Abstract
目的
探讨使用Swanson双柄硅胶假体行跖趾关节置换治疗骨性关节炎、类风湿关节炎等引起的第2~5跖趾关节病变的中长期临床疗效。
方法
2010年1月至2015年10月应用Swanson双柄硅胶假体实施第2~5跖趾关节置换术21例,成功随访16例,其中,男性2例,女性14例,平均年龄(66.7±5.5)岁,类风湿关节炎9例,严重骨性关节炎5例,跖骨头骨软骨病2例。采用美国足踝外科协会Maryland足部评分系统、视觉模拟评分(visual analogue score, VAS)和影像学检查等方法对手术前后行走及跖趾关节活动度、疼痛程度等进行临床评价。
结果
随访时间17个月至5年,平均3.2年。Maryland足部评分:术前为(60.69±6.12)分,术后末次随访时为(88.13±5.84)分。术前跖趾关节活动度:背伸5.4°±3.1°,跖屈4.4°±2.7°;术后:背伸15.7°±4.5°,跖屈12.2°±4.3°, 术后跖趾关节活动度较术前有明显改善,数据对比差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01)。VAS评分:术前评分为(6.8±0.9)分,术后末次随访为(2.3±0.8)分,术后跖趾关节疼痛症状得到明显改善。根据美国足踝外科协会Maryland足部评分系统,术后评分较术前评分有显著性提高(P < 0.01),优良率达到81.3%。
结论
Swanson双柄硅胶假体跖趾关节置换术能够较好地缓解疼痛, 增加关节活动范围及稳定性,维持前足正常的行走能力,是重建第2~5跖趾关节结构、恢复关节功能的有效方法,但仍存在一些不良反应的发生概率,需要进一步改进。
Keywords: 跖趾关节, 关节置换, 硅胶假体
Abstract
Objective
Metatarsophalangeal joint is an important joint for daily weight-bearing walking. Osteoarthritis, osteochondrosis of the metatarsal head, rheumatoid arthritis can often cause the destruction of 2-5 metatarsophalangeal joint, leading to pain, limited joint movement and toe deformities, severely affecting the forefoot function. The purpose of this study is to report the results of middle-long term follow-up after performing Swanson double-stem silicon implant arthroplasty in patients with diseases of 2-5 metatarsophalangeal joint.
Methods
From January 2010 to October 2015, 21 patients with 2-5 metatarsophalangeal joint replacement were performed with Swanson double-stem silicone prosthesis. In the study, 16 cases were successfully followed up, 2 men and 14 women with an average age (66.7±5.5) years. There were 9 cases diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, 5 cases with severe osteoarthritis and 2 cases with osteochondrosis of the metatarsal head. The American Association of foot and ankle surgery Maryland foot scoring system and visual analogue score (VAS) were used to evaluate the walking function, metatarsophalangeal joint mobility and pain degree before and after surgery.
Results
The follow-up time ranged from 17 months to 5 years, with an average of 3.2 years. According to Maryland foot scoring system of the American Association of foot and ankle surgery, the preoperative score was (60.69±6.12) points and postoperative score was (88.13±5.84) points. Range of motion of metatarsophalangeal joint: preoperative: back extension 5.4°±3.1°, plantar flexion 4.4°±2.7°; postoperative: back extension 15.7°±4.5°, plantar flexion 12.2°±4.3°, the motion of 2-5 metatarsophalangeal joint after operation was significantly improved compared with that before operation (P < 0.01). The preoperative VAS was (6.8±0.9) points and the last follow-up was (2.3±0.8) points, the pain symptom of metatarsophalangeal joint was improved obviously after operation. The postoperative score was significantly higher than the preoperative score according to Maryland foot scoring system (P < 0.01), the excellent rate was 81.3%.
Conclusions
With the advantages of alleviating pain, preserving the length and alignment of metatarsophalangeal joint, improving the function of walking, and correcting the deformity, Swanson double-stem silicon implant arthroplasty is a reproducible and safe option for the reconstruction of the 2-5 metatarsophalangeal joint. However, there is still some probability of adverse reactions and still room for improvement.
Keywords: Metatarsophalangeal joint, Arthroplasty, Silicon implant
跖趾关节由各跖骨小头与各趾的近节趾骨的近端基底构成,在人体负重行走过程中发挥着非常重要的作用。各种骨性关节炎、创伤性关节炎及类风湿性关节炎等常会造成跖趾关节破坏,引起关节疼痛、活动受限及足趾畸形[1]。上述疾病治疗方法众多,疗效不甚确切。1967年, Swanson等[2]采用单柄硅胶假体填充Keller成形术后缺损的近节趾骨基底, 明显提高了Keller成形术的治疗效果。随后, Swanson对假体进行多次改进, 研制出新一代的双柄铰链式硅胶假体,采用此假体行跖趾关节置换术能够有效重建关节活动,恢复关节对线,明显减轻患处疼痛,在国内外报道中疗效令人满意。北京大学人民医院创伤骨科自2010年1月至2015年10月应用Swanson双柄硅胶人工铰链式假体实施跖趾关节置换术治疗第2~5跖趾关节疾病, 并进行了中长期随访, 效果令人满意,现将结果总结报道如下。
1. 资料与方法
1.1. 一般资料
回顾性研究因骨性关节炎、跖骨头骨软骨病及类风湿性关节炎等病因造成第2~5跖趾关节病变需手术干预者。行人工跖趾关节置换术前需除外以下手术禁忌:(1)跖趾关节炎伴有严重畸形(尤其是周围软组织条件差); (2)前期手术使局部没有植入位置或使假体不稳定,前足序列功能不完善; (3)严重的骨质疏松症; (4)严重糖尿病伴周围神经关节病; (5)慢性感染及周围神经血管病变; (6)手术区域皮肤条件差,如合并癣或细菌感染; (7)依从性差及伴有精神心理障碍; (8)活动期类风湿性关节炎或伴有前足破坏。
1.2. 手术方法
患者接受第2~5跖趾关节中1个或多个人工关节置换术,假体选用美国Wright公司的Swanson双柄硅胶人工铰链式假体。根据X线片及术中探查情况决定要使用的假体型号。手术采用跖趾关节背内侧纵向切口, 切开皮肤及皮下组织,切开分离背侧关节囊显露出跖趾关节, 用摆锯分别截取跖骨头和近节趾骨基底关节面,并在髓腔中分别打孔,采用假体试模预置后,选择合适大小的跖趾关节假体,反复活动跖趾关节以确定假体安装稳定、关节活动灵活,随后冲洗伤口,逐层缝合(图 1)。
1.
病例展示: 60岁男性第二跖趾关节炎行Swanson双柄硅胶人工铰链式假体置换术
Case: arthritis of the second metatarsophalangeal joint in a 60-year-old male, accepted joint replacement with Swanson double-stem silicone prosthesis
A, left foot preoperative X-ray; B, appearance of left foot; C, expose metatarsophalangeal joint with a longitudinal incision and perform osteotomy; D, intraoperative prosthesis trial model; E, appropriate size prosthesis implantation; F, postoperative X-ray examination.
术后给予预防感染、消肿等对症治疗,嘱患者抬高患肢。术后第1天被动屈伸活动跖趾关节,患肢行床上功能锻炼,3 d后穿前足免负荷鞋下地行走,术后2周时拆除缝线,之后行跖趾关节主动功能锻练,术后4周开始进行负重练习。
1.3. 评价指标
采用美国足踝外科协会Maryland足部评分系统、跖趾关节活动度和视觉模拟评分(visual analogue score, VAS)系统及影像学检查结果评价术前和末次随访时患者跖趾关节功能,对术前、术后跖趾关节背伸、跖屈角度进行统计学对比分析,Maryland足部评分系统满分100分,其中包括疼痛45分,功能40分,外观10分,活动度5分。将临床疗效分为:优,90~100分; 良,80~89分; 可,50~79分; 差, < 50分。
1.4. 统计学分析
所有数据采用SPSS 19.0统计软件进行处理,计量资料采用x±s表示,术前与术后各项评分比较采用配对样本t检验。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结果
北京大学人民医院创伤骨科自2010年1月至2015年10月共收治21例患者行第2~5跖趾关节单关节或多关节置换手术, 成功随访16例(23关节), 随访时间最长5年,最短17个月,平均3.2年, 其中男性2例2关节,女性14例21关节,患者平均年龄(66.7±5.5)岁,致病原因分布:类风湿关节炎例9例,严重骨性关节炎5例,跖骨头骨软骨病(Freiberg病)2例。术后患足外形及活动度均得到不同程度改善,多数患者跖趾关节周围疼痛较术前明显减轻。术后2~5跖趾关节活动度(背伸和跖屈)较术前改善明显,数据对比差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01)。根据美国足踝外科协会Maryland足部评分系统,术后评分较术前评分有显著性提高(P < 0.01),其中优8足,占50%;良5足,占31.3%;可3足,占18.7%,总的优良率为81.3%。术后视觉模拟疼痛评分较术前显著降低(P < 0.01),术后跖趾关节疼痛症状得到有效缓解(表 1)。
1.
Swanson人工假体置换治疗跖趾关节疾病手术前后数据对比
Comparison of data before and after Swanson prosthesis replacement
| Items | Preoperation | Postoperation | t value | P value |
| VAS, visual analogue score. | ||||
| Range of motion of 2-5 metatarsophalangeal joints, x±s | ||||
| Back extension | 5.4°±3.1° | 15.7°±4.5° | -9.68 | <0.01 |
| Plantar flexion | 4.4°±2.7° | 12.2°±4.3° | -6.84 | <0.01 |
| Maryland foot score, x±s | 60.69±6.12 | 88.13±5.84 | -11.64 | <0.01 |
| VAS score, x±s | 6.81±0.91 | 2.25±0.77 | 12.92 | <0.01 |
术后随访未发现假体松动、脱位、断裂及反应性滑膜炎的病例,未见患趾明显短缩、出现转移性跖骨头下疼痛的病例。2例患者在随访中发现内植物周围有钙化灶形成,表现为跖骨远端截骨部位侧方出现骨赘。
3. 讨论
引起第2~5跖趾关节病变的病因包括类风湿关节炎、严重骨性关节炎、Freiberg病等,行保守治疗效果通常不佳[3],临床上常采用趾骨近端部分切除、跖骨前端斜行截骨(Weil截骨)、跖骨头切除术等术式进行治疗,也有术者采用关节融合的方法复位和稳定跖趾关节来治疗严重的第2跖趾关节半脱位或脱位[4]。上述方法在一定程度上能够实现关节矫形,缓解疼痛,但常引起关节结构及附着肌的破坏,导致跖趾关节推进动力降低,引发转移性跖痛症以及趾间关节仰趾畸形和退变,甚至原有畸形复发。此外,关节融合术常作为第1跖趾关节病变的手术方案,具有良好的稳定性,但术后恢复时间较长,并可导致邻近关节应力增加并发疼痛,对手术技术、内固定类型的要求较高,患者术后穿鞋也受到很大限制,有些患者可能由于术后趾间关节活动量代偿性增加,应力集中而出现继发性趾间关节骨性关节炎[5-7],并不适合在第2~5跖趾关节病变中采用。
1974年Swanson等[8]采用医用新型高强度硅胶弹性材料设计制作了双柄铰链式硅胶跖趾关节假体。跖趾关节活动时假体柄既能提供足够强度的纤维性固定,又能在髓腔内呈活塞式运动,减少假体铰链部位的应力集中; 近远端柄能够稳定假体,防止假体从髓腔内滑脱,通过体外及动物实验证实该假体柔韧性强,生物相容性好,较为耐用。
在选择预行第2~5跖趾关节置换的病例时应特别注意,对于跖趾关节明显不匹配的患者,应谨慎采用该术式,特别是严重的类风湿关节炎导致的跖趾关节病变,常出现跖趾关节明显脱位或半脱位等不稳定的状态,手术难度大,手术效果不佳。有报道称Swanson跖趾关节置换术后关节活动度会随时间延长而逐渐缩小[9-10],但也有研究认为关节置换术后复位的丢失和活动受限可能与原发疾病的严重程度和术后康复效果相关,而不是假体固定的问题[11-12]。Brewster[13]通过文献系统回顾对比关节成形术和关节置换术治疗跖趾关节疾病的临床效果后认为,虽然目前关节置换的术后效果尚且令人满意,但与髋膝关节置换术后的效果相比,跖趾关节置换在假体设计与手术方式等方面仍有很大的提升空间。根据我们的随访结果,Swanson跖趾关节置换能够纠正关节半脱位或畸形,增加关节活动度,患者术后较长一段时间内均可获得较好的跖趾关节功能,疼痛得到有效的控制,能够维持正常的行走功能,并且跖趾关节活动度没有呈现出随时间延长而逐渐缩小的趋势,大多数患者对治疗结果表示满意。
关节置换术后的一些并发症常由硅胶假体本身引起,主要包括:硅胶假体的老化和磨损,硅胶颗粒所引起的滑膜炎和松质骨中的骨溶解,假体断裂,假体材料过敏,假体周围骨过度增生或钙化、反应性滑膜炎等[14-15]。反应性滑膜炎以周期性疼痛、滑膜增厚、关节周围红斑和疼痛导致的活动范围受限为主要特征。在我们的研究中并没有出现此类病例,考虑到文献报道中称此类疾病常出现于术后5~10年,可能与我们的病例随访时间还不够长有关。有2例患者在术后随访过程中发现内植物周围钙化灶形成,但患者无明显不适,跖趾关节活动度未受到明显影响。术后随访没有发现伤口或假体周围感染的病例,跖趾关节置换术后感染所引起的后果并不像其他大关节置换术后相关感染严重,一旦发现感染,通过及时移除内置物,伤口大多可以顺利愈合。
值得注意的是,本研究属于回顾性研究,样本量偏小,并且由于样本量的原因,无法充分了解性别差异、原发疾病对疗效的影响,因此目前得出的研究结果存在一定的偏倚,但根据临床实践和随访观察,目前的研究内容仍能在一定程度上体现采用Swanson双柄硅胶人工铰链式假体跖趾关节置换术治疗第2~5跖趾关节常见疾病的临床效果,可为临床医师在针对该类疾病选择治疗方案时提供参考。
综上所述,Swanson双柄硅胶人工铰链式假体跖趾关节置换术治疗第2~5跖趾关节疾病中长期临床效果令人满意,术后患者畸形得以矫正,疼痛缓解,关节活动度增加,术后并发症较少,疗效满意,但本研究的病例数量较少,今后尚需要进行大宗病例的长期随访研究。
Funding Statement
北京市科技计划项目(Z181100001718159)和北京大学人民医院研究与发展基金(RDH20127-01)
Supported by the Beijing Science and Technology Plan Project (Z181100001718159), and Research and Development Fund of Peking University People's Hospital (RDH20127-01)
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