Abstract
目的
探索亚洲骨质疏松筛查工具(osteoporosis self-assessment tool for Asians, OSTA)在中国健康体检人群中的筛查价值,探索适宜中国健康体检人群的最佳切点值。
方法
选取2013—2016年在北京大学第三医院体检中心进行骨密度筛查的体检人群作为研究对象,定量超声骨密度检测(quantitative ultrasound, QUS)结果T值≤-2.5者定义为骨质疏松症患者。分析OSTA在不同切点时的灵敏度、特异度、似然比和曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC),比较不同切点时OSTA的筛查准确性,寻找适宜的切点值。
结果
共纳入研究对象5 833名,平均年龄(48.3±17.5)岁,其中女性2 594人(占44.5%)。QUS检测结果显示骨质疏松患者403人(占总人群6.9%),女性患者343人(占女性人群13.22%)。在全年龄组人群中,OSTA国际常规切点值(≤-1)筛查骨质疏松的AUC为0.815(95%CI:0.804~0.825),女性人群筛查准确性(AUC=0.837,95%CI:0.823~0.851)优于男性人群(AUC=0.767,95%CI:0.752~0.781;P<0.05)。在全年龄组人群中以OSTA≤0为筛查切点值筛查骨质疏松的AUC为0.842(95%CI:0.832~0.851),准确性优于以-1为切点值(P<0.01),净重分类指数(net reclassification improvement,NRI)提高5.5%。40~65岁人群中,以OSTA≤0为筛查切点值时,筛查准确性较-1时提高明显(NRI=19.5%,P=0.003)。
结论
OSTA筛查工具在健康体检人群中具有较好的骨质疏松筛查价值,且女性人群的筛查准确性优于男性,适度提高OSTA的筛查切点值能够在全年龄组人群和40~65岁年龄组人群中有更好的筛查获益。
Keywords: 亚洲骨质疏松筛查工具, 骨密度, 健康调查, 敏感性与特异性
Abstract
Objective
To explore the screening value of osteoporosis self-assessment tool for Asians (OSTA) and the optimal cut-off value in Chinese healthy physical examination population.
Methods
We selected a healthy physical examination population for bone mineral density screening at the Health Examination Center in Peking University Third Hospital from 2013 to 2016. Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) results were used as the gold standard, and T value ≤-2.5 was defined as osteoporosis patients. Diagnostic test methods were used to analyze the sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio and area under curve (AUC) of different cut points of OSTA. The screening accuracy of OSTA at different cut points was compared and the optimal cut-point value determined.
Results
A total of 5 833 subjects were included in the study, with an average age of (48.3±17.5) years and 2 594 women (44.5%). The QUS test showed 403 patients with osteoporosis (6.9% of the total population), 343 female osteoporosis patients (13.22% of the female population). In the whole age group, AUC at the international routine cut-off value (OSTA ≤-1) screening for osteoporosis was 0.815 (95%CI: 0.804-0.825), and screening accuracy was higher in the women (AUC=0.837, 95%CI: 0.823-0.851) than that in the men (AUC=0.767, 95%CI: 0.752-0.781; P<0.05). In the whole age group, when the optimal cut-off value was 0, its AUC 0.842 (95%CI: 0.832-0.851) was significantly higher than that when the cut-off value was -1 (P<0.01), and net reclassification improvement (NRI) increased by 5.5%. In the 40 to 65-year-old group, when OSTA cut-off value ≤0, the screening accuracy was significantly higher (NRI=19.5%, P=0.003) than that when it was-1.
Conclusion
The OSTA screening tool had good osteoporosis screening value in healthy people, and the screening accuracy in women is higher than that in men. Increasing the screening cut-off value of OSTA would be helpful to improve the screening accuracy in the whole and 40 to 65-year-old population. There may be different optimal cut-off values for different age group population.
Keywords: Osteoporosis self-assessment tool for Asians, Bone density, Health surveys, Sensitivity and specificity
骨质疏松症(osteoporosis,OP)是最常见的骨骼疾病,是一种以骨量低、骨组织微结构破坏、骨脆性增加、易发生骨折为特征的全身性骨病[1]。骨质疏松症可发生于任何年龄,但多见于绝经后女性和老年人群。骨质疏松症的严重后果是骨质疏松性骨折,是指受到轻微创伤或日常活动中发生的骨折,是导致老年人群残疾甚至死亡的主要原因之一[2]。据估计,2010年我国骨质疏松性骨折发生例数约为233万例次(女性是男性的3倍),预计到2050年则上升为599万例次,总卫生花费约为250亿美元[3]。
骨质疏松症患者在疾病早期通常没有明显的症状和体征,骨质疏松风险评估工具为骨质疏松症的早期筛查和识别提供了良好的方法。目前国际上较为成熟的骨质疏松相关筛查工具有:国际骨质疏松基金会骨质疏松风险一分钟试题、亚洲骨质疏松筛查工具(osteoporosis self-assessment tool for Asians, OSTA)[4]、简易骨质疏松危险因素评估问卷[5]、骨质疏松危险评估工具[6]、骨质疏松风险指数[7]和骨质疏松预评估工具[8]等,但这些筛查工具大都用来评价绝经后的女性人群[9]。在上述诸多筛查工具中,较适用于中国人群的筛查工具有骨质疏松风险一分钟测试题和OSTA。
在《原发性骨质疏松症诊疗指南(2017)》[10]和《中国老年骨质疏松症诊疗指南》[11]中推荐使用OSTA进行骨质疏松风险初筛工具,国际常规筛查切点值为OSTA评分<-1(判定为中度风险以上)。近年来有研究提示,OSTA判断骨质疏松风险的切点可能过低[12,13,14],一项针对中国台湾女性人群的研究显示,OSTA切点为2才能获得最佳的筛查准确性[12]。OSTA切点选择过低会导致部分骨质疏松患者被漏诊,如果切点选择过高又会导致误诊率的提高。针对目前国内外对OSTA切点选择的争议,本研究拟以健康体检中心的体检人群为研究对象,评价国际推荐切点值在中国人群中的准确性,并探索OSTA的最佳切点。
1. 资料与方法
1.1. 研究对象
选取2013年1月至2016年12月间在北京大学第三医院体检中心进行健康体检的人群为研究对象,年龄范围22~95岁。研究对象的入选标准为:(1)研究对象体检项目中包含定量超声骨密度检测(quantitative ultrasound,QUS),(2)同意参加研究并签署知情同意书。排除标准为:(1)孕产妇和哺乳期女性,(2)患有甲状旁腺功能亢进、垂体前叶功能减退、早绝经(绝经年龄<40岁)、性腺功能减退、库欣综合征(Cushing syndrome,CS)、雄激素抵抗综合征、甲状腺疾病、类风湿性关节炎等免疫疾病的患者,(3)患有癫痫、帕金森病、精神病、器官移植后、肿瘤、心功能衰竭、肾功能衰竭或患有重大感染或其他器官系统疾病威胁生命健康者,(4)患有其他影响骨代谢的疾病或继发性骨质疏松症的患者。
1.2. 定量超声骨密度测量
采用国产BMD-1000型超声骨密度分析仪(宏扬医疗器械有限公司)对研究对象进行QUS检测。测量前先用体模对仪器进行校正,测量时在受检者测量部位均匀涂上一层超声耦合剂,操作者用双手将超声探头垂直平行置于测试部位,保持探头密切接触测试部位并稳定,轻微调整探头,同时观察数据显示其稳定在700~900之间,待数据稳定屏幕显示红色线为微波状,则开始采集研究对象的骨密度数据,计算机自动生成测量结果同时将数据存入数据库。
1.3. 骨质疏松的诊断和OSTA计算
骨质疏松症的诊断以QUS测量结果(T值)为金标准。参照WHO推荐的诊断标准:T值≤-2.5为骨质疏松诊断标准。基于体质量和年龄计算OSTA指数[4],OSTA指数=[体质量(kg)-年龄(岁)]×0.2,其中,OSTA指数>-1为低风险,-1≥OSTA指数≥-4为中度风险,OSTA指数<-4为高风险。
1.4. 统计学分析
采用Microsoft Excel 2016进行数据管理,采用SPSS 25.0软件进行统计分析。符合正态分布的计量资料用均数±标准差进行统计描述,组间比较采用独立样本t检验;计数资料用例数(百分比)进行统计描述,组间比较采用卡方检验或Fisher确切概率法。用受试者工作特征曲线 (receiver operating characteristic curve, ROC)分析探索OSTA指数的筛查价值,并使用约登指数(Youden index)最大选择切点值,计算灵敏度、特异度、阳性似然比、阴性似然比、曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)及其95%CI。
采用MedCalc 14.0软件进行不同cut-off值的AUC比较,采用R软件进行不同切点值的净重分类指数(net reclassification improvement,NRI)[15]计算与比较,NRI=[p(up )-p(down )]-[p(up )-p(down )],此公式中,p(up )为患者中被重分类为患者的概率,p(down )为患者中被重分类为非患者的概率,p(up )为非患者中被重分类为患者的概率,p(down )为非患者中被重分类为非患者的概率。所有检验以双侧P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结果
2.1. 研究对象的基本情况
共有5 833名健康体检者参与本研究,其中男性3 239人(占55.5%),女性2 594人(占44.5%),平均年龄为(48.32±17.53)岁,平均体质量指数为(24.17±3.60) kg/m2。骨质疏松患者403例,占6.91%。相对于非骨质疏松组,骨质疏松组年龄更大,女性所占比例更多,体质量更小,组间差异均有统计学意义(表1)。
1.
研究对象的基本情况
Characteristics of the participants
| Items | All | Non-osteoporosis | Osteoporosis | t/χ2 | P value |
| BMI, body mass index. | |||||
| Participants, n (%) | 5 833 | 5 430 (93.09) | 403 (6.91) | ||
| Age/years, x±s | 48.32±17.53 | 46.42±16.40 | 74.02±10.70 | 33.26 | <0.001 |
| Age group, n (%) | 1 111.43 | <0.001 | |||
| <40 years | 2 398 (41.11) | 2 390 (44.01) | 8 (1.99) | ||
| 40-65 years | 2 274 (38.99) | 2 216 (40.81) | 58 (14.39) | ||
| ≥65 years | 1 161 (19.90) | 824 (15.18) | 337 (83.62) | ||
| Gender, n (%) | 289.55 | <0.001 | |||
| Female | 2 594 (44.47) | 2 251 (41.45) | 343 (85.11) | ||
| Male | 3 239 (55.53) | 3 179 (58.55) | 60 (14.89) | ||
| Height/cm, x±s | 166.44±8.26 | 167.11±7.99 | 157.39±6.32 | 23.89 | <0.001 |
| Weight/kg, x±s | 67.34±13.20 | 67.86±13.23 | 60.26±10.40 | 11.28 | <0.001 |
| BMI/(kg/m2), x±s | 24.17±3.60 | 24.17±3.62 | 24.26±3.45 | 0.47 | 0.638 |
2.2. OSTA常规筛查切点值的准确性评价
当采用常规OSTA筛查切点值(≤-1)时,OSTA筛查的灵敏度为73.69%,特异度为88.99%,AUC=0.815,其中女性人群筛查准确性(AUC=0.837,95% CI:0.823~0.851)优于男性人群(AUC=0.76,95% CI:0.752~0.781),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。40岁以上人群中,OSTA值< -1时筛查的灵敏度为 75.44%,特异度为 80.33%,AUC=0.779。同样,女性人群的筛查准确性高于男性人群,但组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具体见表2。
2.
不同年龄组人群中OSTA≤-1时的筛查效果比较
Comparison of screening accuracy at OSTA≤-1 in different age groups
| Items | Osteoporosis,n (%) | Sensitivity/% | Specificity/% | +LR | -LR | AUC (95%CI) |
| OSTA, osteoporosis self-assessment tool for Asians; +LR, positive likelihood ratio; -LR, negative likelihood ratio; AUC, area under curve. | ||||||
| All age group | ||||||
| All | 403 (6.9) | 73.95 | 88.99 | 6.71 | 0.29 | 0.815 (0.804-0.825) |
| Male | 60 (1.9) | 66.67 | 86.66 | 5.00 | 0.38 | 0.767 (0.752-0.781) |
| Female | 343 (13.2) | 75.22 | 92.27 | 9.73 | 0.27 | 0.837 (0.823-0.851) |
| More than 40-year-old | ||||||
| All | 395 (11.5) | 75.44 | 80.33 | 3.84 | 0.31 | 0.779 (0.753-0.805) |
| Male | 58 (3.1) | 68.96 | 77.12 | 3.01 | 0.40 | 0.730 (0.661-0.800) |
| Female | 337 (22.11) | 76.56 | 85.35 | 5.23 | 0.27 | 0.809 (0.781-0.838) |
2.3. 不同OSTA切点值的筛查效果比较
全年龄组人群中,根据约登指数最大的计算方法,OSTA筛查工具的最佳切点值为0.62,此时AUC=0.850,高于切点值为-1时的0.815,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。当取OSTA筛查工具的切点值为0时,AUC=0.842,高于切点值为-1时的0.815,且差异也有统计学意义(P<0.001),与切点值为0.62时的AUC=0.850相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。OSTA切点从-1分别提高到0和0.62时,NRI分别提高5.5%和7.1%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001,图1)。
1.
全年龄组人群中不同OSTA切点对应的ROC曲线比较
40~65岁人群中,OSTA不同切点的AUC为0.572~0.724不等,不同切点间AUC差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。此年龄组人群中OSTA切点从-1分别提高到0和0.62时,NRI分别提高19.5%和 30.5%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。40岁以上的人群中,OSTA切点从-1分别提高到0和0.62时,组间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05,表3)。
3.
不同年龄组人群中不同OSTA切点值的筛查效果比较
Comparison of screening accuracy for different OSTA cut-off point in different age groups
| Items | AUC | SE | 95%CI | Z | P1 | NRI | P2 |
| OSTA, osteoporosis self-assessment tool for Asians; AUC, area under curve; NRI, net reclassification improvement; Ref., reference; P1, for the AUC comparison and set OSTA ≤-1 as reference; P2, for the NRI comparison and set OSTA ≤-1 as reference. | |||||||
| All age group | |||||||
| OSTA ≤-1 | 0.815 | 0.011 | 0.804-0.825 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| OSTA ≤ 0 | 0.842 | 0.010 | 0.832-0.851 | 3.692 | <0.001 | 0.055 | <0.001 |
| OSTA ≤ 0.62 | 0.850 | 0.009 | 0.841-0.859 | 4.048 | <0.001 | 0.071 | <0.001 |
| 40 to 65-year-old | |||||||
| OSTA ≤-1 | 0.572 | 0.025 | 0.551-0.592 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| OSTA ≤ 0 | 0.669 | 0.033 | 0.649-0.689 | 3.428 | <0.001 | 0.195 | 0.003 |
| OSTA ≤ 0.62 | 0.724 | 0.033 | 0.706-0.743 | 4.693 | <0.001 | 0.305 | <0.001 |
| More than 40-year-old | |||||||
| OSTA ≤-1 | 0.779 | 0.011 | 0.765-0.793 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| OSTA ≤ 0 | 0.792 | 0.010 | 0.778-0.805 | 1.637 | 0.102 | 0.025 | 0.126 |
| OSTA ≤ 0.62 | 0.790 | 0.009 | 0.776-0.803 | 1.153 | 0.249 | 0.021 | 0.293 |
3. 讨论
骨质疏松症是一种慢性进行性全身性骨骼疾病,尤其容易导致老年人群发生骨折,从而增加患者的病死率和社会卫生负担,对骨质疏松症的早期筛查和干预具有良好的成本效益[16]。本研究使用北京大学第三医院健康体检人群数据,采用定量超声骨密度检测进行测量,结果显示骨质疏松症的总体患病率为6.9%,其中女性人群患病率为13.2%,骨质疏松症患病率在女性人群中依然较高。
骨质疏松症的筛查尤为重要,国际上常见的筛查工具众多,但仅有OSTA是基于亚洲人群数据开发的评价工具,尤其适用于亚洲绝经后女性人群[4]。本研究显示,OSTA ≤-1的筛查阈值在女性人群中的筛查效果较好(AUC=0.809~0.837),与国内其他有关女性人群研究[17,18]和亚洲其他国家女性人群[19,20]的研究结果类似。尽管OSTA筛查工具在研制时是应用绝经后女性人群数据进行开发的,且我国《原发性骨质疏松症诊疗指南(2017)》指出其仅适用于绝经后女性人群[10],但近年来有大量研究显示,其在男性人群中应用时筛查准确性也较高(AUC=0.63~0.85)[21,22,23,24],本研究中OSTA ≤-1时,其在男性人群中对骨质疏松的筛查准确性尚可(AUC=0.77)。
对于用OSTA指数切点值-1来判断中度以上骨质疏松是否恰当,近年来有一些研究对其进行了讨论。Geater等[25]对泰国绝经后女性的研究显示,当OSTA指数的切点值提高到0时可减少诊断的假阳性率,提高OSTA诊断的灵敏度,但也会减少OSTA诊断的特异度。Oh等[14]对韩国国家健康和营养调查的数据研究也显示,将OSTA指数的切点值设为0时,可改善OSTA筛查工具的筛查准确性。本研究中,将OSTA的切点值设为0时,可适度提高其在全年龄组人群中的筛查准确性,AUC从0.815提高至0.842(P<0.01),NRI提高 5.5%(P<0.01)。尤其是在40~65岁人群中,将OSTA的切点值从-1提高到0时,AUC从0.572提高至0.669(P<0.01),NRI提高19.5%(P<0.01),但在40岁以上人群中并未发现OSTA工具筛查准确性的提高差异有统计学意义(P>0.05)。Chang等[12]对中国台湾年轻女性人群的研究显示,当OSTA < 2为切点时,其在年轻女性人群中的筛查准确性更好。但也有研究显示,在老年女性人群中,当OSTA的切点继续下降为-2时,才具有更好的筛查准确性[26]。
也有研究针对男性人群的OSTA切点值选择展开了讨论,Moon等[27]的研究显示,当OSTA的切点为0.5时,在男性人群中可获得最佳的筛查准确性(AUC=0.737),而Zha等[28]的研究则显示,在老年男性人群中OSTA筛查工具的最佳切点值应该为-3.5,提示不应该升高反而应该降低其切点值。针对OSTA筛查工具的筛查切点值是否应该修改,目前诸多研究间尚存在争议,本研究认为,由于OSTA指数的计算是体质量减去年龄后乘以0.2,所以对于年轻人群而言该值偏大,而对于老年人群而言该值偏小,因此在不同年龄组人群中OSTA切点可能会存在不同,且年轻人群的最佳切点值很可能大于老年人群的最佳切点值。《中国老年骨质疏松症诊疗指南》对于≥65岁女性和≥70岁男性推荐直接进行骨密度检测,因此OSTA工具筛查的重点人群应该是65岁以下的人群。
本研究结果显示,提高OSTA工具的筛查切点值能够在全年龄组人群和40~65岁年龄组人群中获得更高的筛查收益,有必要针对不同人群设立不同的筛查切点值,以便充分发挥OSTA筛查工具的筛查性能。
本研究是基于健康体检人群开展的回顾性研究,样本量较大且包含了不同年龄段的人群,但该人群对全体人群的代表性尚存在缺陷,尤其是对不同地区和民族人群的代表性不够。本研究的另一个局限性在于对研究对象的骨质疏松的诊断是采用QUS,但因北京大学第三医院体检中心具有较好的体检质量控制措施,其体检过程和QUS骨密度测量的质量控制明显优于针对社区人群的普通筛查研究。同时,本研究中并未收集研究对象的骨质疏松家族史、吸烟史和饮酒史等相关危险因素,这也是本研究的局限性之一。
OSTA是适用于亚洲人群的简单、便捷的骨质疏松筛查工具,具有较高的筛查准确性,其在临床工作中的广泛应用有助于骨质疏松症的早期识别和诊断,从而最大限度地减少骨质疏松并发症的发生,但OSTA工具与骨质疏松性骨折的因果关系尚需进一步开展纵向队列研究进行证实,且建议针对不同地区、不同年龄段的人群设置不同的筛查切点值。
Funding Statement
国家自然科学基金(81703240); 北大医学交叉研究种子基金-中央高校基本科研业务费(BMU2017MX016)
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81703240); Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities: Peking University Medicine Seed Fund for Interdisciplinary Research(BMU2017MX016)
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