Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Springer Nature - PMC COVID-19 Collection logoLink to Springer Nature - PMC COVID-19 Collection
. 2020 Aug 15;2(9):1306–1312. doi: 10.1007/s42399-020-00426-6

Analysis of COVID-19 Cases and Public Measures in China

Chun-Song Hu 1,✉
PMCID: PMC7429092  PMID: 32838192

Abstract

This paper briefly analyzes COVID-19 cases during Wuhan lockdown and travel restrictions on 23 January 2020 to 23 June 2020, which included total confirmed, in critical condition, deaths, recovered, and suspected cases in China. Results showed that there were 28,942 suspected cases on February 8, 2020, at the peak; then, it almost declined continually to only several cases. Total confirmed cases were more than 80,000 on March 1, 2020, but less than 84,000, and deaths were more than 3000 on March 4, 2020, but less than 4640, totally, thanks for the right public measures for COVID-19 in China, such as the Wuhan City lockdown and travel restrictions for isolation; positive screening and testing; and establishing a Huoshenshan hospital, a Leishenshan hospital, and a number of Fangcang shelter hospitals, traditional Chinese medicine and a combination of Chinese and western medicine, and the launch of the clinical trials of antiviral drugs (Lianhua Qingwen, remdesivir, and chloroquine). In addition, the iRT-ABCDEF program is very useful to control domestic, imported, and asymptomatic cases. Cases in critical condition decrease continually after the peak of 11,977 cases on February 18, 2020, and recovered cases increase continually to over 78,400 cases due to these right public measures and effective treatments. In recent months, there are only 2 deaths and only about ten cases in critical condition. All in all, these public measures in China are confirmed to be very effective and are worth conducting in countries worldwide.

Keywords: COVID-19, Infectious disease, Prevention, Public heath, SARS-CoV-2

Introduction

The outbreak of a severe respiratory disease [1, 2] at the end of 2019 has already been controlled successfully in China. This emerging infectious disease was ever named a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia (NCP), and it is a major threat to public health according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Then, this coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 disease was named as COVID-19 by the WHO. Genome sequences from samples of patients confirmed that a novel RNA virus originated from its natural reservoir host—bats [3, 4]. But an animal just represents an intermediate host [5]. And pangolins should also be considered as possible hosts since metagenomic sequencing identified pangolin-associated coronaviruses [6]. The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a possible entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2 binding cell in humans. Here is a preliminary analysis of COVID-19 cases during Wuhan lockdown and travel restrictions on 23 January 2020 to 23 June 2020, which included total confirmed, in critical condition, deaths, recovered, and suspected cases in China.

Methods

Data Collections

Data were collected from January 23, 2020, the date of the Wuhan City lockdown and travel restrictions, to June 23, 2020. The information on total confirmed, in critical condition, deaths, recovered, and suspected cases was from the official website of the National Health Commission (http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/yqtb/list_gzbd.shtml), China.

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 17 software with t test for comparisons between two groups. P values < 0.05 were considered to denote statistical significance.

Results

Data (Table 1 and Table 2) showed that there was 28,942 suspected cases on February 8, 2020, at the peak; then, it almost declined continually to only several cases. Total confirmed cases were more than 80,000 on March 1, 2020, but less than 84,000, and deaths were more than 3000 on March 4, 2020, but less than 4640, totally, thanks for the right public measures for COVID-19 in China, such as the Wuhan City lockdown and travel restrictions for isolation; positive screening and testing; and establishing a Huoshenshan hospital, a Leishenshan hospital, and a number of Fangcang shelter hospitals, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and a combination of Chinese and western medicine, and the launch of the clinical trials of antiviral drugs (Lianhua Qingwen, remdesivir, and chloroquine, etc.). Cases in critical condition decreased continually after the peak of 11,977 cases on February 18, 2020, and recovered cases increased continually to over 78,400 due to these right public measures and effective treatments (Fig. 1). In recent months, there are only 2 deaths and only about ten cases in critical condition.

Table 1.

Data on COVID-19 cases in China during January 23 to June 23, 2020

Time Total confirmed cases Cases in critical condition Deaths Recovered cases Suspected cases
23-June-2020 83,430 12 4634 78,428 18
23-May-2020 82,974 8 4634 78,261 9
22-May-2020 82,971 9 4634 78,258 6
21-May-2020 82,971 8 4634 78,255 7
20-May-2020 82,967 8 4634 78,249 7
19-May-2020 82,965 9 4634 78,244 7
18-May-2020 82,960 10 4634 78,241 3
17-May-2020 82,954 8 4634 78,238 4
16-May-2020 82,947 10 4634 78,227 4
15-May-2020 82,941 11 4633 78,219 3
14-May-2020 82,933 11 4633 78,209 4
13-May-2020 82,929 9 4633 78,195 4
12-May-2020 82,926 10 4633 78,189 4
11-May-2020 82,919 10 4633 78,171 3
10-May-2020 82,918 9 4633 78,144 3
09-May-2020 82,918 9 4633 78,144 3
08-May-2020 82,901 13 4633 78,120 4
07-May-2020 82,886 18 4633 77,993 6
06-May-2020 82,885 23 4633 77,957 4
05-May-2020 82,883 26 4633 77,911 5
04-May-2020 82,881 29 4633 77,853 2
03-May-2020 82,880 33 4633 77,766 3
02-May-2020 82,877 34 4633 77,713 10
01-May-2020 82,875 37 4633 77,685 11
30-April-2020 82,874 38 4633 77,642 9
29-April-2020 82,862 41 4633 77,610 10
28-April-2020 82,858 50 4633 77,578 10
27-April-2020 82,836 50 4633 77,555 9
26-April-2020 82,830 52 4633 77,474 10
25-April-2020 82,827 51 4632 77,394 12
24-April-2020 82,816 49 4632 77,346 17
23-April-2020 82,804 57 4632 77,257 20
22-April-2020 82,798 63 4632 77,207 20
21-April-2020 82,788 78 4632 77,151 35
20-April-2020 82,758 82 4632 77,123 37
19-April-2020 82,747 81 4632 77,084 43
18-April-2020 82,735 85 4632 77,062 48
17-April-2020 82,719 85 4632 77,029 63
16-April-2020 82,367 89 3342 77,944 62
15-April-2020 82,341 95 3342 77,892 63
14-April-2020 82,295 113 3342 77,816 73
13-April-2020 82,249 116 3341 77,738 72
12-April-2020 82,160 121 3341 77,663 72
11-April-2020 82,052 139 3339 77,575 82
10-April-2020 81,953 141 3339 77,525 44
09-April-2020 81,907 144 3336 77,455 53
08-April-2020 81,865 176 3335 77,370 73
07-April-2020 81,802 189 3333 77,279 83
06-April-2020 81,740 211 3331 77,167 89
05-April-2020 81,708 265 3331 77,078 88
04-April-2020 81,669 295 3329 76,964 107
03-April-2020 81,639 331 3326 76,751 114
02-April-2020 81,620 379 3322 76,571 135
01-April-2020 81,589 429 3318 76,408 153
31-March-2020 81,554 466 3312 76,238 172
30-March-2020 81,518 528 3305 76,052 183
29-March-2020 81,470 633 3304 75,770 168
28-March-2020 81,439 742 3300 75,448 174
27-March-2020 81,394 921 3295 74,971 184
26-March-2020 81,340 1034 3292 74,588 189
25-March-2020 81,285 1235 3287 74,051 159
24-March-2020 81,218 1399 3281 73,650 134
23-March-2020 81,171 1573 3277 73,159 132
22-March-2020 81,093 1749 3270 72,703 136
21-March-2020 81,054 1845 3261 72,244 118
20-March-2020 81,008 1963 3255 71,740 106
19-March-2020 80,967 2136 3248 71,150 104
18-March-2020 80,928 2314 3245 70,420 105
17-March-2020 80,894 2622 3237 69,601 119
16-March-2020 80,881 2830 3226 68,679 128
15-March-2020 80,860 3032 3213 67,749 134
14-March-2020 80,844 3226 3199 66,911 113
13-March-2020 80,824 3610 3189 65,541 115
12-March-2020 80,813 4020 3176 64,111 147
11-March-2020 80,793 4257 3169 62,793 253
10-March-2020 80,778 4492 3158 61,475 285
09-March-2020 80,754 4794 3136 59,897 349
08-March-2020 80,735 5111 3119 58,600 421
07-March-2020 80,695 5264 3097 57,065 458
06-March-2020 80,651 5489 3070 55,404 502
05-March-2020 80,552 5737 3042 53,726 482
04-March-2020 80,409 5952 3012 52,045 522
03-March-2020 80,270 6416 2981 49,856 520
02-March-2020 80,151 6806 2943 47,204 587
01-March-2020 80,026 7110 2912 44,462 715
29-February-2020 79,824 7365 2870 41,625 851
28-February-2020 79,251 7664 2835 39,002 1418
27-February-2020 78,824 7952 2788 36,117 2308
26-February-2020 78,497 8346 2744 32,495 2358
25-February-2020 78,064 8752 2715 29,745 2491
24-February-2020 77,658 9126 2663 27,323 2824
23-February-2020 77,150 9915 2592 24,734 3434
22-February-2020 76,936 10,968 2442 22,888 4148
21-February-2020 76,288 11,477 2345 20,659 5365
20-February-2020 75,465 11,633 2236 18,264 5206
19-February-2020 74,576 11,864 2118 16,155 4922
18-February-2020 74,185 11,977 2004 14,376 5248
17-February-2020 72,436 11,741 1868 12,552 6242
16-February-2020 70,548 10,644 1770 10,844 7264
15-February-2020 68,500 11,272 1665 9419 8228
14-February-2020 66,492 11,053 1523 8096 8969
13-February-2020 63,851 10,204 1380 6723 10,109
12-February-2020 59,804 8030 1367 5911 13,435
11-February-2020 44,653 8204 1113 4740 16,067
10-February-2020 42,638 7333 1016 3996 21,675
09-February-2020 40,171 6484 908 3281 23,589
08-February-2020 37,198 6188 811 2649 28,942
07-February-2020 34,546 6101 722 2050 27,657
06-February-2020 31,161 4821 636 1540 26,359
05-February-2020 28,018 3859* 563 1153 24,702
04-February-2020 24,324 3219 490 892 23,260
03-February-2020 20,438 2788 425 632 23,214
02-February-2020 17,205 2296 361 475 21,558
01-February-2020 14,380 2110 304 328 19,544
31-January-2020 11,791 1795 259 243 17,988
30-January-2020 9692 1527 213 171 15,238
29-January-2020 7711 1370 170 124 12,167
28-January-2020 5974 1239 132 103 9239
27-January-2020 4515 976 106 60 6973
26-January-2020 2744 461 80 51 5794
25-January-2020 1975 324 56 49 2684
24-January-2020 1287 237 41 38 1965
23-January-2020 830 177 25 34 1072
Open in a new tab

Table 2.

Analysis of CIVID-19 cases during January 23 to June 23, 2020 in China

Cases\times 20,200,123 20,200,223 20,200,323 20,200,423 20,200,523 20,200,623
Total confirmed 830 77150* 81171* 82804* 82974* 83430*
In critical condition 177 9915* 1573* 57* 8* 12*
Deaths 25 2592* 3277* 4632* 4634* 4634*
Recovered 34 24734* 73159* 77257* 78261* 78428*
Suspected 1072 3434* 132* 20* 9* 18*
Open in a new tab

*P < 0.001 when compared with cases on January 23, 2020

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Open in a new tab

The curve on analysis of COVID-19 cases in China during January 23 to June 23, 2020. T(1:10000): total confirmed cases; R(1:10000): recovered cases; D(1:1000): deaths; C(1:1000): cases in critical condition; S(1:500): suspected cases

Discussion

So far, there were over 10 million confirmed cases in the globe after the pandemic of COVID-19 was declared by the WHO [7]. However, there were less 90,000 cases in China mainland. If compared with cases in major countries outside China, COVID-19 cases confirmed in China were earlier but less (definitely, P < 0.001). This is highly linked to positive and effective public measures in China. With increasing understanding on the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics; treatment; and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients [8, 9], there will be no possible second pandemic in China except for only some domestic, imported, and asymptomatic cases. Here is a brief summary on these powerful measures for prevention and control of COVID-19, and it will be helpful to fight against COVID-19 worldwide.

Lockdown and Travel Restrictions for Isolation

Since increasing evidence shows that human-to-human transmission has occurred among close contacts [10, 11], it is easy to understand that lockdown is very helpful to curb the spread of the epidemic. And, its effect of delaying and halting the outward spread of the SARS-CoV-2 was very positive [12], but it needs to combine with the control of transmission in the community [13]. Extending the statutory holiday and adopting a flexible working system to encourage residents to stay at home, cut off the transmission, and protect vulnerable individuals will effectively isolate the source of infection [14]. COVID-19 more likely affects older males with comorbidities and can result in severe and even fatal respiratory diseases [15], but there is currently no evidence of maternal-fetal SARS-CoV-2 transmission since no positive results were reported in testing on neonatal throat swabs and breast-milk samples [16–18].

Early Detection and Prohibition of Gatherings

Due to rapid transmissions, large-scale public health interventions need to be implement immediately in cities and rural regions with the pandemic [19]. All visitors were required to wear masks and to be detected by the temperature tests in the very beginning to prevent the spread of COVID-19 due to fever in 83% patients and cough in 82% patients [15]. And, local high-hazard regions had undergone door-to-door screenings for fighting against COVID-19. All confirmed cases and close contacts had been promptly quarantined and closed down for early detection of suspected cases. In many cities and communities, electronic proofs of access and health were required for all visitors to prevent imported COVID-19. A series of bans were issued for prohibiting gathering. Universities and middle schools carried out online courses. Since there were possible asymptomatic cases of potentially COVID-19 infection [20–22], it is very important for isolation of 2 weeks for those closely contacted with confirmed cases.

Releasing Information and Avoiding Panic

The epidemic information was released in time by radio and television, internet, mobile phone, and WeChat. The diagnostic methods and treating programs were unclassified, and experts were invited to popularize scientific propaganda so as to stabilize the mood of residents and avoid possible panic by effective psychological channels. Open letters were widely posted to the community to publicize the harm of COVID-19 as effective preventive measures. Especially, a healthy lifestyle which includes five core elements, “environment-sleep-emotion-exercise-diet” intervention [E(e)SEEDi], also named the magic “polypill” [23], is highly encouraged because of its improvement of one’s immunity (Table 3).

Table 3.

“Environment-sleep-emotion-exercise-diet” intervention [E(e)SEEDi] and immunity

E(e)SEEDi Immunity (−) Immunity (+)
External environment

Air pollution and noise or e-noise

Lack of social relationship and friendship

Lower social-economic status and income

Enjoy sunshine

Often communicate with your loved ones
Internal (oneself) environment

Chronic or acute infection

Other chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and cancer

Wash your hands often

Wearing a mask
Sleep

Insomnia or sleep not enough

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

Stay up late

Get enough sleep

(7–9 h/night)

Have a nap at noon
Emotion

Anxiety or depression

Pessimism and thinking the worst

Have work pressure or overload

Death of a spouse

Smile, be humorous, and optimistic

Daydreaming, having a good mood

Laughter (stress hormone levels drop) or limit pressure
Exercise

Lack of physical activity

Rarely walk or often drive

Adhere to massage

Keep exercising

Maintain a healthy weight

Ride a bike

Take deep breaths and practice yoga
Diet

Excessive drinking

Overuse of antibiotics

Smoking

Do not smoke and limit alcohol consumption

Drink more water including honey or lemon water

Eat lots of fruits and vegetables

Morning or afternoon tea (black tea, green tea, ginseng tea)

Often eat deep sea fish, chicken soup, and yogurt
Open in a new tab

Special Hospitals and Clinical Trials for Antiviral Treatment

In order to treat all COVID-19 patients in time, a Huoshenshan hospital, a Leishenshan hospital, and a number of Fangcang shelter hospitals [24] were established in Wuhan which were rare miracles, and significant medical supplies were offered for urgent needs, for example, N95 masks, protective clothings, and ECMO, and many medical teams and famous experts were sent to Wuhan. And, remdesivir [25, 26], a possible effective antiviral drug for the treatment of COVID-19, was imported. Of course, its clinical effect needs to be confirmed by further and large-scale clinical trials.

With the in-depth studies on clinical characteristics of COVID-19 [27]; the establishment of rapid diagnostic methods; integration of traditional Chinese and western medicine; screening specific antiviral drugs in the labs; the launch of the clinical trials on Lianhua Qingwen, remdesivir, and chloroquine due to effective inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in vivo [28, 29], and other drugs; and rapid developing of COVID-19 vaccines, as well as the developed iRT-ABCDEF program [30–34] for domestic, imported, and asymptomatic cases, rolling victory had been achieved in China. In addition, convalescent plasma therapy was well tolerated and could potentially improve the clinical outcomes in severe COVID-19 cases [35].

Conclusion and Prospects

Powerful public measures for combating COVID-19 were in time, rational, right, and scientific. These measures were confirmed to be very effective and are worth conducting worldwide including Brazil and Italy [36] and were highly praised by the WHO and many countries. It is time for global cooperation and information sharing [37, 38]. People should pay more attention to the role of laws on public health since Health in All Laws is a better strategy for global health. With the further studies on structures of the SARS-CoV-2 [39–41], and a SI(R) model on the COVID-19 pandemic [42], effective vaccines have been developed and now clinical trials are underway for better fighting against COVID-19.

Acknowledgments

The reviewers and editors are gratefully acknowledged for their critical review. Thanks to Xueyan Shan, English teacher of Nanchang University (Master of English translation major from Sichuan International Studies University), for English revision and language polishing.

Author Contribution

CH designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, and contributed to the writing of the paper.

Data Availability

All data are available online.

Compliance with Ethical Standards

Conflict of Interest

The author declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Ethics Approval

Obtained from Nanchang University, Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Academy of Medical Science, China.

Footnotes

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Covid-19

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

References

  • 1.Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, Zhao X, Huang B, Shi W, Lu R, Niu P, Zhan F, Ma X, Wang D, Xu W, Wu G, Gao GF, Tan W, China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team. China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727–733. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001017. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Ren LL, Wang YM, Wu ZQ, Xiang ZC, Guo L, Xu T, Jiang YZ, Xiong Y, Li YJ, Li XW, Li H, Fan GH, Gu XY, Xiao Y, Gao H, Xu JY, Yang F, Wang XM, Wu C, Chen L, Liu YW, Liu B, Yang J, Wang XR, Dong J, Li L, Huang CL, Zhao JP, Hu Y, Cheng ZS, Liu LL, Qian ZH, Qin C, Jin Q, Cao B, Wang JW. Identification of a novel coronavirus causing severe pneumonia in human: a descriptive study. Chin Med J. 2020;133(9):1015–1024. doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000000722. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, Si HR, Zhu Y, Li B, Huang CL, Chen HD, Chen J, Luo Y, Guo H, Jiang RD, Liu MQ, Chen Y, Shen XR, Wang X, Zheng XS, Zhao K, Chen QJ, Deng F, Liu LL, Yan B, Zhan FX, Wang YY, Xiao GF, Shi ZL. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579(7798):270–273. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, Chen YM, Wang W, Song ZG, Hu Y, Tao ZW, Tian JH, Pei YY, Yuan ML, Zhang YL, Dai FH, Liu Y, Wang QM, Zheng JJ, Xu L, Holmes EC, Zhang YZ. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature. 2020;579(7798):265–269. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, Wang W, Song H, Huang B, Zhu N, Bi Y, Ma X, Zhan F, Wang L, Hu T, Zhou H, Hu Z, Zhou W, Zhao L, Chen J, Meng Y, Wang J, Lin Y, Yuan J, Xie Z, Ma J, Liu WJ, Wang D, Xu W, Holmes EC, Gao GF, Wu G, Chen W, Shi W, Tan W. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020;395(10224):565–574. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Lam TTY, Shum MHH, Zhu HC, Tong YG, Ni XB, Liao YS, et al. Identifying SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins. Nature. 2020; Mar 26. 10.1038/s41586-020-2169-0. [DOI] [PubMed]
  • 7.The World Health Organization (WHO). Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports. 2020; Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports/
  • 8.Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497–506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061–9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  • 10.Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, Ren R, Leung KSM, Lau EHY, Wong JY, Xing X, Xiang N, Wu Y, Li C, Chen Q, Li D, Liu T, Zhao J, Liu M, Tu W, Chen C, Jin L, Yang R, Wang Q, Zhou S, Wang R, Liu H, Luo Y, Liu Y, Shao G, Li H, Tao Z, Yang Y, Deng Z, Liu B, Ma Z, Zhang Y, Shi G, Lam TTY, Wu JT, Gao GF, Cowling BJ, Yang B, Leung GM, Feng Z. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1199–1207. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001316. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):514–523. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Tian H, Liu Y, Li Y, Wu CH, Chen B, Kraemer MUG, Li B, Cai J, Xu B, Yang Q, Wang B, Yang P, Cui Y, Song Y, Zheng P, Wang Q, Bjornstad ON, Yang R, Grenfell BT, Pybus OG, Dye C. An investigation of transmission control measures during the first 50 days of the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Science. 2020;368(6491):638–642. doi: 10.1126/science.abb6105. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Chinazzi M, Davis JT, Ajelli M, Gioannini C, Litvinova M, Merler S, Pastore Y Piontti A, Mu K, Rossi L, Sun K, Viboud C, Xiong X, Yu H, Halloran ME, Longini IM Jr, Vespignani A. The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Science. 2020;368(6489):395–400. doi: 10.1126/science.aba9757. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Phan LT, Nguyen TV, Luong QC, Nguyen TV, Nguyen HT, Le HQ, et al. Importation and human-to-human transmission of a novel coronavirus in Vietnam. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(9):872–874. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2001272. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, Qiu Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Wei Y, Xia J’, Yu T, Zhang X, Zhang L. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507–513. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W, Li J, Zhao D, Xu D, Gong Q, Liao J, Yang H, Hou W, Zhang Y. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet. 2020;395(10226):809–815. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30360-3. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Stower H. Lack of maternal-fetal SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Nat Med. 2020;26(3):312. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0810-y. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Chen L, Li Q, Zheng D, Jiang H, Wei Y, Zou L, Feng L, Xiong G, Sun G, Wang H, Zhao Y, Qiao J. Clinical characteristics of pregnant women with Covid-19 in Wuhan, China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(25):e100. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2009226. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Wu JT, Leung K, Leung GM. Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: a modelling study. Lancet. 2020;395(10225):689–697. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30260-9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Liu YC, Liao CH, Chang CF, Chou CC, Lin YR. A locally transmitted case of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Taiwan. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(11):1070–1072. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2001573. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Rothe C, Schunk M, Sothmann P, Bretzel G, Froeschl G, Wallrauch C, Zimmer T, Thiel V, Janke C, Guggemos W, Seilmaier M, Drosten C, Vollmar P, Zwirglmaier K, Zange S, Wölfel R, Hoelscher M. Transmission of 2019-nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(10):970–971. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2001468. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Hoehl S, Rabenau H, Berger A, Kortenbusch M, Cinatl J, Bojkova D, Behrens P, Böddinghaus B, Götsch U, Naujoks F, Neumann P, Schork J, Tiarks-Jungk P, Walczok A, Eickmann M, Vehreschild MJGT, Kann G, Wolf T, Gottschalk R, Ciesek S. Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in returning travelers from Wuhan, China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1278–1280. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2001899. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Hu C. Grants supporting research in China. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(25):2342–2344. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy293. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Chen S, Zhang Z, Yang J, Wang J, Zhai X, Bärnighausen T, Wang C. Fangcang shelter hospitals: a novel concept for responding to public health emergencies. Lancet. 2020;395(10232):1305–1314. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30744-3. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, Lofy KH, Wiesman J, Bruce H, Spitters C, Ericson K, Wilkerson S, Tural A, Diaz G, Cohn A, Fox L, Patel A, Gerber SI, Kim L, Tong S, Lu X, Lindstrom S, Pallansch MA, Weldon WC, Biggs HM, Uyeki TM, Pillai SK, Washington State 2019-nCoV Case Investigation Team. Washington State 2019-nCoV Case Investigation Team First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(10):929–936. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001191. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Grein J, Ohmagari N, Shin D, Diaz G, Asperges E, Castagna A, Feldt T, Green G, Green ML, Lescure FX, Nicastri E, Oda R, Yo K, Quiros-Roldan E, Studemeister A, Redinski J, Ahmed S, Bernett J, Chelliah D, Chen D, Chihara S, Cohen SH, Cunningham J, D’Arminio Monforte A, Ismail S, Kato H, Lapadula G, L’Her E, Maeno T, Majumder S, Massari M, Mora-Rillo M, Mutoh Y, Nguyen D, Verweij E, Zoufaly A, Osinusi AO, DeZure A, Zhao Y, Zhong L, Chokkalingam A, Elboudwarej E, Telep L, Timbs L, Henne I, Sellers S, Cao H, Tan SK, Winterbourne L, Desai P, Mera R, Gaggar A, Myers RP, Brainard DM, Childs R, Flanigan T. Compassionate use of remdesivir for patients with severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(24):2327–2336. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2007016. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, Liu L, Shan H, Lei CL, Hui DSC, du B, Li LJ, Zeng G, Yuen KY, Chen RC, Tang CL, Wang T, Chen PY, Xiang J, Li SY, Wang JL, Liang ZJ, Peng YX, Wei L, Liu Y, Hu YH, Peng P, Wang JM, Liu JY, Chen Z, Li G, Zheng ZJ, Qiu SQ, Luo J, Ye CJ, Zhu SY, Zhong NS, China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19. China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19 Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708–1720. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Runfeng L, Yunlong H, Jicheng H, Weiqi P, Qinhai M, Yongxia S, Chufang L, Jin Z, Zhenhua J, Haiming J, Kui Z, Shuxiang H, Jun D, Xiaobo L, Xiaotao H, Lin W, Nanshan Z, Zifeng Y. Lianhua Qingwen exerts anti-viral and anti-inflammatory activity against novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Pharmacol Res. 2020;156:104761. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104761. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, Shi Z, Hu Z, Zhong W, Xiao G. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res. 2020;30(3):269–271. doi: 10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Hu CS, Tkebuchava T. SARS and its treatment strategies. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2019;12(3):95–97. [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Hu CS, Wu QH, Hu DY, Tkebuchava T. Treatment of chronic heart failure in the 21st century: a new era of biomedical engineering has come. Chronic Dis Transl Med. 2018;5(2):75–88. doi: 10.1016/j.cdtm.2018.08.005. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Hu CS. Intervention of RT-ABCDEF for cancer. Croat Med J. 2019;60(1):55–57. doi: 10.3325/cmj.2019.60.55. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Hu C, Tkebuchava T, Hu D. Managing acute myocardial infarction in China. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(15):1179–1181. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz182. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Hu CS. A comprehensive strategy for managing arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars. 2020;48(2):88–95. doi: 10.5543/tkda.2019.74184. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Duan K, Liu B, Li C, Zhang H, Yu T, Qu J, Zhou M, Chen L, Meng S, Hu Y, Peng C, Yuan M, Huang J, Wang Z, Yu J, Gao X, Wang D, Yu X, Li L, Zhang J, Wu X, Li B, Xu Y, Chen W, Peng Y, Hu Y, Lin L, Liu X, Huang S, Zhou Z, Zhang L, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Deng K, Xia Z, Gong Q, Zhang W, Zheng X, Liu Y, Yang H, Zhou D, Yu D, Hou J, Shi Z, Chen S, Chen Z, Zhang X, Yang X. Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117(17):9490–9496. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2004168117. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36.de Souza Ferreira LP, Valente TM, Tiraboschi FA, da Silva GP. Description of Covid-19 cases in Brazil and Italy. SN Comprehen Clin Med. 2020;2:497–500. doi: 10.1007/s42399-020-00307-y. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 37.Coronavirus: three things all governments and their science advisers must do now. Nature. 2020;579(7799):319-20. [DOI] [PubMed]
  • 38.Moorthy V, Henao Restrepo AM, Preziosi MP, Swaminathan S. Data sharing for novel coronavirus (COVID-19) Bull World Health Organ. 2020;98(3):150. doi: 10.2471/BLT.20.251561. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 39.Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett KS, Goldsmith JA, Hsieh CL, Abiona O, Graham BS, McLellan JS. Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science. 2020;367(6483):1260–1263. doi: 10.1126/science.abb2507. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 40.Walls AC, Park YJ, Tortorici MA, Wall A, McGuire AT, Veesler D. Structure, function and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Cell. 2020;181(2):281–292. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.058. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 41.Yan R, Zhang Y, Li Y, Xia L, Guo Y, Zhou Q. Structural basis for the recognition of the SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2. Science. 2020;367(6485):1444–1448. doi: 10.1126/science.abb2762. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 42.Rocchi E, Peluso S, Sisti D, Carletti M. A possible scenario for the Covid-19 epidemic, based on the SI(R) model. SN Comprehen Clin Med. 2020;2:501–503. doi: 10.1007/s42399-020-00306-z. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Data Availability Statement

All data are available online.

Articles from Sn Comprehensive Clinical Medicine are provided here courtesy of Nature Publishing Group

RESOURCES