Abstract
Background
Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) with instillation and dwell time (NPWTi-d) includes periodic instillation of topical solution into the wound followed by a negative pressure. Our objective was to evaluate potential differences in wound outcomes in patients receiving NPWT and those receiving NPWTi-d using saline.
Methods
An analysis was performed using two previously published independent studies from a single investigator and hospital to compare patient characteristics and clinical outcomes of infected wounds from 74 NPWT-treated patients with 42 NPWTi-d-treated patients.
Results
Patient demographics and comorbidities, wound etiologies, and anatomical locations of wounds were similar between groups, although a significantly higher percentage of NPWT-treated patients had end-stage renal disease (P = 0.0119). Compared with patients treated with standard NPWT, NPWTi-d-treated patients had a significantly lower number of operations (P = 0.0048), shorter length of hospital stay (P = 0.0443), shorter time to final surgical procedure (P = 0.0001), higher percentage of closed wounds (P = 0.0004), and a higher percentage of wounds that remained closed at one month (P = 0.0001).
Conclusions
The results of this analysis suggest that management of infected wounds with NPWTi-d using saline leads to favorable wound outcomes when compared to those managed with NPWT.
Keywords: negative pressure wound therapy, instillation, chronic wounds, wound healing
Introduction
Increased patient morbidity and mortality, length of hospital stay, and costs are associated with infection in both acute and chronic wounds [1]. Wound infection management strategies include the use of antibiotics and the removal of infectious materials. While numerous advanced wound care products assist in the management of wound infection, negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) utilizes negative pressure to remove exudate and infectious materials from wounds. The resulting negative pressure draws wound edges together and promotes angiogenesis and granulation tissue formation in the wound bed [2-5].
NPWT has evolved to include the periodic instillation of topical wound solutions directly over the wound bed, followed by removal using negative pressure. This NPWT with instillation and dwell time (NPWTi-d) utilizes the same properties of NPWT with the added benefit of wound cleansing [6]. NPWTi-d has been reported to promote wound cleansing, granulation tissue development, and healing in wounds that did not respond to traditional NPWT [7-9]. The comparative effectiveness of NPWTi-d using normal saline, a recommended first-line NPWTi-d solution, versus standard NPWT has not been adequately assessed in previous studies [10-12]. Our objective was to evaluate potential differences in wound outcomes in patients at an institution receiving NPWT and those receiving NPWTi-d with saline.
Materials and methods
An analysis was performed using two independent previously published studies from a single investigator and hospital to compare patient characteristics and clinical outcomes of infected wounds from 74 NPWT-treated patients from the article’s retrospective control cohort (control group) with 42 NPWTi-d-treated patients from the article’s per protocol population (study group) [13,14]. As previously described, all patients underwent excisional debridement in the operating room and received parenteral or oral antibiotics [13,14]. The control group received continuous negative pressure at -125 mmHg using NPWT (INFOV.A.C.™ Therapy System, KCI, San Antonio, TX) [13]. The study group received NPWTi-d (V.A.C. VERAFLO™ Therapy, KCI, San Antonio, TX) with instillation of 0.9% saline with a dwell time of 20 minutes followed by two hours of negative pressure (-125 mmHg) [14]. Outcomes assessed included the number of operations, time to final surgery, length of hospital stay, wound closure, and percentage of wounds that remained closed at one month. Wound closure was defined as coverage of wound through delayed primary closure, skin graft, or flap. Statistical significance was determined using a t-test for continuous variables or Fisher’s exact test for categorical values. Results were considered statistically significant at a P-value ≤0.05.
Results
The mean age of patients in the control group (n = 74) and the study group (n = 42) was 58.0 ± 13.0 years and 60.7 ± 15.1 years, respectively (Table 1). Patient demographics, comorbidities, wound etiologies, and anatomical locations of wounds were similar between groups, although a significantly higher percentage of NPWT-treated patients had end-stage renal disease (P = 0.0119) (Tables 1, 2).
Table 1. Patient demographics and comorbidities.
BMI = body mass index; ESRD = end-stage renal disease; PVD = peripheral vascular disease; SD = standard deviation
| Characteristics | Control Group (n = 74) | Study Group (n = 42) | P-value |
| Age, years (mean ± SD) | 58.0 ± 13.0 | 60.7 ± 15.1 | 0.3202 |
| BMI, kg/m2 (mean ± SD) | 32 ± 9.1 | 29.1 ± 8.2 | 0.0913 |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.2429 | ||
| Male | 38 (51.0) | 27 (64.0) | |
| Female | 36 (49.0) | 15 (36.0) | |
| Race, n (%) | 0.0995 | ||
| African American | 21 (28.0) | 19 (51.4) | |
| Caucasian | 39 (53.0) | 17 (45.9) | |
| Hispanic | 2 (6.0) | 0 (0) | |
| Asian | 1 (3.0) | 1 (2.7) | |
| Other race | 6 (8.0) | 0 (0) | |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||
| ESRD | 22 (30.0) | 4 (9.5) | 0.0119 |
| PVD | 27 (36.0) | 9 (21.4) | 0.1004 |
| History of cancer | 6 (8.0) | 6 (14.3) | 0.3477 |
Table 2. Wound type and anatomical location.
AKA = above-knee amputation; BKA = below-knee amputation; TMA = transmetatarsal amputation
| Characteristic | Control Group (n = 74) | Study Group (n = 42) |
| Wound type, n (%) | ||
| Ischemic | 17 (23.0) | 6 (14.3) |
| Neuropathic | 16 (22.0) | 14 (33.3) |
| Decubitus | 16 (22.0) | 4 (9.5) |
| Surgical | 17 (23.0) | 13 (31) |
| Venous insufficiency | 3 (4.0) | 2 (4.8) |
| Traumatic | 4 (5.0) | 1 (2.4) |
| Other | 3 (4.0) | 1 (4.8) |
| Anatomical location, n (%) | ||
| Forefoot | 12 (16.0) | 10 (23.8) |
| Midfoot | 12 (16.0) | 2 (4.8) |
| Hindfoot | 22 (30.0) | 3 (7.1) |
| TMA site | 1 (1.0) | 6 (14.3) |
| Ankle | 7 (9.0) | 7 (16.7) |
| Lower leg | 7 (9.0) | 5 (11.9) |
| BKA/AKA | 1 (1.0) | 1 (2.4) |
| Knee | 1 (1.0) | 3 (7.1) |
| Thigh | 3 (4.0) | 0 (0) |
| Back/buttock | 2 (3.0) | 3 (7.1) |
| Abdomen | 5 (7.0) | 2 (4.8) |
| Arm | 1 (1.0) | 0 (0) |
Compared with the control group patients, the study group patients had a significantly lower number of operations (P = 0.0048), shorter length of hospital stay (P = 0.0443), and shorter time to final surgical procedure (P = 0.0001). Additionally, higher percentage of closed wounds (P = 0.0004) and higher percentage of wounds that remained closed at one month (P = 0.0001) were observed in the study group (Table 3).
Table 3. Clinical outcomes.
SD = standard deviation
| Characteristic | Control Group (n = 74) | Study Group (n = 42) | P-value |
| Number of operations (mean ± SD) | 3.0 ± 0.9 | 2.5 ± 0.9 | 0.0048 |
| Length of hospital stay, days (mean ± SD) | 14.9 ± 9.2 | 11.7 ± 6.0 | 0.0443 |
| Time to final procedure, days (mean ± SD) | 9.2 ± 5.2 | 5.6 ± 3.6 | 0.0001 |
| Wound closure/coverage, n (%) | 46 (62) | 39 (92.9) | 0.0004 |
| Wounds remained closed at one month, n (%) | 28 (37.8) | 32 (82.1) | 0.0001 |
Discussion
Wound infection can create a barrier to healing and increase patient morbidity and healthcare costs [1]. While treatment includes the use of bacteria-specific antibiotics, advanced wound therapies play an important role in wound management during treatment. NPWT can help manage wounds through the use of negative pressure to remove exudate and infectious materials. NPWT use in infected wounds has been reported as safe for patients [15,16]. Product advancements have led to the addition of wound cleansing to NPWT, which may provide an additional wound management option to patients with infected wounds. This study examined differences in wound outcomes in patients with infected wounds at one institution receiving either NPWT or NPWTi-d using saline.
NPWT uses macrostrain and microstrain resulting from negative pressure to draw wound edges together, remove infectious materials and exudate, reduce edema, and promote angiogenesis and granulation tissue formation in the wound bed [2-5]. NPWTi-d utilizes these same properties with the added benefit of wound cleansing with the instillation of topical wound solutions [6]. However, while the clinical benefit of NPWTi-d use has been shown, limited published evidence exists for NPWTi-d use in infected wounds.
In this study, significantly lower number of operations, shorter length of hospital stay, shortened time to final procedure, higher percentage of closed wounds, and higher percentage of wounds that remained closed at the one-month follow-up visit were reported in the NPWTi-d group. These results are similar to those reported by Gabriel et al. and Omar et al. [11,12]. However, patients received either saline or a polyhexanide instillation solution in the Gabriel et al. study. Additionally, while a shorter hospital stay and time to wound closure were observed in the NPWTi-d group in the Omar et al. study, these were not statistically significant compared to the NPWT group [12]. The results of this analysis suggest that management of infected wounds with NPWTi-d using saline leads to favorable wound outcomes when compared to those managed with NPWT.
The retrospective nature and the analysis of only two previously published studies are limitations to this work. Limited data exist for the use of NPWTi-d in infected wounds [13,14]. The publications that were available for comparison used polyhexanide and saline instillation solutions with limited numbers of patients in each. Instead of a meta-analysis, we opted to assess patients treated by one clinician at one hospital using to provide a more direct comparison. Caution should be used when interpreting the conclusions of this study due to the limited scope of the analysis. Future, large-scale, controlled cohort studies are warranted to further assess the potential benefits associated with NPWTi-d use in the management of infected wounds.
Conclusions
The results indicate that wound cleansing combined with NPWT may provide an additional clinical benefit in the management of infected wounds. However, due to the limited analysis, conclusions should be interpreted with caution. Future studies assessing the potential benefits of NPWTi-d use in the management of infected wounds are necessary.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Julie M. Robertson, PhD (3M) and John D. Short, PhD (3M) for assistance with manuscript preparation and editing.
The content published in Cureus is the result of clinical experience and/or research by independent individuals or organizations. Cureus is not responsible for the scientific accuracy or reliability of data or conclusions published herein. All content published within Cureus is intended only for educational, research and reference purposes. Additionally, articles published within Cureus should not be deemed a suitable substitute for the advice of a qualified health care professional. Do not disregard or avoid professional medical advice due to content published within Cureus.
Funding Statement
PJ Kim and CE Attinger are consultants for KCI. R Silverman and L Griffin are employees of 3M.
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Human Ethics
Consent was obtained by all participants in this study
Animal Ethics
Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue.
References
- 1.The development and content validation of a multidisciplinary, evidence-based wound infection prevention and treatment guideline. Zakhary SA, Davey C, Bari R, et al. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29166260/ Ostomy Wound Manage. 2017;63:18–29. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.The consistent delivery of negative pressure to wounds using reticulated, open cell foam and regulated pressure feedback. McNulty A, Spranger I, Courage J, Green J, Wilkes R, Rycerz A. https://www.woundsresearch.com/content/consistent-delivery-negative-pressure-wounds-using-reticulated-open-cell-foam-and-regulated- Wounds. 2010;22:114–120. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.3D strain measurement in soft tissue: demonstration of a novel inverse finite element model algorithm on microCT images of a tissue phantom exposed to negative pressure wound therapy. Wilkes R, Zhao Y, Cunningham K, Kieswetter K, Haridas B. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2009;2:272–287. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2008.10.006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Vacuum-assisted closure: microdeformations of wounds and cell proliferation. Saxena V, Hwang CW, Huang S, Eichbaum Q, Ingber D, Orgill DP. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;114:1086–1096. doi: 10.1097/01.prs.0000135330.51408.97. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Negative pressure wound therapy: past, present and future. Orgill DP, Bayer LR. Int Wound J. 2013;10:15–19. doi: 10.1111/iwj.12170. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Negative pressure wound therapy with instillation: international consensus guidelines update. Kim PJ, Attinger CE, Constantine T, et al. Int Wound J. 2020;17:174–186. doi: 10.1111/iwj.13254. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Integrated negative pressure wound therapy system with volumetric automated fluid instillation in wounds at risk for compromised healing. Gabriel A. Int Wound J. 2012;9:25–31. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-481X.2012.01014.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Sterile-water negative pressure instillation therapy for complex wounds and NPWT failures. Fluieraru S, Bekara F, Naud M, Herlin C, Faure C, Trial C, Téot L. J Wound Care. 2013;22:293–299. doi: 10.12968/jowc.2013.22.6.293. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Negative pressure wound therapy with saline instillation: 131 patient case series. Brinkert D, Ali M, Naud M, Maire N, Trial C, Téot L. Int Wound J. 2013;10:56–60. doi: 10.1111/iwj.12176. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Negative pressure wound therapy with instillation: review of evidence and recommendations. Kim PJ, Attinger CE, Crist BD, et al. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26966814/ Wounds. 2015;27:0. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Use of negative pressure wound therapy with automated, volumetric instillation for the treatment of extremity and trunk wounds: clinical outcomes and potential cost-effectiveness. Gabriel A, Kahn K, Karmy-Jones R. http://www.eplasty.com/archives/25-volume-14-eplasty-2014/1377-use-of-negative-pressure-wound-therapy-with-automated. Eplasty. 2014;14:41. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.A comparative study of negative pressure wound therapy with and without instillation of saline on wound healing. Omar M, Gathen M, Liodakis E, Suero EM, Krettek C, Zeckey C, Petri M. J Wound Care. 2016;25:475–478. doi: 10.12968/jowc.2016.25.8.475. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.The impact of negative-pressure wound therapy with instillation compared with standard negative-pressure wound therapy: a retrospective, historical, cohort, controlled study. Kim PJ, Attinger CE, Steinberg JS, et al. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2014;133:709–716. doi: 10.1097/01.prs.0000438060.46290.7a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Comparison of outcomes for normal saline and an antiseptic solution for negative-pressure wound therapy with instillation. Kim PJ, Attinger CE, Oliver N, Garwood C, Evans KK, Steinberg JS, Lavery LA. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;136:657–664. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000001709. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Negative pressure wound therapy in acute, contaminated wounds: documenting its safety and efficacy to support current global practice. Shweiki E, Gallagher KE. Int Wound J. 2013;10:13–43. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-481X.2012.00940.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.The effectiveness of negative pressure therapy on infected wounds: preliminary results. Lo Torto F, Ruggiero M, Parisi P, Borab Z, Sergi M, Carlesimo B. Int Wound J. 2017;14:909–914. doi: 10.1111/iwj.12725. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]