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West China Journal of Stomatology logoLink to West China Journal of Stomatology
. 2020 Aug;38(4):449–453. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7518/hxkq.2020.04.017

程序性死亡受体-1及其配体在口腔鳞状细胞癌中的研究进展

Development of programmed death receptor-1 and programmed death receptor-1 ligand in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Zhihong Chen 1, Yadong Wu 2,
Editor: 李 彩
PMCID: PMC7426694  PMID: 32865367

Abstract

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common malignant tumor in the oral and maxillofacial region. At present, the treatment of OSCC is mainly based on surgical oriented comprehensive sequence therapy, especially the triple therapy of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, the overall five-year survival rate is relatively low. Therefore, researching the pathogenesis and treatment methods of OSCC is important. The immune checkpoint of programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) and programmed death receptor-1 ligand (PD-L1) have been the focus of research in recent years. Several studies have shown that the high expression of PD-1/PD-L1 in most OSCC microenvironments may contribute to the immune escape of tumors. In this study, the research status of immune checkpoint of PD-1/PD-L1 and its relevant inhibitors in OSCC were reviewed.

Keywords: programmed death receptor-1, programmed death receptor-1 ligand, oral squamous cell carcinoma


口腔鳞状细胞癌(oral squamous cells carcinoma,OSCC)是一种常见的口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤[1][2]。目前对于OSCC的治疗主要是以手术为主的综合序列治疗,尤其是手术与放疗、化疗相结合的三联疗法,但其总体5年生存率仅为60%左右[3]。因此,对OSCC发病机制及治疗的研究就显得极其重要。免疫检查点程序性死亡受体-1(programmed death receptor-1,PD-1)和程序性死亡受体-1配体(programmed death receptor-1 ligand,PD-L1)是近年来的研究热点,其在多种肿瘤微环境中高表达[4][6]。OSCC微环境中肿瘤细胞可以通过PD-L1与肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞(tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes,TILs)PD-1相结合激活PD-1/PD-L1信号通路,从而实现肿瘤免疫逃逸。因此,特异性地阻断TILs PD-1与肿瘤细胞PD-L1相结合的免疫治疗逐渐成为肿瘤治疗的热点。本文就PD-1/PD-L1信号通路在OSCC中的研究进展作一综述。

1. PD-1/PD-L1信号通路及免疫应答机制

PD-1又称CD279,属于CD28/CTLA-4/ICOS协同刺激分子受体家族中一员,参与细胞凋亡过程。PD-1广泛表达于活化的T细胞、B细胞以及单核细胞等[7][8]。PD-1配体包括PD-L1(CD274或B7-H1)和PD-L2(CD273或B7-DC),均属于B7超家族成员。PD-L1主要表达在肿瘤细胞、活化T细胞、B细胞、巨噬细胞和树突状细胞[9],而PD-L2则只表达在活化的巨噬细胞、树突状细胞以及少许肿瘤细胞[10][11]。因此,在肿瘤的免疫逃逸中主要涉及PD-1/PD-L1信号通路。

PD-1与PD-L1相互结合后,促使PD-1胞质内免疫受体酪氨酸转换基序(immunoreceptor tyrosine based switch motif,ITSM)结构域中的酪氨酸磷酸化,引起其下游蛋白激酶Syk和PI3K去磷酸化,抑制AKT和ERK通道的激活,从而抑制T细胞活化相关基因和细胞因子的转录及翻译[10]。在正常生理条件下,机体可以通过PD-1/PD-L1通路传递负性调节信号,不致过度免疫反应。而在肿瘤微环境中,肿瘤细胞通过高表达PD-L1与TILs PD-1结合,异常激活该通路,避免免疫细胞对肿瘤细胞的杀伤[12][13]。目前认为PD-1/PD-L1促进肿瘤细胞免疫逃逸的机制主要有以下几个方面:1)PD-1和PD-L1相结合后导致T细胞功能紊乱,促使T细胞的中和及耗竭,并且抑制T细胞介导的肿瘤细胞杀伤作用[14];2)PD-L1与PD-1相结合后负向调控效应T细胞的激活[14];3)PD-1促进Treg细胞的形成,并且通过Treg细胞持续表达PD-1,形成肿瘤免疫抑制环境[14];4)PD-L1与上皮细胞间质化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)密切相关,PD-L1+/EMT+患者的生存率低于PD-L1/EMT患者[15];5)PD-L1与肿瘤耐药有关[16],还能促进T细胞凋亡[17]

2. PD-1/PD-L1在OSCC进展中的作用

自从PD-1[8]及PD-L1[18]分别于1992年及1999年被发现以来,越来越多对OSCC的研究逐渐聚焦于免疫检查点PD-1/PD-L1,同样在多数OSCC微环境中PD-1/PD-L1的表达异常增高[19][22]。Tsushima等[19]培养数种OSCC细胞株,应用流式细胞仪检测B7共刺激分子PD-L1、B7-DC的表达,结果大多数OSCC细胞株表达不同水平的PD-L1和 B7-DC,干扰素-γ刺激后二者的表达可明显上调。接着,Tsushima等[19]又对4例人舌癌标本行免疫组织化学染色,结果4例标本中只有PD-L1均呈阳性染色。为了进一步研究PD-L1在肿瘤生长中的作用,Tsushima等[19]将NR-S1肿瘤接种到C3H小鼠后,用抗PD-L1或抗PD-1单抗治疗,结果抗PD-L1或抗PD-1单抗对肿瘤生长有明显的抑制作用。因此,Tsushima等[19]认为,OSCC主要诱导B7家族分子中PD-L1的产生,阻断PD-1/PD-L1通路可能是OSCC免疫治疗的新途径。Naruse等[22]对121例舌癌标本进行免疫组织化学染色,结果显示PD-1、PD-L1的阳性率分别为54.5%、57.9%,而在正常口腔上皮中PD-1和PD-L1则无表达。

虽然PD-1/PD-L1在多数OSCC中表达上升,但其能否作为OSCC预后的独立预测因素,目前尚有争议。Cho等[23]研究认为,OSCC中PD-L1的表达与临床病理特征无明显相关性。Troiano等[24]Meta分析研究表明,OSCC患者PD-L1高表达与预后不良无关,现有文献结果不支持通过免疫组织化学检测PD-L1的表达作为临床中预后的预测。但Weber等[20]报道OSCC肿瘤组织中PD-L1 mRNA表达升高,导致肿瘤微环境的免疫抑制,外周血中PD-L1在OSCC中的表达可作为判断OSCC淋巴结转移的指标之一。Maruse等[21]应用免疫组织化学检测97例OSCC组织中PD-L1和PD-1的表达,分析其表达模式与临床病理特征的关系,结果PD-L1表达增加的OSCC患者占64.9%,PD-1表达增加的OSCC患者占61.9%,单因素和多因素分析显示PD-L1和PD-1的表达增加与颈淋巴结转移呈正相关,CD25(活化T细胞标志物)的表达与PD-L1和PD-1呈负相关,PD-L1阳性组和PD-1阳性组表达的预后较PD-L1阴性组和PD-1阴性组差。这些研究结果提示PD-L1和PD-1的表达增加可能通过减弱免疫应答而参与癌症的进展,可预测淋巴结转移和不良预后。Maruse等[21]分析认为能否将PD-L1作为OSCC预后的独立预测因素各研究结果之间差异的原因主要在于:1)以往对头颈鳞状细胞癌的预后研究大多是通过免疫组织化学检测PD-L1的表达,而准确评价PD-L1/PD-1信号在肿瘤进展中的作用,需要检测PD-L1及癌巢周围浸润炎性细胞中PD-1的表达;2)本研究的样本量较少,尤其是晚期OSCC患者;3)肿瘤发生的位点不一样。这些关于PD-1和PD-L1表达的预后意义的相互矛盾的结果在其他实体肿瘤中也有被报道。de Vicente等[25]收集了125例OSCC患者的组织标本,其中男性82例,女性43例,中位年龄57岁,33%为不吸烟患者,50%以上为Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者,辅助放疗75例(60%),辅助化疗14例(11.2%);选取组织芯片后应用2种PD-L1单抗进行免疫组织化学染色,结果提示分别有24%和35%的肿瘤细胞中表达PD-L1。最后得出结论:PD-L1在超过10%的肿瘤细胞中的表达是OSCC不良预后的一个重要且独立的因素。Naruse等[22]将121例分别接受新辅助化疗+手术和单纯手术的舌癌组织标本行免疫组织化学染色,发现PD-1和PD-L1的表达与舌癌患者局部复发显著相关,PD-1/PD-L1阳性者5年疾病特异性生存率明显降低;进一步将新辅助化疗+手术组和单纯手术组中局部复发病例进行亚组分析,发现前者明显高表达PD-1和PD-L1,这些结果均提示,PD-1和PD-L1在预测舌癌局部复发、5年疾病特异性生存率及新辅助化疗疗效中具有重要作用。Naruse等[22]不推荐对舌癌患者进行新辅助化疗,而抑制PD-1/PD-L1通路可能是改善新辅助化疗后复发舌癌患者预后的一种策略。Oliveira-Costa等[26]认为PD-L1表达降低预示HNSCC患者预后不良。

近10年来,我国学者也开始关注PD-1/PD-L1在OSCC发生发展及诊治中的作用。张鹏等[27]检测口腔癌患者外周血中PD-1/PD-L1的表达水平,发现CD4+和CD8+T细胞表面PD-1、PD-L1及血清可溶性PD-L1表达显著升高,认为口腔癌患者外周血T细胞亚群存在免疫抑制,异常升高的可溶性PD-L1可能与口腔鳞癌的发生发展有关。王晓宁等[28]通过临床标本证实PD-L1在OSCC组织中高表达,并通过对OSCC细胞系HN4、HN6和CAL27细胞中PD-L1基因进行敲减,评价细胞增殖、克隆形成、迁移及侵袭能力,结果提示PD-L1敲减细胞的增殖、克隆形成、迁移和侵袭能力都减弱,因此他们认为PD-L1可能在OSCC的进展中发挥作用。Jiang等[29]将Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期OSCC患者切除肿瘤中的肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(tumor-associated macrophages,TAMs)和肿瘤细胞进行培养,发现TAMs中PD-L1上调,诱导T细胞凋亡的能力增强。外周血单核细胞与OSCC肿瘤细胞共同孵育后,PD-L1表达上调,并获得诱导T细胞凋亡的能力。这些结果提示OSCC可通过上调TAMs的PD-L1表达直接抑制肿瘤T细胞免疫。邹波等[30]通过Meta分析研究认为PD-L1的表达不能作为预测OSCC预后的独立因素,其表达与患者性别、肿瘤分化程度、人乳头状瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)感染显著相关。

3. PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂及其不良反应

免疫治疗是目前肿瘤治疗的一个热点,PD-1/PD-L1是促进肿瘤发生和发展的重要路径,因此,通过阻断该信号通路的免疫治疗是目前的研究方向。PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在药理学上可阻止PD-1/PD-L1相互作用,从而增强抗肿瘤免疫,杀伤肿瘤细胞。目前对于OSCC的治疗主要是以手术为主的综合序列治疗,5年生存率均不高。由于多数OSCC微环境中PD-1/PD-L1是异常增高的,因此从理论上来讲,将PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂应用于OSCC是可行的。

目前已有多种针对PD-1/PD-L1免疫检查点的药物通过了美国食品及药物管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)的批准而进入临床。如PD-1靶向药物Pembrolizumab、Nivolumab等,PD-L1靶向药物Atezolizumab、Durvalumab、Avelumab等,这些药物也被应用于多种恶性肿瘤[31]。目前,PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂已广泛应用头颈部鳞状细胞癌(head and neck squamous cell carcinoma,HNSCC)。Pembrolizumab于2016年被FDA批准应用于HNSCC中[32],其与多种实体肿瘤的持久抗肿瘤活性有关[33],并且多个研究[34][35]证明其在HNSCC的治疗中是有效的。近来,Cohen等[36]在20个国家的97个医疗中心进行了1项随机的临床Ⅲ期试验,研究结果显示Pembrolizumab能显著延长晚期头颈癌患者的生存期,其中部分患者可以存活3年甚至更长时间。Nivolumab是继Pembrolizumab第二个被FDA批准用于HNSCC的PD-1抑制剂,Nivolumab在较早的研究[37]中就被证实具有良好的耐受性和抗肿瘤活性。Ferris等[38]的研究表明,Nivolumab组HNSCC患者的总生存期明显长于对照组,并且Nivolumab组的1年生存率比对照组高约19个百分点,同时并发症较对照组低。在对HNSCC患者进行的一项随机临床试验中,Nivolumab较传统治疗明显更有生存优势[39]。Nivolumab联合其他抑制剂比单独使用Nivolumab有更好的疗效[40]。PD-L1抑制剂Durvalumab于2017年被FDA批准上市,最开始主要用于局部晚期或转移性尿路上皮癌。研究[41]表明,Durvalumab在HNSCC治疗中也是有效的,而且在PD-L1高表达的HNSCC中效果更好。

在这些免疫检查点抑制剂取得显著疗效的同时,也同样产生了免疫相关不良反应(immue-related adverse events,irAEs)。常见的irAEs有皮疹、瘙痒、恶心、腹泻、甲状腺功能减退等。对于irAEs的治疗以糖皮质激素为主,严重时需更换免疫抑制剂甚至血浆置换[42]。目前学者[43]也开始致力于研究持续靶向给药的方法,以期提高疗效,减少毒副作用。

4. 结语

近年来,随着越来越多的研究聚焦于免疫检查点PD-1/PD-L1,对PD-1/PD-L1与肿瘤环境之间关系的理解也越来越深。PD-1/PD-L1在OSCC的发生、发展、治疗及预后中具有重要作用,但相关研究仍相对较少,缺乏系统性研究,例如,PD-1/PD-L1在OSCC发生发展中的作用机制,PD-1/PD-L1对OSCC淋巴结转移及远处转移的影响,PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在OSCC中临床治疗效果及如何减少抑制剂所导致的irAEs,OSCC疗效预测及评估中PD-1/PD-L1的作用等。随着研究的进一步深入,相信PD-1/PD-L1及其抑制剂将在OSCC的诊治中发挥更大作用。

Footnotes

利益冲突声明:作者声明本文无利益冲突。

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