6F , 8
Figure 3.
Ectatosticta spp., ventral view of left male palps AE. davidi, male from Shaanxi BE. deltshevi, holotype CE. wukong sp. nov., holotype DE. wukong sp. nov., embolus and conductor of right palp (rotated horizontally), holotype.
Figure 6.
Ectatosticta spp., variation of female genitalia (red line, inner spermathecae (A–C, F–K) or spermathecae (D, E); green line, outer spermathecae) A–CE. deltshevi, females from Qinghai (type locality) D, EE. wukong sp. nov., paratypes FE. davidi, females from Shaanxi G–KE. xuanzang sp. nov., paratypes. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
Figure 8.
Distribution records of Ectatosticta species from China. 1E. davidi2E. deltshevi3E. wukong sp. nov. 4E. xuanzang sp. nov.
Hypochilus davidi Simon 1889: 208; Simon 1892: 204, figs 143–146, 148, 149; Gertsch 1958: 13, figs 10, 19, 22–31; Lehtinen, 1967: 431, fig. 15; Platnick and Jäger 2009: 210, figs 1–4; Zhang and Wang 2017: 311, fig. 4f.
Type material.
Syntypes 1♂ 1♀, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, label reads “Inkiaphou, Chine méridionale”, which should be on Mt. Qinling in Shaanxi Province (see Platnick and Jäger 2009: Yinjiapo or Yinjiapu, now known as Yonxingcun in Xi'an City, Huyi District, Laoyu Town, 33.98232N, 108.52079E), not examined.
Other material examined.
1♂, China, Shaanxi Province, Chang’an, Xiaoyuhecun, Qiaotouchi, 02.V.2020, Jiazhou Lu leg.; 1♀ (IZCAS), China, Shaanxi Province, Mt. Taibaishan, above Houshenzi, tree line, scattered mixed coniferous/Rhododendron forest, 33.9122N, 107.7789E, 12–15.VI.1997, elevation ca. 3050 m, Peter Jäger leg.
Distribution.
China (Shaanxi).
Ectatosticta deltshevi
Platnick & Jäger, 2009
B39B5DAD-9E59-5FD5-9759-C96A77328268
Figs 1 , 2B , 3B , 4B , 5B , 6A–C , 7A, B , 8
Figure 7.
Photos of live Ectatosticta spp. AE. deltshevi, female from Qinghai BE. deltshevi and web CE. xuanzang sp. nov., holotype from Tibet DE. xuanzang and web E Egg sac F A typical web of Ectatosticta. Egg sac marked with green arrow, spider marked with red arrow and assembled nymphs marked with yellow rectangle.
Ectatosticta davidi Li & Zhu, 1984: 510, figs A–G; Forster et al. 1987: 23, figs 6–16, 18–20, 23, 24, 31–36, 78–82; Song et al. 1999: 41, figs 11D, 17Q–T; Hu 2001: 69, figs 1.1–6; Song et al. 2001: 64, fig. 24A–E. All misidentified.
Ectatosticta deltshevi Platnick & Jäger, 2009: 214.
Type material.
Holotype ♂ (IZCAS-Ar28579), China, Qinghai Province, Huangyuan County, 15.IX.1984, Zhongshan Li leg., examined.
Other material examined.
2♂2♀ (IZCAS), China, Qinghai Province, Huangyuan County, 15.IX.1984, Zhongshan Li leg.; 2♀ (IZCAS), China, Qinghai Province, Haidong, Huzhutu Autonomous County, Jinchuan County, Jiading, Beishan National Park, 36.9378N, 102.4575E, elevation ca. 2442 m, 30.X.2019, Yejie Lin leg.
Distribution.
China (Qinghai).
Natural history.
Living in simple sheet webs between soil blocks or tree roots. On one side of the web there is tube-retreat that extends into the soil.
Ectatosticta wukong sp. nov.
BD06E8C9-62B5-5ECF-93FB-D7A98A748BDD
http://zoobank.org/4BDB5B2E-0307-4B5C-B678-2C45F70762AD
Figs 1 , 2C, D , 3C, D , 4C, D , 5C , 6D , 6E , 8
Type material.
Holotype ♂ (IZCAS-Ar40346), China, Sichuan Province, Hongyuan County, Shuajingsi, Mt. Zhegu to Shuamalukou, 31.9272N, 102.6546E, elevation ca. 3458 m, 23.XI.2019, Zhigang Chen leg. Paratypes 3♀ (IZCAS-Ar40347–Ar40349), same data as holotype.
Etymology.
The species is named after Wukong, a character in the classic Chinese novel Journey to the West, noun. Journey to the West was written during the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 A.D) and is about the adventures of a priest, Xuanzang, and his three disciples, Wukong, Wuneng, and Wujing, as they travel west in search of the Buddhist Sutra. Their travel begins at what is today Xi'an (near the type locality of E. davidi), via Qinghai (close to the type locality of E. deltshevi), to South Xinjiang, Tibet (near the type locality of E. xuanzang sp. nov.) and India.
Diagnosis.
Males of E. wukong sp. nov. can be distinguished by having only two thickened setae retrolaterally on the cymbium and the length ratio of the embolus to the embolus base is almost 3 : 1 (Fig. 3C, D). Females can be distinguished by having one pair of spermathecae (Figs 5C, 6D, E).
Description.
Male: Total length 9.29, carapace 5.58 long, 3.14 wide, opisthosoma 4.40 long, 3.14 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.19, ALE 0.26, PME 0.23, PLE 0.24, AME–AME 0.16, AME–ALE 0.21, PME–PME 0.36, PME–PLE 0.10, AME–PME 0.07, ALE–PLE 0.02. Clypeus height 0.30. Chelicerae with seven promarginal and six retromarginal teeth. Leg measurements: leg I: 40.37 (11.60 + 12.88 + 9.42 + 6.47), leg II: 31.79 (9.10 + 10.51 + 7.95 + 4.23), leg III: 24.98 (7.24 + 8.64 + 5.70 + 3.40), leg IV: 32.53 (9.55 + 10.13 + 8.40 + 4.45). Leg formula: 1423.
Male palp (Figs 2C, D, 3C, D, 4C, D) simple, cymbium long, retrolaterally with an apophysis divided into two parts: a small, semicircular lobe with a seta and a large lobe with two strong setae placed closely together. Embolus thin, length ratio of embolus to embolus base 3:1. Conductor sickle-shaped.
Female.
Total length 10.77, carapace 4.70 long, 3.28 wide, opisthosoma 6.79 long, 4.87 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.17, ALE 0.26, PME 0.23, PLE 0.29, AME–AME 0.18, AME–ALE 0.28, PME–PME 0.36, PME–PLE 0.27, AME–PME 0.06, ALE–PLE 0.07. Clypeus height 0.36. Chelicerae with seven promarginal and six retromarginal teeth. Leg measurements: Leg I: 29.10 (8.40 + 10.00 + 6.60 + 4.10), leg II: 25.44 (6.99 + 8.91 + 5.90 + 3.64), leg III: 18.73 (5.64 + 6.15 + 4.35 + 2.59), leg IV: 23.92 (7.31 + 7.50 + 5.83 + 3.28). Leg formula: 1243.
Female genitalia (Figs 5C, 6D, E) simple, one pair of spermathecae, spermathecae slightly curved.
Distribution.
Known only from the type locality.
Ectatosticta xuanzang sp. nov.
AD8B7D44-D710-5F24-85FD-C90139F8C4D8
http://zoobank.org/3A050541-598F-4349-8B86-C21E11F5B0CB
Type material.
Holotype ♀(IZCNS-Ar40373), China, Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhoka, Cona County, Marmang, Lebugou, Yelang Valley, 27.8682N, 91.8110E, elevation ca. 3118 m, 12.X.2019, Yejie Lin leg. Paratypes 5♀ (IZCNS-Ar40374–Ar40378), same data as holotype.
Etymology.
The species is named after Xuanzang, a character in the classic Chinese novel Journey to the West, noun.
Diagnosis.
Females of E. xuanzang sp. nov. can be distinguished by the ratio of the length of the inner spermathecae to the outer spermathecae of almost 1:3 (Figs 5D, 6G–K) (vs. almost 1:1 in E. davidi and 1:2 to 1:1 in E. deltshevi (Figs 5A, B, 6A–C, F)) and the ratio of leg I length to the carapace length is almost 1:8 (vs. almost 1:6 in E. wukong sp. nov. and E. deltshevi and 1.7 in E. davidi).
Description.
Female. Total length 12.59, carapace 6.03 long, 3.60 wide, opisthosoma 6.22 long, 4.40 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.15, ALE 0.31, PME 0.29, PLE 0.28, AME–AME 0.19, AME–ALE 0.37, PME–PME 0.42, PME–PLE 0.27, AME–PME 0.07, ALE–PLE 0.06. Clypeus height 0.45. Chelicerae with seven (n = 3) or eight (n = 3) promarginal and 6–9 (6(n = 1), 7(n = 4), 9(n = 1)) retromarginal teeth. Leg measurements: Leg I: 51.47 (15.45 + 16.28 + 12.95 + 6.79), leg II: 47.88 (14.03 + 16.22 + 11.60 + 6.03), leg III: 37.66 (11.67 + 12.50 + 9.04 + 4.45), leg IV: 44.23 (12.31 + 14.49 + 12.11 + 5.32). Leg formula: 1243.
Female genitalia (Figs 5D, 6G–K) simple, with two pairs of slightly curved spermathecae. Inner spermathecae small, outer spermathecae curved, three times the length of inner spermathecae.
Male.
Unknown.
Distribution.
Known only from the type locality.
National history.
In damp rocky areas, hiding between huge stones. They build simple sheet webs without a tube-retreat.
Discussion
Platnick & Jäger (2009) pointed out that the number of thickened setae in males of Ectatosticta deltshevi was four, whereas in E. davidi it was five to seven. However, it is necessary to examine more male specimens to learn more about the extent of variation. Based on the examination of all female specimens available, the extent of sclerotization of the spermathecae seems stable within the species. This study is currently being expanded to include molecular data and additional specimens from southwestern China and the Himalayas which will continue to increase our knowledge of Ectatosticta.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgements
The manuscript benefited greatly from comments by Facundo Martín Labarque, Peter Michalik and Ivan L. F. Magalhaes. Sarah Crews kindly checked the language. Zhigang Chen, Zilong Bai, Xiaoqing Zhang and Jincheng Liu (all IZCAS) and Jiazhou Lu (Shaanxi, Xi’an) helped in field work. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC-31530067) to Shuqiang Li.
Citation
Lin Y, Li S (2020) Taxonomic studies on the genus Ectatosticta (Araneae, Hypochilidae) from China, with descriptions of two new species. ZooKeys 954: 17–29. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.954.52254
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