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Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences)
. 2019 Aug 18;51(4):742–747. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2019.04.026

胸部硬膜外给予利多卡因对双腔气管插管患者血流动力学和唤醒水平的影响

Effects of thoracic epidural administration of lidocaine on hemodynamic and arousal responses of double lumen tracheal intubation during induction of anesthesia

Kun-peng LIU 1,2, Bao-ning WANG 2, Yan-yan SHEN 2, Wei-xia LI 1, Zhao LI 1, Lan YAO 2,
PMCID: PMC7433474  PMID: 31420633

Abstract

Objective

To compare the effects of thoracic epidural administration of lidocaine on hemodynamic and arousal responses of double lumen tracheal intubation during induction of anesthesia.

Me-thods

In the study, 40 patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical statuses Ⅰ-Ⅱ,aged 19-66 years,scheduled for elective thoracic surgeries under general anesthesia requiring orotracheal intubation were allocated to either the double-lumen endobronchial intubation (T group) or double-lumen endobronchial intubation after epidural administration of lidocaine (E group). After an intravenous anesthetic induction, the orotracheal double-lumen intubation was performed using a Macintosh direct laryngoscopy (MDLS),respectively. Invasive blood pressure (BP),heart rate (HR) and bispectral index (BIS) were recorded before and after anesthetic induction,immediately after intubation and 5 minutes after intubation with 1-minute interval and the intubation time also noted. The rate pressure pro-duct (RPP) was calculated.

Results

After anesthetic induction,BP and RPP in the two groups decreased significantly compared with their preinduction values. In comparison with their postinduction values, the orotracheal intubation in the two groups caused significant increases in BPs, HRs and RPP. In comparison with their preinduction values, BPs decreased significantly in E group, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) increased significantly and lasted for 1 min in T group. The HRs of both groups after intubation were significantly higher than their baseline values,and increased in HR and lasted for 1 min and 4 min in E group and T group, respectively. SBP, DBP, MAP, HR and RPP after intubation in T group were significantly higher than those of E group during the observation period. The values of BIS were similar between both the groups. In T group, the incidences of SBP percent increased>30% of the baseline value and RPP more than 22 000 were significantly higher than in E group. None of the patients in group E had SBP more than 130% of the baseline value and RPP more than 22 000.

Conclusion

During double-lumen endobronchial intubation, epidural administration of lidocaine can provide less hemodynamic response and similar arousal response.

Keywords: Intubation, intratracheal, Lidocaine, Hemodynamics, Anesthesia, general, Anesthesia recovery period


肺隔离技术在诸多手术中具有重要的应用价值,双腔气管导管是临床最主要的肺隔离方式,由于双腔导管直径较粗,操作难度较大,会导致较单腔气管插管操作更剧烈的血流动力学反应,而且需双腔导管实施手术的患者并存心血管疾病的风险较高,明显的心血管反应会产生更为不良的影响,因此,寻求解决该问题的方式无疑具有十分重要的临床价值[1,2,3]。硬膜外腔应用局部麻醉药或许可通过阻断支配心脏和血管的交感神经传出纤维降低该血流动力学变化,但局部麻醉药剂量过高也可能因为扩张血管和抑制心脏的作用加重全身麻醉诱导期间的低血压和心动过缓,因此,对于硬膜外阻滞减轻双腔气管插管期间血流动力学的效果和用量值得进一步研究。

本研究在全身麻醉下实施胸科手术的成年患者中观察硬膜外给予利多卡因对双腔气管插管操作血流动力学变化的影响,以进一步明确双腔经口气管插管时血流动力学反应的特点,并通过与常规静脉全身麻醉诱导相比较,观察复合硬膜外给予利多卡因的效果,为预防双腔经口气管插管时血流动力学反应的临床药物、剂量及方式提供参考,也为临床安全实施双腔气管插管操作提供资料。

1. 资料与方法

1.1. 研究对象

本前瞻性研究经中日友好医院医学伦理委员会讨论批准,包括40例美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)Ⅰ~Ⅱ级、拟在经口气管插管全身麻醉下实施择期开胸手术的胸外科患者,所有患者均同意采用硬膜外导管进行术后镇痛。其中男31例、女9例,患者年龄19~66岁、体重50~91 kg、身高150~181 cm。长期服用影响血压和心率的药物、胸椎畸形、重要脏器功能不全以及预测为困难气道的患者被排除在外。将入选患者分为常规双腔气管插管组(T组,n=20)和硬膜外给予利多卡因后实施双腔气管插管组(E组,n=20)。

1.2. 麻醉处理

所有患者术前未用镇静药物,麻醉诱导用药均由不参与该研究的麻醉医师准备。患者进入手术室后建立静脉输液通道,并于局部麻醉下行桡动脉穿刺置管建立有创测压通路,连接Detax-Omeda多功能监护仪连续监测血压(blood pressure,BP)、心率(heart rate,HR)和心电图(electrocardiogram,ECG),取稳定5 min后的数值作为麻醉诱导前的基础值。随后根据手术情况在T5~T7间隙实施硬膜外穿刺,确定硬膜外导管位于硬膜外间隙后向头部置管3 cm。T组患者经硬膜外导管注射5 mL生理盐水,5 min后静脉注射咪达唑仑0.05 mg/kg、芬太尼2 μg/kg、丙泊酚2 mg/kg和罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg进行麻醉诱导,同时应用面罩进行纯氧通气。E组患者经硬膜外导管给予20 mg/mL利多卡因5 mL,5 min后测定胸部平面,效果确定后静脉注射全身麻醉诱导药物,与T组相同,静脉注射罗库溴铵2 min后开始气管插管操作,硬膜外导管用作术后镇痛处理。患者取仰卧位,麻醉诱导后头部取“嗅物位”,所有的硬膜外穿刺操作和气管插管操作均由熟练掌握两种操作技术的同一位麻醉科医师实施。

1.3. 气管插管操作

两组患者均采用3号Macintosh喉镜片进行常规气管插管操作,必要时联合应用喉外部压迫操作,显露声门后在明视下根据情况分别插入35、37或39号双腔气管导管。气管插管成功后,将气管导管与麻醉呼吸机相连接进行间歇正压通气,潮气量10 mL/kg,呼吸频率10次/min。麻醉维持采用吸入2%(体积分数)七氟烷和N2O-O2混合气体(N2O 1.2~1.4 L/min, O2 0.8~0.9 L/min, N2O ∶O2约为3 ∶2),新鲜气流量为2.5 L/min。观察期以5 mL/(kg·h)的速度静脉输注乳酸钠林格液。

1.4. 观察项目

记录麻醉诱导前后,气管插管即刻以及气管插管后1 min、2 min、3 min、4 min、5 min时的BP、HR和脑电双频指数(bispectral index,BIS)的变化情况,并计算二重指数(rate pressure product,RPP),记录气管插管时间(从面罩通气结束至气管插管成功后进行间歇正压通气的时间)。在进行资料分析时将一次试操作未获得气管插管成功的患者排除。

1.5. 统计学分析

应用SPSS 19.0统计学软件进行统计学处理,计量资料采用均数±标准差表示。两组性别比率、收缩压(systolic blood pressure,SBP)和HR大于或小于基础值30%的发生率以及RPP大于22 000的发生率等记数资料的组间比较采用卡方检验;两组临床资料和血流动力学资料的组间比较采用重复测量方差分析和独立样本t检验;血流动力学资料的组内比较采用单因素方差分析和配对t检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结果

T组和E组的40例患者均为1次试操作获得了气管插管成功,硬膜外导管给予2%利多卡因5 min后测定阻滞平面位于T2~T10范围内。两组患者的基本情况差异无统计学意义(表1)。

1.

两组患者的一般资料

Demographic characteristics of the two groups

Items Group T (n=20) Group E (n=20)
Gender, Female/Male 5/15 4/16
Age/years, x±s 51.5±15.0 53.8±9.5
Height/cm, x±s 166.6±7.9 168.0±8.1
Weight/kg, x±s 64.1±10.9 69.4±9.5
Type of tube, Left/Right 9/11 12/8
Intubation time/s, x±s 46.0±16.6 49.0±11.9

气管插管在两组患者所致的血流动力学变化见表2。麻醉诱导后,两组患者的BP和RPP均较麻醉诱导前明显降低。与麻醉诱导后相比较,气管插管后两组患者的BP、HR和RPP明显升高(P<0.05)。与麻醉诱导前相比较,气管插管后E组患者BP明显降低(P<0.05),T组患者SBP、舒张压(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)和平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)明显升高(P<0.05),且持续时间约1 min。两组患者气管插管后HR均明显升高(P<0.05),T组患者HR增快持续约4 min,E组患者HR增快持续约1 min。与E组相比较,观察期内气管插管后T组SBP、DBP、MAP、HR和RPP均明显升高(P<0.05)。与基础值相比,两组患者麻醉诱导后和气管插管后期间的BIS值均明显降低(P<0.05),且两组之间差异无统计学意义。

2.

两组患者的血流动力学变化比较(x±s, n=20)

Comparative changes in hemodynamics between the two groups (x±s, n=20)

Variables Baseline Post-induction After intubation Maximal values
0 min 1 min 2 min 3 min 4 min 5 min
SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure; HR, heart rate; BIS, bispectral index; RPP, rate pressure product. 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa. *P<0.05, compared to baseline values; # P<0.05, compared to post-induction values; ☆P<0.05, compared to Group T.
SBP/mmHg
Group T 146.3±13.3 98.4±19.5* 160.6±41.4# 165.4±39.7*# 139.8±36.6# 128.4±31.4*# 122.9±25.3*# 118.0±26.0*# 187.6±40.4*#
Group E 139.3.±13.8 86.7±13.6* 112.9±20.0*# 112.2±15.7*# 101.8±12.7*# 93.6±12.3* 89.8±12.5* 86.4±13.1* 131.4±19.4#
DBP/mmHg
Group T 75.4±8.5 56.5±10.6* 94.8±25.3*# 93.2±21.6*# 83.0±21.1# 77.7±20.1# 74.0±19.6# 72.5±18.7# 112.3±17.9*#
Group E 71.9±8.6 48.0±7.0* 67.3±14.2# 63.7±8.4*# 58.4±8.5*# 54.2±8.2*# 52.0±8.3* 49.5±8.8* 76.3±12.6#
MAP/mmHg
Group T 99.0±8.7 70.4±11.9* 116.7±30.1*# 117.3±23.8*# 101.9±22.6# 94.6±19.4# 90.3±16.9*# 87.6±16.2*# 137.4±22.9*#
Group E 94.3±9.0 60.9±8.8* 82.5±15.9*# 79.8±10.3*# 72.9±9.6*# 67.3±9.3*# 64.6±9.4* 61.8±10.0* 94.7±14.1#
HR/(beats/min)
Group T 83.0±13.1 77.8±15.4 103.9±16.3*# 100.8±15.1*# 96.3±15.9*# 94.8±16.6*# 92.7±16.7*# 90.2±16.3# 114.8±16.5*#
Group E 78.7±9.8 72.0±10.8 82.0±14.3*# 82.9±13.3*# 80.6±12.4# 79.0±12.4# 77.6±12.5# 76.2±13.1 92.8±11.9*#☆
BIS
Group T 96.5±1.5 23.5±6.1* 27.6±6.3*# 30.1±8.6*# 32.2±10.1*# 36.8±10.5*# 40.4±12.1*# 45.0±13.4*# 46.3±12.4*#
Group E 97.1±0.9 23.4±6.4* 26.3±2.8* 27.5±5.9*# 31.6±9.6*# 35.1±11.9*# 37.1±12.9*# 39.0±11.9*# 42.4±9.8*#
RPP
Group T 121 00.0±
1 884.9
7 601.4±
1 909.2*
16 804.0±
5 469.7*#
16 603.2±
4 452.3*#
13 434.7±
4 190.6#
12 123.5±
3 590.4#
11 317.5±
2 921.3#
10 595.8±
2 762.0#
21 544.7±
5 522.9*#
GroupE 11 260.7±
1 610.1
6 929.1±
1 557.8*
9 428.5±
3 085.5#
9 319.4±
2 149.7#
8 259.5±
1 996.2*#
7 449.2±
1 896.1*#
7 013.5±
1 812.5*
6 631.4±
1 825.8*☆
12 245.1±
2 611.9*#☆

与E组比较,观察期T组SBP大于基础值30%和RPP大于22 000的发生率较高(P<0.05),且E组中未见SBP大于基础值30%和RPP大于22 000的患者。在观察期末两组患者SBP小于基础值30%的发生率和HR小于基础值30%的患者无明显差异(表3),在整个观察中,两组均无严重心动过缓情况发生,整个观察期间血氧饱和度(SpO2)均保持在99%或100%。

3.

两组患者SBP、HR变化大于基础值30%的发生率及RPP大于22 000的发生率

The incidences of SBP and HR percent changes > 30% of baseline values and RPP > 22 000 during the observation in the two groups

Items Group T Group E
Abbreviations as in Table 2. *P<0.05, compared to group T.
SBP percent increase > 30% of baseline value 8 (40.0%) 0*
SBP percent decrease > 30% of baseline value 13 (65.0%) 15 (75.0%)
HR percent increase > 30% of baseline value 12 (60.0%) 6 (30.0%)
HR percent decrease > 30% of baseline value 0 1 (5.0%)
RPP> 22 000 11 (55.0%) 0*

3. 讨论

气管插管反应是指全身麻醉诱导气管插管时引起的应激反应,在置入喉镜或气管插管过程中由于会厌感受器、舌根部肌肉深部感受器及器官黏膜受到机械性刺激会激活交感-肾上腺能系统及肾素-血管紧张素系统,引起交感或副交感神经系统兴奋和反射[1]。已有研究证实,这种心血管应激反应与气管插管操作技术、气管插管时间、麻醉用药、患者的基础疾病甚至人种差异等许多因素均有关系[4,5,6,7,8,9]。双腔气管插管是最常用的一种肺隔离技术,该技术是将双腔气管导管前端支气管腔置入一侧支气管内,从而达到术中单肺通气的目的。由于操作时间、插管方式和导管直径等方面存在差异,与单腔气管插管操作相比,双腔气管插管可通过反射性交感神经活性增强导致更为剧烈的血流动力学改变[2,3]。虽然这种循环应激反应持续时间比较短暂,但是对心脑血管疾病患者却具有潜在的致命性危险。而且,实施双腔气管插管的患者多为老年人,常并存高血压、冠心病等心血管疾病,且生理储备功能降低,因此,双腔气管插管操作更易导致患者发生心肌缺血、心律失常、休克甚至死亡等并发症[10,11,12]

迄今为止,关于减轻双腔气管导管操作期间血流动力学反应的研究甚少。本研究发现,麻醉诱导后两组患者血压和心率下降,常规麻醉诱导组患者在气管插管后即刻收缩压平均值增高14 mmHg或9.8%,平均动脉压增高18 mmHg或17.9%,心率平均值升高21次/min或25.3%;硬膜外组患者在气管插管后即刻收缩压平均值降低26 mmHg或19.0%,气管插管后即刻平均动脉压降低12 mmHg或12.5%,心率平均值升高8次/min或10.9%。

常规麻醉诱导组插管后1 min收缩压比插管前均显著升高,硬膜外组收缩压较麻醉诱导前反而降低,与常规全身麻醉诱导相比,硬膜外给予利多卡因后明显减轻了患者血压增高和心率加快反应,这与既往的一些研究一致[13,14]。原因可能如下:(1)将气管导管插入气管内是整个气管插管操作中最强烈的刺激,并且可能是气管插管所致血流动力学反应的主要原因[6]。气管插管刺激主要是通过交感-肾上腺髓质轴引起血压升高反应,虽然大多数全身麻醉药均不同程度抑制颈主动脉体压力反射和延髓心血管中枢,但不能有效阻断插管刺激向交感神经低级中枢的传导。本研究中硬膜外组患者心血管反应远远低于全身麻醉组的原因可能是硬膜外阻滞不仅阻断了心脏交感神经节前纤维和内脏神经传入纤维,阻断了交感神经传导通路,使各种非生理性刺激和干扰不能传入中枢,不易产生应激反应,而且还通过阻断交感神经传出纤维,影响胸部交感神经兴奋性的传出,使其节后去甲肾上腺素和肾上腺髓质肾上腺素的释放受抑制,导致插管刺激时的血管收缩作用减弱。(2)肾上腺的交感神经发自T11~L1脊髓节段,心脏的交感神经发自T1T5脊髓节段[15]。在硬膜外间隙阻滞时交感神经的阻滞平面比感觉阻滞平面相对高2~4个节段,硬膜外间隙阻滞可有较广泛的交感神经阻滞平面,这样下胸段阻滞可充分阻断支配肾上腺的交感神经,从而明显抑制肾素、儿茶酚胺等应激激素的升高,既减轻了血压升高反应,又降低了心率增快反应,同时也不会完全阻断心脏交感神经,从而保持心脏具有一定的交感神经张力,避免血压和心率的剧烈下降。硬膜外阻滞可抑制伤害性刺激致下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质轴的兴奋,使机体内环境稳定,阻滞平面在T4~T12时能显著抑制许多应激激素的增高,如白细胞介素6、血清皮质醇和血糖等[16],从而降低了交感神经活性,进一步减轻了气管插管的儿茶酚胺分泌。(3)理论上来讲,硬膜外给予局部麻醉药可节段性阻滞交感神经传出纤维,引起容量血管和阻力血管扩张,回心血量减少,血压下降,同时导致副交感神经亢进,心率减慢。本实验中麻醉诱导后血压和心率均发生较大幅度地降低,硬膜外给予利多卡因组降低幅度更为明显,与Kasaba等[13]的研究结果相一致。此外,硬膜外给药组患者在气管插管后5 min内血压的降低幅度更大,说明插管刺激消失后,机体对心血管的调节作用仍受到硬膜外阻滞的明显影响。

BIS值与一些麻醉药物浓度呈良好相关性,该值低于60被认为是合适的全身麻醉深度,可用来指导静脉和吸入麻醉药的应用[17]。本研究中所有患者在麻醉诱导后BIS值均低于60,表明气管插管操作期间知晓和清醒的可能性较低[18]。有研究指出,麻醉深度发生改变后,伤害性刺激会引起脑电图的改变[19],麻醉深度亦与伤害性刺激的强度有关[20]。但本研究两组患者插管期间BIS值并无明显差异,表明硬膜外给予5 mL利多卡因虽然能够抑制双腔气管插管导致的血流动力学反应,但并不影响BIS值的变化,这与既往一些研究一致[21]

有研究指出,常用麻醉深度进行麻醉诱导亦不能完全抑制用于经口单腔气管插管时的心血管反应,尤其是心率增快反应,并且少数患者还有出现心肌缺血的风险[22]。本研究中,观察期T组收缩压的最大平均值比麻醉诱导前增加了 28.2%,E组患者则降低了 5.7%,心率的最大平均值分别比麻醉诱导前增加了38.3%和25.9%;观察期收缩压和心率变化率大于基础值30%的发生率在T组分别为40.0%和60.0%,在E组分别为0和30%;气管插管后T组和E组患者的RPP最大值分别较麻醉诱导前增高了19.3%和69.5%,并且T组有11例的RPP大于22 000,E组中则无患者RPP大于22 000。众所周知,RPP是反映心肌氧耗量的一个指标,一般认为RPP大于22 000与心肌缺血高度相关[22,23],上述结果说明用于单腔气管插管的常规全身麻醉诱导深度既不能抑制双腔气管插管操作的加压反应,又不能抑制心率增快反应,而复合硬膜外利多卡因后则能抑制双腔气管插管时的加压反应,虽然不能完全抑制心率增快反应,但患者并无出现心肌缺血的危险。

综上,我们认为,常规静脉麻醉诱导时硬膜外给予少量利多卡因可减轻双腔气管插管期间的剧烈血流动力学反应,麻醉诱导期间适量辅助应用可防止心血管意外的发生。

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