aDivision of Infection and Immunity, University College London, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
bSpecial Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
cMedical Laboratory Sciences Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
dDepartment of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
eDivision of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
fMass Gatherings and Global Health Network, London, United Kingdom
gResearch & Innovation Centre, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, and College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
hHubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
⁎Corresponding author at: Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA.
1All authors contributed equally.