Figure 11.

Directly Digital Modulation Based on the Programmable Metamaterial

(A) Schematic illustration of the working mechanism of the proposed DDM system.

(B) Meta-atom of the programmable metamaterials, which shows distinct current distributions and reflection phases under the 0 and 1 states.

(C–F) Measurement results of the DDM wireless communication system.

(G) The variation of numbers of the available digital states before and after the optimization treatment as the noise level increases from 0 to 1.