The recent evidence on the effectiveness of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) with large-vessel occlusion1 has led to rethinking of the patient workflow. Indeed, the need to rapidly bring the patients eligible for MT into the angiography suite has caused the neurologists, interventional neuroradiologists, and anesthesiologists to find new routines to minimize, as much as possible, the time between symptom onset and the recanalization by endovascular means.1–3 The main reason for this rationalization of patient management is that time to recanalization has a dramatic influence on the neurologic outcome. For instance, it has been shown in the meta-analysis of Saver et al (2016)1 that for every 4 minutes' delay in emergency department door-to-reperfusion time, 1 of every 100 treated patients had a worse disability outcome, leading to a lower benefit of MT initiated 7.3 hours after symptom onset.
One of the options proposed to reduce this critical delay is to perform the triage directly in the angiography suite. Indeed, most of the manufacturers have developed new imaging tools to obtain, in the angiography suite, via a conebeam CT acquisition with flat panel technology, unenhanced C-arm CT, C-arm CT angiography, and perfusion acquisitions using intravenous contrast material injection. Even if the accuracy of flat panel conebeam CT perfusion has still to be demonstrated, this technique may be helpful in detecting hypoperfused brain tissue that would benefit from revascularization.
This “all-inclusive” option with C-arm CT acquisitions seems, at first glance, very seductive because it reduces the delay between imaging acquisition and groin puncture and thus the revascularization time.
However, in our opinion, some limitations weaken the validity of this workflow. Indeed, in our institution (Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital), <30% of patients with sudden onset of neurologic deficit (ie, suspicion of acute ischemic stroke) will be eligible for mechanical thrombectomy, with the remaining patients having AIS without large-vessel occlusion or parenchymal hematoma or stroke mimics. Screening all these patients in the angiography suite would be a considerable waste of time and not cost-effective. Indeed, the average time to set up the patient on the angiography suite table is approximately 5 minutes. The acquisition time for flat panel CT, CTA, and CT perfusion is at least 5–10 minutes. If no stroke is depicted, the angiography suite should be cleaned with a strict protocol of biocleaning (ISO7 standard) to prevent any infectious risk, because angiography suites are considered as surgical operating rooms. This biocleaning lasts at least 30 minutes. Thus, for a stroke mimic or a hematoma, the angiography suite will not be available for other procedures for at least 45 minutes to 1 hour. Due to the volume of patients admitted with suspected AIS in academic centers and to the low rate of patients who finally undergo MT among them, many patients will have a “futile” imaging in the angiography suite (ie, imaging that will not lead to an endovascular procedure).
In our opinion, triage in the angiography suite could be a potentially good option only in centers with a low volume of elective cases and/or in centers where the MR imaging or CT is rarely available or very distant geographically from the angiography suite.
One could argue that a dedicated angiography suite only for MT could be an option to overcome this limitation. However, it would not be cost-effective because the flow of patients with AIS requiring MT is highly variable.
Others would advocate that patients should be referred directly to the angiography suite on the basis of triage using clinical scores.4 However, it has been shown that such scores are not accurate enough to depict AIS with large-vessel occlusion.5
In conclusion, rethinking the workflow of patients with AIS who need MT is a major leap forward to improve the functional outcome for these patients. However, it should not penalize the other patients treated in our hospitals. These improved workflows should remain cost-effective to be valid; our enthusiasm should not lead us to use a sledgehammer to crack a nut.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank M. Pierre Grare and Bénédicte Ibert for their help in the English editing of the manuscript.
Footnotes
Disclosures: Frédéric Clarençon—UNRELATED: Consultancy: Balt, Medtronic, Codman Neurovascular. Nader-Antoine Sourour—UNRELATED: Consultancy: Balt, Medtronic.
References
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