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Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences)
. 2020 Jun 15;52(4):794–798. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2020.04.036

二次肾盂成形术在复发性肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻中的研究进展

Advance in re-do pyeloplasty for the management of recurrent ureteropelvic junction obstruction after surgery

Sheng-wei XIONG 1, Jie WANG 1, Wei-jie ZHU 1, Si-da CHENG 1, Lei ZHANG 1, Xue-song LI 1,*, Li-qun ZHOU 1
PMCID: PMC7433613  PMID: 32773819

Abstract

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is characterized by decreased flow of urine down the ureter and increased fluid pressure inside the kidney. Open pyeloplasty had been regarded as the standard management of UPJO for a long time. Laparoscopic pyeloplasty reports high success rates, for both retroperitoneal and transperitoneal approaches, which are comparable to those of open pyeloplasty. However, open and laparoscopic pyeloplasty have yielded disappointing failure rates of 2.5%-10%. The main causes for recurrent UPJO are severe peripelvic and periureteric fibrosis due to urinary extravasation, ureteral ischemia, and inadequate hemostasis. In addition, failing to diagnose lower pole crossing vessels before or during the primary procedure is also responsible for recurrent UPJO. In addition, poor preoperative split renal function, hydronephrosis, presence of renal stones, patient age, diabetes, prior endopyelotomy history, and retrograde pyelography history were considered as predictors of pyeloplasty failure. The failure is usually defined by persistent pain, persistent radiographic obstruction (infection or stones), continued decline in split renal function, or a combination of the above. And the failure of pye-loplasty often occurs in the first 2 years after the surgery. The available options for managing recurrent UPJO with a salvageable renal unit include endopyelotomy, re-do pyeloplasty, stent implantation, percutaneous nephrostomy, ureterocalicostomy, and nephrectomy. Re-do pyeloplasty has such merits as high successful rates and rare complications, compared with endopyelotomy or ureterocalicostomy. And some investigators think that re-do pyeloplasty should be regarded as the gold standard for secondary therapy if feasible. Open pyeloplasty can enlarge the operating field, facilitate the exposure of the ureteropelvic junction, reduce the difficulty of operation, and thus reduce the occurrence of complications. There are no significant differences among the success rates of re-do pyeloplasty under open approach, traditional laparoscopy and robot-assisted laparoscopy, according to previous reports. However, traditional laparoscopic and robot-assisted pyeloplasty give advantages of cosmetology, small trauma, less postoperative pain, speedy recovery and shorter hospitalization, fewer complications and lower recurrent rates. If the primary pyeloplasty is an open operation in retroperitoneal approach, the traditional laparoscopic and robotic operation with retroperitoneal approach should be considered for secondary repair. The cause of recurrent UPJO should be evaluated before surgery and identified intraoperatively to minimize the possibility of recurrence.

Keywords: Re-do pyeloplasty, Recurrent, Ureteropelvic junction obstruction, Minimally invasive surgical procedures


肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻(ureteropelvic junction obstruction,UPJO)是一种常见的引起肾积水的上尿路梗阻性疾病。开放肾盂成形术是UPJO治疗的标准术式,但目前已逐渐被腹腔镜肾盂成形术等微创术式取代,且其成功率与开放肾盂成形术接近[1-2]。以往研究报道,肾盂成形术(包括开放和腹腔镜)有2.5%~10%的失败率[3-5]。由于肾盂输尿管连接部瘢痕形成和供应血管减少,复发性UPJO的治疗具有很大的挑战性,对于这一部分复发性UPJO的患者,可采取的治疗措施包括顺行或逆行腔内肾盂切开术、二次肾盂成形术(开放、腹腔镜或机器人)、肾盂膀胱吻合术、输尿管支架置入术、经皮肾造瘘术和肾切除术等[3]。相对于其他治疗措施,二次肾盂成形术具有成功率更高、并发症少等优点[6]。本文将重点对二次肾盂成形术在复发性UPJO中的应用进行总结,为临床治疗提供参考。

1. 肾盂成形术

自1886年首次报道肾盂成形术以来,已经有许多学者对肾盂成形术进行了改良与创新[7]。目前已报道的肾盂成形术具有多种类型,包括离断式肾盂成形术(Anderson-Hynes术)、Foley Y-V成形术、螺旋肾盂瓣成形术(Culp-DeWeerd术)和垂直肾盂瓣成形术(Scardino-Prince术)等[8]。离断式肾盂成形术是目前治疗UPJO最经典的术式,多项长期随访的病例系列报道开放离断式肾盂成形术的成功率高达80%~98%[8-10]。开放肾盂成形术可以良好暴露肾盂输尿管连接部,有助于进行最佳的修复重建,提高手术成功率,但其有手术切口大、住院时间长、术后恢复慢等缺点。腹腔镜肾盂成形术最初于1993年报道,其具有成功率更高(>90%)、手术切口小、术后恢复快、术后疼痛轻等优势,目前已成为UPJO治疗的常规手术方式[1, 11]。肾盂成形术可经腹膜腔和经腹膜后入路进行,Badawy等[12]通过随机对照试验发现,经腹膜腔入路和腹膜后入路的成功率接近,但腹膜后入路具有手术时间短、住院时间短、肠道运动恢复快、饮食恢复早等优势。我中心在传统离断式肾盂成形术的基础上,做出了具有特色的改良,在初次肾盂成形术和二次肾盂成形术中都取得了良好的效果[13]

2. 肾盂成形术失败的原因

目前,对肾盂成形术成功与失败的评定还没有明确的标准。Tan等[14]将手术成功定义为:利尿剂肾图显示尿排泄正常或者输尿管镜直视下的肾盂输尿管连接部未见明显梗阻。Rassweiler等[15]将手术成功定义为:在肾功能稳定或提升的基础上症状缓解或消失(疼痛缓解>80%),并且肾图或排泄性尿路造影显示肾盂尿排出正常(利尿肾图的半衰期T1/2 < 20 min)。一般,术后腰痛等症状无明显缓解,且/或术后影像学检查结果提示肾盂输尿管连接部再发阻塞而需要再次手术认定为手术失败。肾盂成形术的失败可在术后早期或晚期出现,早期失败可在输尿管支架取出后出现肾积水加重、腰痛、甚至肾盂肾炎,而晚期失败可在术后2年或以上出现上述症状,这两种情况均可认定为“复发性UPJO”[4]。综合多篇文献报道结果,开放或腹腔镜肾盂成形术约有2.5%~10%的失败率[4-5]

肾盂成形术的失败原因可能有:手术技术不佳、术后肾盂输尿管连接部缺血而再狭窄、吻合口瘘伴尿性囊肿和纤维化形成和异位交叉血管等[4, 14-16]。此外,肾结石、肾积水、术前肾功能不全、糖尿病、内镜下肾盂切开手术史和逆行肾盂造影病史等被认为是手术失败的危险因素[14, 17-18]。交叉血管供应肾脏的下极,可能起源于肾血管、主动脉、腔静脉或髂血管。据报道,非UPJO的成人患者约20%合并肾下极交叉血管,38%~71%的UPJO成人患者被发现有交叉血管[19-20],11%~58%的UPJO儿童患者被发现有交叉血管[21]。交叉血管是否引起UPJO,或伴随内在性狭窄因素同时存在,目前尚不明确[4]。Rehman等[22]报道,开放肾盂成形术失败的患者,在行二次手术时将前位交叉血管后移后,腰痛等症状消失,肾功能改善。与之类似,Hammady等[23]报道了5例(15.6%)因首次手术忽略的肾下极交叉血管引起复发性UPJO的患者。忽略或未处理的交叉血管引起复发性UPJO的可能性不应被低估,术前应积极做好肾下极交叉血管的影像学评估。

3. 二次肾盂成形术

3.1. 二次肾盂成形手术要点

与初次手术类似,二次肾盂成形术也可经多种手术方式开展,包括离断式和非离断式。离断式(Anderson-Hynes术)是二次肾盂成形术常用的手术方式,术中切除狭窄段后,将输尿管断端裁剪成勺状,与修剪后的肾盂作斜行吻合[5]。若初次肾盂成形术是经腹膜后入路开展的,考虑原手术区域肾盂输尿管连接部周围组织粘连严重,不易暴露手术区域,二次肾盂成形术采取经腹膜腔入路进行是更好的选择[24]。此外,经腹膜腔入路的手术野更大,便于操作,并且更容易发现肾下极前位交叉血管。复发性UPJO的患者因肾盂及肾盂输尿管连接部周围大量瘢痕及纤维组织形成,交叉血管可藏匿于瘢痕纤维组织中,不易被发现,二次肾盂成形术中应仔细剥离瘢痕纤维组织,寻找异位血管。若发现异位血管,一般不将其离断,而是在肾盂输尿管连接部离断后将其由前位转移至后位[23, 25-26]。术中游离肾盂输尿管连接部后应保持正常组织距离狭窄部位2~3 cm为佳,减少输尿管及肾盂血供的破坏[23, 25]

3.2. 开放二次肾盂成形术

一些学者认为开放二次肾盂成形术是复发性UPJO的首选治疗方式[6, 16]。首次肾盂成形术失败的患者肾盂输尿管连接部及其周围组织往往出现严重瘢痕和纤维化形成,开放手术可以扩大手术野,便于病变组织的暴露,狭窄段过长时也便于游离输尿管和动员肾脏,降低手术难度,避免并发症或再次手术失败的发生。开放二次肾盂成形术常用于腔内肾盂切开术或开放肾盂成形术失败后复发性UPJO的处理,也有学者建议将其用于腹腔镜肾盂成形术失败后的处理[14]。Braga等[6]报道的开放二次肾盂成形术治疗复发性UPJO的成功率(100%)明显高于逆行腔内肾盂切开术的成功率(39%),且术后并发症少。与之类似,Abdrabuh等[16]报道的开放二次肾盂成形术和腔内肾盂切开术治疗复发性UPJO的成功率分别为93.8%和81.5%,且二次肾盂成形术组的患者肾积水程度减轻、肾功能改善的比例更高。此外,Abdel-Karim等[27]报道的开放和腹腔镜肾盂成形术治疗复发性UPJO的成功率相近,分别为100%和91.7%,且开放式手术具有手术时间短、出血量少等优点。

3.3. 腹腔镜二次肾盂成形术

腹腔镜二次肾盂成形术可用于开放或腹腔镜肾盂成形术失败后和腔内肾盂切开术失败后的复发性UPJO的治疗[5, 15, 23-24, 26](表 1)。多次腔内肾盂切开术后,输尿管周围组织纤维化严重,腹腔镜二次手术难度大,需要有丰富经验的术者执行,其效果才能与初次肾盂成形术接近。Sundaram等[24]报道了33例腔内肾盂切开术后失败的患者,腹腔镜二次肾盂成形术的成功率为83%,平均手术时间达6.2 h,8例(24.2%)患者出现术后并发症。开放或腹腔镜成形术失败后的复发性UPJO患者,二次腹腔镜手术难度更大,但最近也有较多手术成功率高、术后并发症少的研究报道。Hammady等[23]报道了32例开放手术失败后行腹腔镜二次肾盂成形术的患者,手术成功率90.6%,平均手术时间133 min,4例(12.5%)患者出现术后并发症,此外,该研究将上述结果与在同一时间由同一术者施行的腹腔镜初次肾盂成形术结果进行对比,发现二次手术的成功率(90.6%)与初次手术的成功率(94.4%)接近,但手术时间更长,术中和术后并发症的发生概率更大(9.4% vs. 0,12.5% vs. 5.6%)。近期,Alhazmi[28]的荟萃分析发现,儿童腹腔镜二次肾盂成形术与开放二次肾盂成形术的成功率和术后并发症发生率接近,腹腔镜的手术住院时间更短,但手术时间更长(合并后多12 min)。

1.

腹腔镜二次肾盂成形术治疗复发性UPJO的文献回顾

Review of literatures as for re-do laparoscopic pyeloplasty for recurrent UPJO after failed pyeloplasty

Author and year No. of patients Age/years Prior surgery Interval/months Surgery approach Surgery type Mean operative time/min Mean blood loss/mL Mean hospital slay/days Mean follow-up/ months Postoperalive complications Success rate*
OP, open pyeloplasty; RALP, robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty; LP, laparoscopic pyeloplasty; EP, endopyelotomy; BD, Balloon dilatation; N.D.,not determined; T, transperitoneal; A-H, Anderson-Hynes dismembered pyeloplasty; Y-V, Foley Y-V pyeloplasty; Z-plasty, zigzag plasty; LUC, laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy; UPJ, ureteropelvic junction; UTI, urinay tract infection; UPJO, ureteropelvie junction obstruetion; *success was defined as obstruction resolved and asymptomatic. Data are presented as mean ± SD, or median (mininuun -maximum).
Piaggioet al. (2007)[32] 6 7.5 (1.3-18.0) 6 OP. 1 LP N.D. T A-H 290 (206-380) N.D. 2.5 (2-3) 7 (1 -24) N.D. 83.3% (5/6)
Shepin et al.(2009)[5] 9 30.5(19-50) OP 67.7(14-162) T 5 A-H. 3 Y_V, 1 Z-plasty 204 (80-264) 105 (20-300) 2. 1 (2-3) 66 (12-119) None 89% (8/9)
Zhou et al. (2011)[33] 5 24.5 (19 -32) OP 93.6 (36-192) T A-H 165 (105 -230) 75 (50-120) N. D. 37.5 (33-49) None 100%
Abraham et al. (2015) [34] 16 16.03 ±11.53 11 OP, 4 LP, 1 RALP 3 -30 T 15 A-H, 1 LUC 191.25 ±24.99 N.D. 3. 20 ±0.45 29.9 ±18.5 N.D. 93.3% (15/16)
Nishi et al. (2015) [26] 13 26.0 (2 -47) 4 OP. 2 LP, 4 EP. 3 BD 23 (4 -396) T A-H 269 (165 - 525) 66 (20-230) N. D. 40 lleus 1,hematuria 1, metal clip migration 1 92.3% (12/13)
Powell et al. (2015)[35] 5 3.8 (1. 1 -9.3) OP N. D. T A-H 90 (118 -282) N.D. 1.2 (1 -2) 13 None 100%
Alnlel-Karim et al. (2016)[27] 24 13.2 (5 - 17) 22 OP, 2 LP 23.6 (2 -38) T A-H 211.4 ±32.2 102 ±35 4 (2-6) 31.5 ±12.5 Pnilongetl ileus 2, UFJ leakage 1, hmaturia 1, UTI 1 91.6% (22/24)
Cliianoone et al. (2017)[36] 38 26.6 ±6.5 22 LP, 14 OP, 2 EP N.D. T A-H 103.16 ±30.00 122.37 ±73.25 4.47 ±0.86 42.5 ±24.6 Hematuria 2, UTI 1, urine leakage 1 92.1% (35/38)
Hammady et al. (2017) [23] 32 29 (18-65) OP 24 (10 - 38) T A-H 110(90-155) 42 (15 -120) 1.3 (2-5) 29.3 (20-32) Urine leakage 2, hematuria 1, UTI 1 94. 4% (30/32)
Zhang et al. (2019) [25] 14 34.71 ±10.50 105.6 (6 - 240) T A-H 193.8 ±30.0 N.D. 9.79 ± 1.76 30.43 ±12.91 Fever 1 85.7% (12/14)

3.4. 机器人二次肾盂成形术

机器人手术相对于传统腹腔镜手术具有能精细缝合、操作灵活和三维可视化等优点。Gettman等[29]在2002年首次报道了9例机器人肾盂成形术,平均手术时间138.8 min,平均缝合时间62.4 min,1例患者术后需要开放探查以修补肾盂缺损,平均随访4.1个月,根据术后症状和影像学标准,手术成功率100%。复发性UPJO二次手术干预难度大,综合近期多篇研究报道,机器人二次肾盂成形术的手术成功率为78%~100%[30-39](表 2)。

2.

机器人二次肾盂成形术治疗复发性UPJO的文献回顾

Review of literatures as for re-do robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty for recurrent UPJO after failed pyeloplasty

Author and year No. of patients Age/years Prior surgery Interval/months Surgery approach Surgery type Mean operative time/min Mean blood loss/mL Mean hospital slay/days Mean follow-up/ months Postoperalive complications Success rate*
PU, pyeloureterostomy;Other abbreviaticms and the presentation of data as in Table 1. *, success was defined as obstruction resolved and asymptomatic; #, the success rate of patients with sufficient postoperative follow-up (> 12 months).
Hemnal et al. (2008)[37] 9 17.9 (10-36) OP 10.3 (3 -22) T A-H 106 (95 -150) 72.4 (40-200) 3.4 (2-5) 7.4 (2-15) Fever 1 100%
Asensio et al.(2015)[38] 5 13.83 (8-18) OP 120 (79.5 -136.3) T A-H 144 (110-180) N.D. 2.6 30.45 (11.82 - 38.01) None 100%
Davis et al. (2016)[30] 23 4 (1.2-19.0) 20 OP. 3 RALP 15.6 (4 - 204) T 20 A-H;1 Y-V;2 PU 198 (103 -335) 26 (10 - 100) 2.3(1.1 -4.4) 26 (4-45) UTI 3, pneumonia 1, ileus 2 78% (14/18)#
Khoder et al. (2016)[39] 5 54 (37 -65) LP 8-14 T A-H (3 LP, 2 RALF) 137 (92-180) 25 (20-50) 6(5-8) 23 (6-82) None 100%
Baek et al.(2018)[40] 9 8.2 (0.5-17.3) 8 OP, 1 LP 2.4-177.6 Retrocolie N. D. 187.7 ±28.5 N. D. 2.5 ±0.3 13.6±5.6 UTI 1 100%
Zhang et al. (2019)[25] 15 30.33 +13.26 59.52 ±62.76 T N. D. 126.0 ±7.8 N.D. 7. 80 ±3. 10 16.93 ±8.63 N.D. 86.7% (13/15)
Jacobson et al. (2019) [31] 31 3.7 (0.6-15.2) N. D. 24.3 (3.9- 136. 7) T N.D. 285.0 (207 -449) N.D. 1.0 (1.0-8.0) 40.6 (1.4- 108.3) Uroschesis 1,urine leak 1, shortness of breath I 100%

近期,Baek等[40]报道了65例行机器人肾盂成形术的儿童患者,其中包括55例初次和10例二次肾盂成形术,术后平均随访10.5和13.6个月,手术成功率分别为98.2%和100%,但二次肾盂成形术的手术时间更长(约增加31.1%),特别是肾盂输尿管连接部游离时间明显延长(P < 0.01)。Dirie等[41]综合了613例机器人初次肾盂成形术和107例机器人二次肾盂成形术的病例资料进行荟萃分析发现,二次手术的手术时间、术中预计出血量和复发率(P=0.004、P=0.01和P=0.04)明显增加。Tam等[42]对比了26例机器人和37例传统腹腔镜肾盂成形术的患者临床资料,发现两者在手术成功率、手术时间、术后并发症发生率方面并无明显差别,只是机器人手术患者的住院时间相对更短。目前尚无机器人和传统腹腔镜二次肾盂成形术对比分析的文献报道,但考虑到机器人手术的优势和其成功率与开放或传统腹腔镜手术相接近或更高,对于多次手术失败的复发性UPJO的患者,机器人二次肾盂成形术可能会是更好的选择[25, 31]

4. 总结

肾盂成形术后复发性UPJO并不多见,但其处理却比较困难。二次肾盂成形术相对于腔内肾盂切开术等其他处理,具有成功率高、并发症少等优点,若无禁忌时应首先考虑。二次肾盂成形术可于开放、传统腹腔镜、机器人辅助腹腔镜下进行,三种方式的成功率接近,但传统腹腔镜、机器人手术具有微创、术后恢复快等优势。若初次手术为腹膜后入路的开放手术,二次手术应考虑腹膜腔入路的传统腹腔镜、机器人手术。术前应评估好复发性UPJO的原因并在术中确认,尽可能减少再次复发的可能。

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