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Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences)
. 2020 Apr 18;52(2):234–239. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2020.02.007

前列腺特异性抗原同源异构体2及其衍生指标在预测前列腺癌病理分级中的价值

Clinical value of serum isoform [-2] proprostate-specific antigen and its derivatives in predicting aggressive prostate cancer

Kui-xia SUN 1, Cun-ling YAN 1,, Zhi-yan LI 1, Ping LIU 1, Wei ZHANG 1, Qun HE 1
PMCID: PMC7433460  PMID: 32306004

Abstract

Objective

To explore the clinical value of serum isoform [-2] proprostate-specific antigen (p2PSA) and its derivatives %p2PSA and prostate health index (PHI) in predicting aggressive prostate cancer (PCa).

Methods

The pre-operation serum and basic clinical data of 322 patients with PCa (including 143 patients diagnosed with PCa by transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy and 179 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy) in Peking University First Hospital were collected from August 2015 to May 2018. Serum total prostate-specific antigen (tPSA), free prostate antigen (fPSA) and fPSA/tPSA (f/t) and the p2PSA level of all these patients were measured on automatic immune analyzers DxI800, and then %p2PSA and PHI were calculated. The prostate pathologic result was considered as the gold standard to evaluate the Gleason score of the patients with PCa. Receiver operator curves (ROC) were used to assess the ability of p2PSA, %p2PSA and PHI to predict aggressive PCa (pathologic Gleason score≥7) compared with those traditional markers tPSA, fPSA and f/t.

Results

Among these patients, the p2PSA, %p2PSA and PHI median levels were significantly higher in patients with pathologic Gleason score≥7 than those with Gleason score<7 (p2PSA: 30.22 ng/L vs. 18.33 ng/L; %p2PSA: 2.50 vs. 1.27; PHI:91.81 vs. 35.44;all P<0.01). The area under curve (AUC) of %p2PSA and PHI (0.770, 0.760) in predicting Gleason score≥7 were higher than those of the traditional indicators tPSA, fPSA and f/t (AUC were 0.648, 0.536 and 0.693, respectively). Among those patients diagnosed with PCa by transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy, the AUC of %p2PSA and PHI (AUC were 0.808 and 0.801, respectively) in predicting Gleason score≥7 were higher than those of the traditional indicators tPSA, fPSA and f/t (AUC were 0.729,0.655 and 0.665 respectively). Among those patients undergoing radical prostatectomy, PHI and %p2PSA also had the trend of higher predictive value than those of the traditional indicators. The AUC of %p2PSA and PHI were 0.798 and 0.744, respectively while the AUC of tPSA, fPSA and f/t were 0.625, 0.507 and 0.697, respectively.

Conclusion

Compared with traditional markers tPSA, fPSA and f/t, %p2PSA and PHI had much higher predictive value for aggressive PCa, which may help clinicians to evaluate the therapeutic regime and make more appropriate management plan for the patients.

Keywords: Isoform [-2] proprostate-specific antigen, Prostate health index, Prostate cancer


前列腺癌(prostate cancer, PCa)是危害我国中老年男性健康的常见恶性肿瘤之一,近年来PCa发病率有逐渐增高的趋势,及早诊断对选择合适的治疗方案,提高患者生存率十分重要.前列腺术后活检病理结果是诊断PCa和判断分级的金标准,Gleason评分有助于帮助医生判断患者病情,提前预测患者病理分级对临床及时选择合理治疗方案和评估PCa预后有重要的意义.然而目前临床上常用的一些参数如前列腺特异性抗原(total prostate-specific antigen, tPSA)和直肠指检(digital rectal examination,DRE) 等都难以准确预测 PCa 分级和侵袭程度.血清前列腺特异性抗原同源异构体2(isoform [-2] proprostate-specific antigen,p2PSA) 是PSA的前体(proPSA)的截短形式,由p2PSA经计算得到其衍生指标 %p2PSA和前列腺健康指数 (prostate health index,PHI).近年来国外的研究表明,p2PSA的衍生指标尤其PHI在诊断预测PCa方面的价值优于其他传统指标,如tPSA和游离前列腺抗原(free prostate antigen, fPSA),可以显著提高对PCa发生及恶性程度的诊断准确性,在PCa实验诊断中具有较好的应用前景[1,2].PCa的病理分级不同可能影响着临床医生对患者的诊疗策略的选择,术前预测PCa病理Gleason 评分可以帮助临床医生做出更合理的临床决策,是主动监测还是选择更合适的手术方案.国内在p2PSA及衍生指标是否可以预测PCa患者的病理分级方面的研究较少,因此,本研究旨在评价p2PSA及其衍生指标在预测PCa术后病理分级方面的价值,观察该指标及其衍生指标预测高级别PCa的效果,帮助临床医生预测判断患者的恶性程度,以及早选择更合适的治疗方案.

1. 资料与方法

1.1. 研究对象

本研究回顾性入组了322例2015年8月至2018年5月在北京大学第一医院泌尿外科就诊的PCa患者,其中143例为经直肠超声引导的前列腺穿刺活检证实的PCa患者,179例为进行PCa根治术后的患者,收集这些患者的临床数据.患者入选标准:进行前列腺穿刺活检或者进行PCa根治术的患者,有明确的病理报告确诊为PCa的患者.排除标准:(1)病历资料不全的患者;(2)经过内分泌治疗的患者;(3)术前有其他恶性肿瘤病史.本研究纳入了入组期间所有符合入选标准的病例,避免人为因素的影响.以术后病理结果作为诊断PCa和确定Gleason评分的金标准.本研究经北京大学第一医院临床研究伦理委员会批准(2016[1134]),所有研究对象均签署知情同意书.

1.2. 方法

仪器与试剂:tPSA,fPSA,p2PSA检测均采用贝克曼库尔特商贸(中国)有限公司DxI 800全自动免疫分析仪检测.p2PSA检测使用贝克曼库尔特商贸(中国)有限公司配套试剂盒(试剂批号:724226),校准品(批号:724301)和质控品 (批号:724756).tPSA,fPSA的检测采用贝克曼库尔特商贸(中国)有限公司配套试剂盒(tPSA批号:724626; fPSA批号:724367)和校准品 (tPSA校准品批号:724198, fPSA校准品批号:724264).tPSA,fPSA的质控品均为BIO-RAD公司的质控品(低,高两个水平的批号分别为: 54591和54593).

标本收集和检测:通过回顾患者信息,收集术前患者血清样本,于-80 ℃超低温冰箱中保存.对收集到的这些病例血清样本统一进行tPSA,fPSA,f/t和p2PSA的检测.经计算转换得到%p2PSA和PHI结果,计算公式为: %p2PSA=p2PSA/(fPSA×1 000)×100; PHI=(p2PSA / fPSA)× tPSA.

1.3. 统计学分析

采用SPSS 18.0统计软件进行统计分析.正态分布数据采用均数±标准差描述,采用独立样本t检验比较.非正态分布的数据以中位数(最小值,最大值)表示,组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验.以术后前列腺组织病理结果作为诊断PCa和判断Gleason评分的金标准,各指标的预测效能由受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve, ROC)确定,分析各指标预测高级别PCa(Gleason 评分≥7)的曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC).以约登指数(灵敏度+特异度-1)判断ROC曲线的临界值,并进行一致性分析, P<0.05为差异有统计学意义.

2. 结 果

2.1. 入选病例血清标志物检测结果

本研究纳入的322例PCa患者研究对象的血清,经检测和计算,Gleason评分≥7患者的p2PSA, %p2PSA和PHI的中位数水平均高于Gleason评分<7患者(P均<0.01,表1).

1.

不同病理分级的前列腺癌人群基本资料和血清检测结果

Basic data for PCa patients with different Gleason score

Items Gleason score≥7(n=278) Gleason score<7(n=44) t/U P
tPSA, total prostate-specific antigen; fPSA, free prostate-specific antigen; f/t, fPSA/tPSA; p2PSA, isoform [-2] proprostate- specific antigen; %p2PSA, p2PSA/(fPSA×1 000)×100; PHI, prostate health index.
Age/years, x±s 67.5±7.1 67.8±7.9 0.238 >0.05
tPSA /(μg/L), M(Min, Max) 13.35 (0.03, 699.5) 8.11 (0.67, 57.33) 2.950 <0.01
fPSA/(μg/L), M(Min, Max) 1.29 (0.01, 47.84) 1.06 (0.26, 6.10) 0.714 >0.05
f/t, M(Min, Max) 0.10 (0.03, 0.67) 0.17(0.04, 0.42) 3.824 <0.01
p2PSA/(ng/L), M(Min, Max) 30.22 (0.25, 10254.36) 18.33 (3.94, 197.42) 3.516 <0.01
%p2PSA, M(Min, Max) 2.50 (0.08, 24.32) 1.27 (0.34, 6.04) 5.346 <0.01
PHI, M(Min, Max) 91.81 (0.01, 3037.97) 35.44 (8.95, 332.87) 5.038 <0.01

2.2. p2PSA及其衍生指标预测所有PCa患者Gleason评分

对322例PCa术后患者分析可见,%p2PSA和 PHI预测高级别PCa (Gleason评分≥7)的AUC(0.770和0.760)高于传统指标tPSA,fPSA,f/t(0.648,0.536,0.693; P<0.05),但是p2PSA(AUC 0.673)与传统指标相比并无优势(表2,图1).考虑到本研究中纳入的手术患者人群分为两种,一种是进行前列腺穿刺活检术的患者,一种是PCa根治术的患者,为避免因合并数据对分析的影响,以下再对两组人群分别进行分析.

2.

总人群中各指标预测Gleason 评分≥7的前列腺癌的效能

Value of each index for predicting PCa patients (in total) with Gleason score≥7

Items Cut-off value AUC 95%CI Sensitivity/% Specificity/%
tPSA, total prostate-specific antigen; fPSA, free prostate-specific antigen; f/t, fPSA/tPSA; p2PSA, isoform [-2] proprostate-specific antigen; %p2PSA, p2PSA/(fPSA×1 000)×100; PHI, prostate health index; AUC, area under curve.
tPSA/(μg/L) 9.76 0.648 0.592 - 0.701 63.8 67.6
fPSA/(μg/L) 1.25 0.536 0.476 - 0.589 50.3 58.9
f/t 0.16 0.693 0.639 - 0.744 73.1 51.4
p2PSA/(ng/L) 29.39 0.673 0.618 - 0.725 67.2 72.9
%p2PSA 1.68 0.770 0.719 - 0.815 83.3 74.9
PHI 64.00 0.760 0.709 - 0.806 81.1 78.4

1.

总体分析各指标预测前列腺癌患者的Gleason 评分≥7的ROC曲线

ROC curves for each index to predict PCa patients (in total) with Gleason score≥7

tPSA, total prostate-specific antigen; fPSA, free prostate-specific antigen; f/t, fPSA/tPSA; p2PSA, isoform [-2] proprostate-specific antigen; %p2PSA, p2PSA/(fPSA×1 000)×100; PHI, prostate health index.

1

2.3. p2PSA及其衍生指标预测前列腺穿刺活检确诊为PCa患者的Gleason评分

143例前列腺穿刺活检证实的PCa患者中,PHI,%p2PSA和 p2PSA预测前列腺穿刺术后病理分级为高级别PCa(Gleason评分≥7)的AUC值均有高于tPSA,fPSA和f/t的趋势,其中,PHI和%p2PSA预测价值比其他指标更明显(P<0.05).%p2PSA和PHI预测的高级别PCa的灵敏度和特异度均较传统指标有所提高.当 %p2PSA临界值在1.87时,其预测的灵敏度和特异度分别为 80.5%和74.1%;当PHI临界值为 54.90时,其预测的灵敏度和特异度分别为80.2%和77.8%(表3,图2).根据ROC曲线确定的最佳截断值判断 %p2PSA 和PHI,分析各项指标与前列腺病理Gleason评分分级结果的一致性. %p2PSA,PHI与前列腺活检后Gleason评分分级结果判断一致的比例分别为79.3%和77.9%, Kappa值分别为0.451和0.448.

3.

各指标预测Gleason 评分≥7的前列腺癌的效能(前列腺穿刺活检患者)

Value of each index for predicting PCa patients (identified by biopsy) with Gleason score≥7

Items Cut-off value AUC 95%CI Sensitivity/% Specificity/%
tPSA, total prostate-specific antigen; fPSA, free prostate-specific antigen; f/t, fPSA/tPSA; p2PSA, isoform [-2] proprostate-specific antigen; %p2PSA, p2PSA/(fPSA×1 000)×100; PHI, prostate health index; AUC, area under curve.
tPSA/ (μg/L) 9.76 0.729 0.647 - 0.801 76.8 66.7
fPSA/ (μg/L) 3.27 0.655 0.570 - 0.734 50.7 72.6
f/t 0.13 0.665 0.580 - 0.743 67.6 66.7
p2PSA/ (ng/L) 35.60 0.751 0.670 - 0.820 77.7 75.2
%p2PSA 1.87 0.808 0.732 - 0.870 80.5 74.1
PHI 54.90 0.801 0.725 - 0.864 80.2 77.8

2.

各指标预测前列腺穿刺活检确诊为前列腺癌患者的Gleason 评分≥7的ROC曲线

ROC curves for each index to predict PCa patients (identified by biopsy) with Gleason score≥7

tPSA, total prostate-specific antigen;fPSA, free prostate-specific antigen; f/t, fPSA/tPSA; p2PSA, isoform [-2] proprostate-specific antigen; %p2PSA, p2PSA/(fPSA×1 000)×100; PHI, prostate health index.

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2.4. p2PSA及其衍生指标预测PCa根治术后的Gleason 评分

对179例进行了PCa根治术的患者的研究结果显示,在此组人群中 %p2PSA 和 PHI预测术后高级别PCa(Gleason评分≥7)的AUC (0.744和0.798)高于临床常用指标tPSA,fPSA 和 f/t (0.625, 0.507和0.697)(P<0.05), p2PSA的预测价值(AUC为0.710) 也有高于tPSA和fPSA的趋势,但与f/t差别不大.当 %p2PSA临界值在1.52时,其预测的灵敏度和特异度为84.6%和69.7%;当PHI临界值为35.44时,其预测的灵敏度和特异度为82.8%和70.8%(表4,图3).一致性分析结果显示 %p2PSA 和PHI与前列腺根治术后Gleason病理分级结果都有较高的一致性,一致性的比例分别为83.2%和82.1%.

4.

各指标预测Gleason 评分≥7的前列腺癌的效能(前列腺根治术患者)

Value of each index for predicting PCa patients (received radical prostatectomy) with Gleason score≥7

Items Cut-off value AUC 95%CI Sensitivity/% Specificity/%
tPSA, total prostate-specific antigen; fPSA, free prostate-specific antigen; f/t, fPSA/tPSA; p2PSA, isoform [-2] proprostate-specific antigen; %p2PSA, p2PSA/(fPSA×1 000)×100; PHI, prostate health index; AUC, area under curve.
tPSA/(μg/L) 8.51 0.625 0.549 - 0.696 61.7 70.0
fPSA/(μg/L) 0.95 0.507 0.431- 0.583 63.3 60.1
f/t 0.20 0.697 0.623 - 0.763 74.0 50.0
p2PSA/(ng/L) 23.95 0.710 0.637- 0.776 77.3 70.4
%p2PSA 1.52 0.744 0.673 - 0.806 84.6 69.7
PHI 35.44 0.798 0.731- 0.855 82.8 70.8

3.

各指标预测进行前列腺癌根治术患者的Gleason 评分≥7的ROC曲线

ROC curves for each index to predict PCa patients (received radical prostatectomy) with Gleason score≥7

tPSA, total prostate-specific antigen; fPSA, free prostate-specific antigen; f/t, fPSA/tPSA; p2PSA, isoform [-2] proprostate- specific antigen; %p2PSA, p2PSA/(fPSA×1 000)×100; PHI, prostate health index.

3

3. 讨论

目前针对PCa的治疗策略有主动监测,根治术,放疗,PCa局灶治疗等,根据PCa患者的病理分级不同,治疗策略的选择不同,低级别的PCa可能只选择主动监测就行,高级别的PCa则可能需要手术根治[3].Gleason评分是目前被临床广泛采用的PCa组织病理学分级方法,其与PCa的恶性程度和预后相关.如果能提前预测Gleason评分,将帮助临床医师及早决定合适的治疗方案.近年来一些研究致力于发现新的标志物来帮助临床医师术前预测PCa患者病理结果和预后.p2PSA是近年来有应用

前景的一个新型PCa标志物,国内外一些研究对p2PSA及其衍生指标 %p2PSA 和PHI与PCa的关系进行了探索,并证明了其在PCa诊断中较传统指标具有较好的预测价值[4,5,6].

本研究中我们分析了p2PSA及其衍生指标%p2PSA 和PHI在我国PCa患者术后病理分级中的预测价值,总体来看 %p2PSA 和 PHI (AUC为0.770和 0.760)预测高级别PCa(Gleason评分≥7)的AUC高于传统指标tPSA,fPSA和f/t,但是p2PSA的AUC值与传统指标比差别不大.以往国外对预测PCa病理分级的研究中,纳入的研究对象要么只是前列腺穿刺活检的患者,要么只是前列腺根治术的患者,因此本研究中将纳入的人群又分为进行前列腺穿刺活检术的患者和前列腺根治术的患者两组,考虑到因合并数据造成分析的误差,因此我们对两组人群进行分开分析,以期能帮助临床进行更全面的评估.

国外对行前列腺穿刺活检的患者的研究中,多数研究表明PHI和 %p2PSA 与前列腺穿刺术后Gleason评分相关[1,2,7].Stephan 等[1]的研究表明 Gleason 评分 ≥7的PCa患者的PHI水平高于Gleason评分 <7 的患者(PHI 60 vs. 53,P<0.05), 且Gleason评分 ≥7的PCa患者比例随 PHI水平升高而升高.Catalona 等[7]的研究也表明Gleason评分 ≥7 的PCa患者比例随p2PSA 和 %p2PSA水平的增高而增加,PHI升高可预测前列腺穿刺术后Gleason评分≥7的风险增加 1.6 倍,其预测高级别PCa的AUC为0.724.国内黄宜等[2]的研究表明Gleason评分>7患者的p2PSA和PHI水平均高于Gleason评分≤7的患者(P<0.05).然而Jansen等[8]的研究结果与上述研究结果相反,他们的研究中p2PSA与侵袭性PCa(Gleason评分≥7)的相关性不大.本研究结果表明,最终病理Gleason评分 ≥7的高级别PCa人群的p2PSA,%p2PSA 和PHI水平均显著高于Gleason评分<7的低级别PCa人群(均P<0.01).对于本研究中进行前列腺穿刺术的患者,分析各指标在前列腺患者术后预测病理分级的价值,PHI,%p2PSA和 p2PSA预测高级别PCa的价值均有高于tPSA,fPSA,f/t的趋势,尤其是PHI和 %p2PSA更显著(AUC分别为0.801和0.808).这与国外Stephan等[1]和Catalona等[7]及我国学者黄宜等[2]的研究结果是类似的.本研究中,当 %p2PSA和PHI临界值分别在1.87和54.90时,其预测前列腺穿刺术后病理分级的灵敏度和特异度均较传统指标有所提高,这可以帮助预测前列腺穿刺患者诊断为PCa患者的病理评分.因此在穿刺术前检测p2PSA,计算其衍生指标 %p2PSA和PHI值可以帮助临床医师评估患者发生高级别PCa的风险,为咨询的患者提供更合理的诊疗建议.

关于p2PSA及其衍生指标 %p2PSA和PHI与PCa根治术后病理结果的关系的报道也多见于欧洲人群,亚洲和国内报道较少.Fossati 等[9]的一项欧洲多中心研究表明p2PSA, %p2PSA和 PHI 均是预测PCa根治术后临床病理学分期pT3和/或Gleason评分≥7的预测指标,PHI纳入模型显著增加预测分期为pT3和/或Gleason评分≥7 PCa的风险.Eminaga等[10]的研究表明p2PSA水平> 22.5 ng/L(AUC为 0.725) 显著增加了高级别前列腺腺癌的风险.Guazzoni 等[11]对进行PCa根治术的欧洲人群的研究中,p2PSA及其衍生指标在预测PCa根治术后最终病理结果方面比传统指标要更准确,其研究中 %p2PSA和PHI预测Gleason 评分≥7的AUC分别为0.704和0.740.Schwen等[12]在一项对非裔美国人的研究中,对PSA在2~10 μg/L 的进行了PCa根治术的患者分析表明,PHI是临床病理学分期pT3 PCa的预测指标,研究中PHI加入基础模型(AUC为 0.602)后预测效果明显提高(AUC达到0.750), 因此该研究指出该指标可帮助区分那些有不良病理结果风险的患者.Dolejsova等[13]对捷克320例进行前列腺根治术患者的研究表明,PHI能有效区分Gleason评分≤6和Gleason>6 (AUC 0.749)的患者.来自香港的Chiu等[14]对中国人群的一项研究表明,通过PHI诊断临界值35可预测PCa根治术后患者处于pT3阶段或Gleason评分 ≥7的风险大幅度提高.本研究中对PCa根治术后的患者分析可见,p2PSA的AUC值与传统指标比预测效果差别并不明显,而 %p2PSA和PHI预测Gleason评分≥7的PCa的AUC略高于临床传统指标tPSA,fPSA 和 f/t,其中PHI预测高级别PCa的价值 (AUC 0.798) 比其他传统指标的预测价值相对更明显,PHI临界值35.44可以帮助预测前列腺根治术后PCa患者的病理Gleason评分≥7,这与Chiu等[14]的研究中的界值非常相近.不过,本研究中PHI和 %p2PSA在预测PCa根治术患者术后病理分级方面的预测效果不如在前列腺穿刺患者中明显(PCa根治术AUC分别为0.798 和0.744,前列腺穿刺术AUC分别为0.801和0.808), 这可能与手术方式有关.以往有研究报道[15], PCa根治术后的Gleason评分可能较之前穿刺活检术的病理评分有所变化,因此病理评分的差异可能导致PHI等指标预测的效果的差异.由于本研究中两组手术人群为独立的不同的人群,未进行配对分析,下一步可考虑配对分析均进行了两种手术的人群.另外,通过对以上两组人群的样本检测分析,从PHI和%p2PSA预测PCa患者病理分级的AUC值上可见,其预测高级别PCa的效果在中国人群中比欧洲人群更显著.这种现象在Chiu等[14]对中国香港人群的研究中也有类似体现,这些不同可能与人种或者PCa的流行病学特征如人群中发生率和侵袭性PCa的比例有关.

总之,本研究证实了p2PSA的衍生指标%p2PSA和 PHI在中国人群中预测PCa术后病理为高级别PCa的价值,更高的水平的 %p2PSA 或PHI可能提示患者Gleason评分≥7的风险更高.本研究纳入的研究人群既有前列腺穿刺的患者又有PCa根治术的患者,可以帮助临床更全面地权衡评估p2PSA及其衍生指标的应用范围和价值,选择更合适的诊疗策略,是否进行主动监测还是进一步手术治疗等.另外,本研究尚存在一些不足,来我院就诊的确诊为PCa的患者多数处于高级别阶段PCa,低级别的PCa人少,可能造成分析上的一些偏差,未来尚需要更大的样本量进行验证.

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