Abstract
Background
Ischemic cardiomyopathy is the most frequent etiology of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and a result of ventricular structural, functional and electrical remodeling. T peak to end (Tpe) interval is an electrocardiographic parameter that represents repolarization heterogeneity and had prognostic value for ventricular arrhythmia. Patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy face a significant burden of arrhythmias. Mechanical dispersion is a functional remodeling parameter that can be measured by time to peak longitudinal strain using speckle tracking echocardiography. This study aimed to assess the relationship between Tpe interval with time to peak longitudinal strain in ischemic cardiomyopathy patients.
Methods
This study was conducted with an observational analytical cross-sectional design. Ischemic cardiomyopathy subjects were included at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, from August to October 2019. Tpe interval was measured manually with the tangential method. Time to peak longitudinal strain was measured using speckle tracking echocardiography. The correlation between Tpe interval and time to peak longitudinal strain was analyzed using Pearson correlation.
Results
A total of 30 subjects were included in this study. The average age was 58 ± 8 years old, and the average left ventricular ejection fraction was 27±5.5%. The average of Tpe interval was 83.4 ± 7.62 ms, and the average time to peak longitudinal strain was 93.13 ± 34.51 ms. The Pearson correlation test showed a significant weak positive correlation (r = 0.386, 95% confidence interval: 0.029 - 0.743, P = 0.018) between Tpe interval and time to peak longitudinal strain in ischemic cardiomyopathy patients.
Conlucions
There was a significant weak positive correlation between Tpe interval and time to peak longitudinal strain in ischemic cardiomyopathy patients.
Keywords: Ischemic cardiomyopathy, Mechanical dispersion, T peak to end interval, Time to peak longitudinal strain
Introduction
Ischemic cardiomyopathy is a condition that depicts myocardial dysfunction caused by obstructive coronary artery disease [1]. It has an increasing prevalence regarding the incidence of coronary artery disease. Prevalence of coronary artery disease in Indonesia has increased from 0.5% in 2013 to 1.5% in 2018 [2]. Ischemic cardiomyopathy has a worse prognosis than non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, with a 5-year survival rate at as high as 50% while non-ischemic cardiomyopathy is 33% [3]. The most common cause of death in ischemic cardiomyopathy is progressivity of heart failure and sudden cardiac death [4]. Ischemic cardiomyopathy is the most frequent etiology of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and a result of ventricular structural, functional and electrical remodeling [5]. Ventricular arrhythmia in ischemic cardiomyopathy can be caused by multifactorial etiologies, one of which is related to electrical remodeling of ventricle. Electrical remodeling is the result of ion channel remodeling, disturbed intercellular coupling, altered calcium homeostasis and fibrosis. Electrical remodeling can cause delayed conduction velocity, prolonged potential action duration and increased repolarization heterogeneity [6]. T peak to end (Tpe) interval is an electrocardiographic parameter representing repolarization heterogeneity and had prognostic value for ventricular arrhythmia [7-9].
Advancement of heart failure is related to progressive chamber enlargement and left ventricular dysfunction [5]. Left ventricular dysfunction can be evaluated by mechanical dispersion, which is a functional remodeling parameter measured by time to peak longitudinal strain using speckle tracking echocardiography [10].
To the best of our knowledge, there has not been any study regarding the association between Tpe interval and time to peak longitudinal strain in ischemic cardiomyopathy patients.
Materials and Methods
Study design and population
Our study was a cross-sectional study with correlation analysis. Subjects were ischemic cardiomyopathy patients older than 18 years at Hasan Sadikin Hospital from August to October 2018. The exclusion criteria were poor echocardiography window, primary valvular heart disease, congenital heart disease, obesity, unmeasurable Tpe interval, hypertensive heart disease, acute coronary syndrome, cardiac channelopathy, or patients consuming drugs that can affect Tpe interval. A total of 30 patients were included. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung. In this study we did not perform animal study.
Tpe interval and time to peak longitudinal strain
A 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) for measurement of Tpe interval was obtained at 50 mm/s and 20 mV calibration. Tpe interval was measured manually with a tangential method using a digital caliper. Tpe interval was measured from the peak to the end of T wave. The echocardiographic examination was done using Vivid T8. Time to peak longitudinal strain was measured using speckle tracking echocardiography.
Statistical analysis
Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviations or median (range) if data were not distributed normally. The Saphiro-Wilk test was used to assess the normality of data. Categorical data are summarized as frequencies and percentages. Pearson correlation or Spearman as an alternative was used to determine the correlation coefficient. Correlation coefficient was deemed very low, low, moderate, strong and very strong according to r value (0 - 0.199, 0.2 - 0.399, 0.4 - 0.599, 0.6 - 0.799 and 0.8 - 1.0, respectively). Statistical analyses were performed with IBM SPSS, version 25.
Results
Patient characteristics
We enrolled 30 patients with an average age of 58 ± 8.5 years with predominant male patients (90%). The most common traditional cardiovascular risk factors in this study were hypertension and smoking in 22 subjects (73.3%). The majority of the patients had a history of acute coronary syndrome (83.3%), with only 16 subjects (53.3%) undergoing angiography. Revascularization was done in 15 subjects, 13 subjects underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and two subjects underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The average left ventricular ejection fraction was 27±5.5%. Medications given to patients are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Baseline Characteristics.
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
| Total number of patients | 30 |
| Age (years) | 58 ± 8 |
| Sex | |
| Male | 27 (90%) |
| Female | 3 (10%) |
| NYHA | |
| FC II | 21 (70%) |
| FC III | 6 (20%) |
| FC IV | 3 (10%) |
| Hypertension | 22 (73.3%) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 6 (20%) |
| Dyslipidemia | 13 (43.3%) |
| Smoking | 22 (73.3%) |
| Family history | 1 (3.3%) |
| History of acute coronary syndrome | 25 (83.3%) |
| Angiography | 16 (53.3%) |
| LM | 5 (31.2%) |
| LAD | 14 (87.5%) |
| LCx | 12 (75%) |
| RCA | 14 (87.5%) |
| Multivessel disease | 15 (93.7%) |
| Revascularization | |
| PCI | 13 (43.3%) |
| CABG | 2 (6.7%) |
| LVEF (%) | 27 ± 5.5 |
| Medications | |
| ACE inhibitors | 22 (73.3%) |
| Beta blockers | 29 (96.7%) |
| ARBs | 7 (23.3%) |
| MRAs | 11 (36.7%) |
| ARNIs | 1 (3.3%) |
NYHA: New York Heart Association; FC: functional class; LM: left main; LAD: left anterior descending; LCx: left circumflex; RCA: right coronary artery; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; ACE: angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; ARNI: angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor.
Tpe interval and time to peak longitudinal strain
The average of Tpe interval was 83.40 ± 7.62 ms, and the average time to peak longitudinal strain was 93.13 ± 34.51 ms. The correlation was considered weak (r = 0.386, P = 0.018), therefore we concluded that the increased duration of Tpe interval would be accompanied by the increase of time to peak longitudinal strain (Table 2). The scatter plot is presented in Figure 1.
Table 2. Tpe Interval and Time to Peak Longitudinal Strain.
| Variable | Value | Correlation coefficient | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tpe interval (ms) | 83.40 ± 7.62 | ||
| Time to peak longitudinal strain (ms) | 93.13 ± 34.51 | 0.386 | 0.018 |
Tpe: T peak to end.
Figure 1.
Scatter plot of T peak to end interval and time to peak longitudinal strain.
Discussion
Ischemic cardiomyopathy was caused by structural, functional and electrical remodeling of the ventricle. The most common cause of death in ischemic cardiomyopathy patients was progressivity of heart failure and sudden cardiac death; both were related to the electrical and functional remodeling process [4, 5]. The electrical remodeling, which was assessed by Tpe interval, would also cause heterogeneity of myocardial contraction, which can be assessed by time to peak longitudinal strain [10]. Increasing of Tpe interval has been associated with arrhythmogenesis. The average Tpe interval in this study was 83.4 ± 7.6 ms. The normal range in the general population based on the study was 72.2 ± 9.8 ms, and predictor value for the risk of ventricular arrhythmia was 99.8 ± 27.6. Meanwhile, the range in HFrEF population was 107 ± 22 ms, and predictor value for the risk of ventricular arrhythmia was 106.3 ± 8.4 [11, 12]. The Tpe interval in our subjects was considered high compared to the general population but lower than HFrEF population.
The average time to peak longitudinal strain in this study was 93.13 ± 34.51 ms, consistent with the findings in other studies [13]. However, we did not analyze the effect of anti-remodeling drugs and infarct size, which may influence the time to peak longitudinal strain value. We were not able to analyze anti-remodeling drugs effects on Tpe interval and time to peak longitudinal strain changes because all subjects (100%) were administered with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) or angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs) and 96.7% of subjects with beta blockers.
Our findings showed a weak positive correlation between Tpe interval and time to peak longitudinal strain. The anti-remodeling drugs effects on Tpe interval and time to peak longitudinal strain could be considered as the cause of this weak correlation. However, the studies of anti-remodeling drugs effects on Tpe interval and time to peak longitudinal strain were limited [14, 15].
The R2 coefficient was 0.149, which explains that Tpe interval will influence time to peak longitudinal strain value as high as 14.9%, and the rest of it is influenced by other factors. Those factors would be epicardial fat thickness and genetic factors which were not analyzed in this study [16-18]. This is the first study evaluating the correlation between Tpe interval and time to peak longitudinal strain in ischemic cardiomyopathy patients.
Limitations
Analyses of anti-remodeling drugs effect, fibrosis area size, epicardial fat thickness and genetic factors were not included in this study. Cutoff point of Tpe interval and mechanical dispersion for prediction of ventricular tachyarrhythmia were not provided.
Conclusions
There was a significant weak positive correlation between Tpe interval and time to peak longitudinal strain in ischemic cardiomyopathy patients.
Acknowledgments
None to declare.
Financial Support
None to declare.
Conflict of Interest
None to declare.
Informed Consent
All patients were obtained written informed consent.
Author Contributions
CA and MF made conception and design of study, implemented the study, analyzed and interpreted the study results, drafted the manuscript and revised it. AFP, BBT, MI and GK contributed to the design of study, analysis, and interpretation of study data. They also gave final approval of the version to be published.
Data Availability
The authors declare that data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.
Abbreviations
- HFrEF
heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
- Tpe
T peak to end
- ECG
electrocardiogram
- CABG
coronary artery bypass grafting
- ACE
angiotensin converting enzyme
- ARB
angiotensin II receptor blocker
- ARNI
angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor
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Associated Data
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Data Availability Statement
The authors declare that data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.