Fever with Rash is One of the First Presentations of COVID-19 in Children: A Case Report

Abstract

Introduction

Clinical presentations of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vary among patients, which make a confusing challenge for clinicians to diagnose the disease. While the disease is not rare, but the symptoms may be atypical in children.

Case Presentation

A 12-month-old boy with fever and rash without respiratory complaints at the onset of the disease presented to the hospital. His illness was then accompanied by severe anemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypoxemia, and pleural effusion. The nasopharyngeal swab polymerase chain reaction test was positive for the novel coronavirus. Despite primary normal lung imaging, the second imaging was typical for the disease on the third day of admission.

Discussion

Dermatologic manifestations of the novel coronavirus infection are not rare during the illness but rarely occur at the onset of the disease. Information about the cutaneous manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 and its time interval from the onset of the disease in children are not clear yet. Severe anemia, hypoalbuminemia, and pleural effusion are not reported as classic findings of the novel SARS-CoV-2. They may be considered as a consequence of the hyperinflammatory response or direct effect of the virus.

Conclusion

As a different manifestation of SARS-CoV-2, infected children may initially present fever and rash. More studies are needed to discover the cause of these complications. The correct answer may lead to better insight and more effective treatment.

Introduction

Since December 2019, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has become a breathtaking challenge among healthcare providers and governments worldwide. In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced a Pandemic situation, and until now, unfortunately, this pathogen has had thousands of victims infected and died.¹

Mostly human coronavirus infections cause mild health issues; however, already two beta viruses from the same family of the novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS) have emerged as fatal outbreaks worldwide.^2,3

The clinical presentations of SARS-CoV-2 are different for various patients, which made its diagnosis a challenging task for healthcare providers. Fever, dry cough, dyspnea, myalgia, diarrhea, etc. are the most frequent presentations of the SARS-CoV-2.⁴

In children, it seems that the novel coronavirus mostly appears as a mild condition; however, in some cases, it may have fatal consequences.^5–8

Although the dermatologic presentations are not rare in adults, some cutaneous lesions such as erythematous rash, widespread urticaria, and chickenpox-like vesicles are reported recently.^6,9

There are some reports of simultaneous presentation of skin rash and SARS-CoV-2 in children, who are mostly reported as Hyper-inflammatory shock or Kawasaki disease.^10,11

The current study aimed to report an infant, firstly presented with fever and rash, subsequently accompanied by hypoalbuminemia, anemia, and respiratory distress with the diagnosis of COVID-19. To the best knowledge of the authors, it is the first report of this presentation in children with the novel coronavirus.

Case Report

Before Admission

A 12-month-old boy was presented to the emergency department of Bu-Ali Sina hospital in Sari, north of Iran, in April 2020, with the chief complaint of fever and skin rashes.

Written informed consent was signed by the patient’s parents to allow any case information and any accompanying medical images published. This report is a substudy of clinical and paraclinical characteristics of COVID-19 that is approved in the relevant university committee (ethical code IR.MAZUMS.REC.1398.7277).

Fever was begun 4 days before the admission and was 39-degree centigrade (measured using an axillary device at home).

On the second day of illness, the febrile child developed skin rashes starting from the soles symmetrically and ascending to the trunk, and finally, the face was engaged. Parents did not report any history of itching, pain, or burning sensation of the rashes. Besides, they declared no history of allergy to food, drugs, etc.

The vaccination was done completely according to Iran’s national vaccination program. Developmental history revealed no problem. From the start of the illness course, parents reported that the child had a history of receiving azithromycin only in a single dose. Parents were nurses and were infected with the novel coronavirus during the past 20 days. They had direct contact with the child during their infection.

The First Day of Admission

Examination in the emergency room (ER) revealed an ill-appearing child with a 38.2 degrees centigrade axillary temperature. Blood pressure was 100/60 mm Hg. The pulse rate and respiratory rate were 98 and 22 per minute, respectively.

The dermatologic examination revealed erythematous maculopapular erythema multiform like targetoid rashes with faded centers on the trunk and lower extremities as well as erythematous patches on the face (Figure 1). The skin was mildly edematous but was not pruritus.

Figure 1.

Dermatologic manifestations of the SARS-CoV-2 in infected infants. The facial rash on admission day (A); rashes on the face, trunk and exterimites  on the second day of admission (B-G).

Palms and soles were involved, but mucosal membranes were spared (Figure 1F).

The oropharynx and tonsils were erythematous, but examination for lymphadenopathy indicated a negative result. No rhinorrhea and otitis was observed, but the child had mucopurulent discharge from the right eye, indicating conjunctivitis.

Intercostal retraction, tachypnea, and other signs of respiratory distress were not observed during the patient examination in the ER.

The child was admitted with suspicion of COVID-19 infection. Supportive care, including sufficient hydration and ceftriaxone (40 mg per kg, every 12 hours), was administered.

A blood specimen was drawn for laboratory investigations, and Reverse-Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) was used for ruling in SARS-CoV-2 infection. The laboratory results are described in Table 1. RT-PCR from nasopharynx for COVID-19 (E gene) was positive.

Table 1.

Laboratory Results of the SARS-CoV-2 Infected Infant

Day of Admission	WBC (×106/L)	NEUT (%)	LYMPH (%)	HGB (g/dl)	PLT (×106/L)	CRP (mg/L)	ESR	Alb (g/dl)	BUN (mg/dl)	Cr (mg/dl)	BC (BACTEC)
1st Day	8200	65	29	10.8	189,000	96	54	3.4	528	0.7	No Growth
3rd Day	14,500	58	29	7.5	141,000	26	60	2.2	16	0.4	NA
4th Day	11,100	50	45	11.7	158,000	NA	NA	2.4	NA	NA	NA

Abbreviations: WBC, white blood cells count; Neut, neutrophil; Lymph, lymphocyte; HGB, hemoglobin; PLT, platelet count; CRP, C reactive protein; ESR, estimated sedimentation rate (1 hour); Alb, serum albumin; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Cr, serum creatinine; BC, blood culture; NA, not assessed.

The first-day admission chest X-ray and high-resolution CT scan (HRCT) did not show any typical clue to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

The Second Day of Admission

The general health condition of the patient was deteriorated, edema progressed on extremities, and the child developed tachypnea, moderate stridor, intercostal retraction, and overall respiratory distress. The measured O2 saturation decreased down to 87% on room air, which indicated the necessity of oxygenation using a facial mask (5–8 liters per minute) and pediatric intensive-care unit admission.

Hydroxychloroquine (5 mg per kg Daily), syrup cetirizine (2.5 milliliters Daily), intravenous immunoglobulin (1 gram per kg), zinc gluconate (20 mg Daily), albumin (1 gram per kg of 10% solution), and vitamin D (cholecalciferol 1000 IU orally Daily) were administered.

Echocardiography showed mild mitral valve regurgitation, and the coronary arteries were in the normal range.

On the third day, the patient was still febrile with the higher temperature detected (39-degree centigrade axillary), and his general health condition was still trending downward. The situation necessitated the administration of meropenem (30 mg per kg every 8 hours), instead of continuing ceftriaxone. The second lung HRCT scan showed patchy infiltration, pleural effusion, ground-glass opacity, and halo sign in both lungs. (Figure 2)

Figure 2.

On admission chest X-ray and 3rd-day lung CT scan of infants infected with SARS-CoV-2.

The chest sonography also showed bilateral moderate pleural effusion of the lungs. Abdominal sonography revealed normal intra-abdominal and pelvic organs.

A significant drop in hemoglobin necessitated the transfusion of packed red blood cells (10 milliliters per kg). Evaluation for glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, stool exam for occult blood, and coombs tests were not conclusive.

On the fifth day, general health condition improved, edema started to disappear, and skin rashes faded progressively without any remained hypo or hyperpigmented scar.

On the eighth day of admission, the patient was hospitalized at the pediatric infectious diseases ward, skin rashes were mostly disappeared, and edema was disappeared completely.

Finally, after more than 24 hours of stable clinical condition, the child was discharged on the 10th day of admission.

Discussion

Most of SARS-CoV-2 cases experienced fever, myalgia, dry cough, and respiratory illness at the onset of the disease. In children, the novel coronavirus mostly appears as a mild condition; however, in some cases causes fatal consequences.^5,8

In the current case report, we described the SARS-CoV-2 in an infant who was presented with fever and rash without respiratory complaints at the onset of the disease accompanied by severe anemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypoxemia, and pleural effusion in the hospitalization period.

Dermatologic manifestations of the novel coronavirus infection are not rare during the illness. This is the first report of the simultaneous presentation of fever and rash as the initial presentation of SARS-CoV-2 in children.

Different skin lesions such as vesicular eruptions, pseudo chilblain, erythema multiform like lesions, palmar erythema, erythematous rash, etc. are observed in patients infected with COVID-19.^6,9,12–14 In a report on adult patients, 20.4% (out of 88 patients) developed cutaneous lesions.⁹

Fever and rash were the first presenting symptoms in our case. Although information about the cutaneous manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 and its timing from the onset of the disease are clear in children, some studies conducted on adults reported the cutaneous manifestation as the first presentation of the COVID-19 (a study conducted on 88 adult patients, reported this presentation in 9% of participants).⁹

In an infant presented with fever and rash, differential diagnoses are viral exanthema, some bacterial infections, immunologic reactions, and rheumatologic diseases.

Our patient could not fulfill the criteria for toxic shock syndrome (TSS), and his blood culture (BACTEC) was negative.

In the absence of contact history and specific laboratory exam, leptospirosis, which is endemic in the north of Iran, was ruled out.

The coincidence of Kawasaki disease and SARS-CoV-2 is reported in some studies.¹⁰ Incomplete Kawasaki disease was in the differential diagnosis, but the diagnosis criteria were not fulfilled.

As reported in a study that investigated the coronavirus NL63,¹⁵ acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy is one of the first diagnoses. Although in the clinical course, it was found that this diagnosis is less accurate.

During the hospitalization, the child was complicated with generalized edema and hypoalbuminemia, which both are among the rare manifestations of coronavirus infection and their incidence is rarely reported in children.¹¹ There are also some reports about MERS infection in adults, in which hypoalbuminemia was detected in the infected patients.¹⁶

No sign of intestinal or renal loss of protein was found in our case; Also, he did not have any background disease or failure to thrive. The question is, “what is the leading cause of hypoalbuminemia”. It may be due to the cytokine storm, immunologic process, or vasculitis.

As the disease was progressing, the level of hemoglobin was significantly decreasing, which requires further investigation. Anemia is not common among children infected with SARS-CoV-2, although a case report mentioned to this issue.⁸ In the current study, the rapid decrease of hemoglobin concentration was simultaneous with the worsening of illness.

It may be a sign of acute intravascular hemolysis or microvascular thrombosis as a part of an immunologic reaction.¹¹ Thus, we may attribute the anemia to the illness itself or immune-mediated anemia.

Pleural effusion is a rare manifestation of SARS-CoV-2, particularly in children.^17,18 Our case was complicated because of significant pleural effusion, conversely.

Although it is presumed that the pleural effusion may be due to hypoalbuminemia, it may be a consequence of systemic inflammatory response. In complicated cases or for screening tests, an RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 can be helpful to have a better diagnosis.¹⁹

Limitations

Unfortunately, parents did not consent to take a biopsy of the skin lesions. Consequently, the exact pathological diagnosis for the lesions stays blurred.

Conclusion

This is the first announced case of an infected child with SARS-CoV-2 that had different manifestations, including fever, rash, anemia, anasarca edema, hypoalbuminemia, and pleural effusion. Understanding the exact reason for such presentations needs further investigation.

Informed Consent

Informed consent for publication was obtained from the patient’s parent.

Disclosure

The authors declare no conflict of interest.