Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with coagulation activation and high incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in severe patients despite routine thromboprophylaxis. Conflicting results exist regarding the epidemiology of VTE for unselected anticoagulated COVID-19 patients hospitalized in general wards. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of asymptomatic deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in unselected patients with COVID-19 recently hospitalized in general wards. We performed a systematic complete doppler ultrasound (CDU) at a median 4 days after admission in 42 consecutive COVID-19 patients hospitalized in general wards of our university hospital, irrespective of D-Dimer level, and retrospectively collected clinical, biological and outcome data from electronic charts. Thromboprophylaxis was systematically applied following a French national proposal. In our population, the prevalence of asymptomatic DVT was 19% (8/42 patients), with distal thrombosis in 7/8 cases and bilateral DVT in 4/8 cases. Symptomatic pulmonary embolism was detected in 4 (9.5%) patients, associated to DVT in one case. Compared to patients without DVT, patients with DVT were older and experienced poorer outcomes. In conclusion, prevalence of asymptomatic DVT is high in the first days of hospitalization of unselected COVID-19 patients in general wards and may be related to poor prognosis. Individualized assessment of thromboprophylaxis and early systematic screening for DVT is warranted in this context.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1007/s11239-020-02246-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Anticoagulation, Venous thromboembolism, General wards
Highlights
COVID-19 is associated with high incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) despite prophylaxis.
True prevalence of VTE in anticoagulated COVID-19 patients in general wards is unknown.
Using early screening, we found 19% of asymptomatic VTE in a retrospective cohort of 42 patients.
Individualized prophylaxis and early systematic DVT screening in COVID-19 patients is warranted.
Introduction
Recent publications suggest a high incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients hospitalized in intensive care units (ICU), occurring despite routine pharmacological thromboprophylaxis [1–3]. This thrombotic profile is associated with a marked systemic activation of coagulation and cumulative VTE risk factors (obesity, immobilization, inflammation, etc.) [4]. Occurrence of VTE correlates with a more severe disease course, with a notably 5-fold higher risk of all cause death in patients admitted to ICU [2]. This led international societies to recommend individualized thromboprophylaxis regimens for in-hospital COVID-19 patients, with higher level prophylaxis for the most-at-risks, even in the absence of randomized evidence [5, 6]. Prevalence of symptomatic deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in ICU patients seems to be low [2, 7], but high rates of asymptomatic DVT have been reported using a systematic screening strategy in this population [8]. In contrast, little is known about the true prevalence of VTE in less severe COVID-19 patients admitted to general wards. Precise knowledge of the epidemiology of VTE in this setting is important for decision making with regards to intensity of thromboprophylaxis. We report our experience of early systematic assessment of VTE using complete doppler ultrasound (CDU) in a general ward unit of a French tertiary care university hospital.
Methods
From the beginning of April 2020, a CDU was routinely performed upon admission as a standard of care for COVID-19 patients admitted in our general ward, irrespective of VTE risk factors or d-dimer level. We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 42 patients who benefited from systematic DVT screening with CDU from April 8th to May 12th 2020 in our academic hospital (Avicenne University Hospital, Bobigny, France). We did not include patients transferred from ICU before CDU was performed. COVID-19 diagnostic was confirmed by RT-PCR results for SARS-CoV-2 by nasopharyngeal swab. When RT-PCR was negative, and given its low sensitivity [9], the patient was also adjudicated as having COVID-19 when CT-scan images were considered typical by a senior chest radiologist with compatible clinical data and no alternative diagnosis. A CDU from abdomen to ankle with Doppler waveforms and images was performed for each patient by two independent experimented specialists in vascular medicine. If PE was suspected, patients underwent a CTPA to confirm the diagnosis. Anticoagulation was left to the discretion of the treating physician, who was trained to a recent proposal from a French reference group in haemostasis (GIHP/GFHT) [10], suggesting intermediate prophylactic doses for obese patients or low risk ICU patients, and therapeutic doses for those with marked coagulation activation or high risk ICU patients. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, treatment, CT-scan, CDU and outcome data for patients with or without DVT were extracted from electronic medical records until May 18th 2020. Continuous variables were expressed as median (interquartile range) and categorical variables as numbers (percentages). Continuous variables were compared by the Student test or the Wilcoxon rank sum test and categorical variables by the Chi-square test or the Fisher’s exact test when appropriate. Analyses were performed in R, version 3.6.2. The local ethics committee of Avicenne University Hospital approved this retrospective study and waived the need of informed consent.
Results
We extracted data from 42 patients admitted to our general ward from April 8th to May 12th 2020 with proven COVID-19 pneumonia who underwent a systematic lower limb CDU. Relevant clinical and biological data are summarized in Table 1. Mean age was 65 (SD: 19) and 23 (55%) patients were male. Median body mass index (BMI) was 28 kg/m2 (IQR: 24–32). CDU was performed at a median 4 days (IQR: 2–6) after admission and at a median 11 days (IQR: 8–15.7) after COVID-19 symptoms onset. This strategy identified 8 (19%) patients with asymptomatic DVT. DVT was bilateral in 4/8 cases, and mostly affected distal veins (7/8 cases). More than one vein was thrombosed in 5/8 cases. An angio-scanner was done in 54.8% cases, and specifically in 5/8 (62.5%) patients with asymptomatic DVT. A pulmonary embolism was detected in 4 cases (9.5%), but only one case was associated with a (proximal) asymptomatic DVT. In our study, 59.5% patients were on standard regimen thromboprophylaxis, 23.8% on intermediate-dosage thromboprophylaxis and 16.7% on therapeutic-dose anticoagulation with no significant difference between patients with or without DVT. No patients benefited from pharmacological prophylaxis at home before admission. At the end of data collection (May 18th), 2 (4.8%) patients died, 3 (7.1%) were admitted in ICU, 3 (7.1%) were still hospitalized and 34 (81%) were discharged alive. Compared to patients without DVT, patients with DVT were older (77.7 ± 15.2 years vs 61.5 ± 19.0 years, p = 0.02) and might experience poorer outcomes with less chance of being discharged alive (Table 1). Other demographics, comorbidities or clinical manifestations were similar in COVID-19 patients with and without VTE. No significant differences were observed with regards to the levels of inflammatory or coagulation markers (highest levels before CDU) in the two groups.
Table 1.
Characteristics of included patients
| All (n = 42) | DVT present (n = 8) | DVT absent (n = 34) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 64.6 + 19.3 | 77.7 + 15.2 | 61.5 + 19.0 | 0.02* |
| Male sex, no. (%) | 23 (54.8) | 4 (50) | 19 (55.9) | 1 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28 (23.9–32) | 21.9 (19.4–26.9) | 28 (23.9–32) | 0.16 |
| Median time (IQR) from hospitalization to CDU (days) | 4 (2–6) | 6 (4.2–8.2) | 3 (2–6) | 0.16 |
| Median time (IQR) from symptom onset to CDU (days) | 11 (8–15.7) | 14 (9.5–26.2) | 10.5 (7.2–15) | 0.16 |
| Comorbidities, no.(%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 20 (47.6) | 6 (75) | 14 (41.2) | 0.12 |
| Diabetes | 13 (31) | 3 (37.5) | 10 (29.4) | 0.69 |
| Cardiovascular dieases | 7 (16.7) | 2 (25) | 5 (14.7) | 0.6 |
| Current smoking | 5 (11.9) | 1 (12.5) | 4 (11.8) | 1 |
| Active cancer | 3 (7.1) | 1 (12.5) | 2 (5.9) | 0.48 |
| RT-PCR positive for COVID-19, no. (%) | 33 (78.6) | 5 (62.5) | 28 (82.4) | 0.3 |
| Stage of imaging, no.(%) | ||||
| Mild | 7 (16.7) | 1 (12.5) | 6 (17.6) | 0.56 |
| Moderate | 23 (54.8) | 4 (50) | 19 (55.9) | |
| Severe | 8 (19) | 3 (37.5) | 5 (14.7) | |
| Missing data | 4 (9.5) | 0 (0) | 4 (11.8) | |
| Anticoagulation, no.(%) | ||||
| Usual prophylactic doses | 25 (59.5) | 4 (50) | 21 (61.8) | 0.26 |
| Intermediate prophylactic doses | 10 (23.8) | 1 (12.5) | 9 (26.5) | |
| Therapeutic doses | 7 (16.7) | 3 (37.5) | 4 (11.8) | |
| DVT, no. (%) | ||||
| Proximal | – | 1 (12.5) | – | – |
| Distal | – | 7 (87.5) | – | |
| 1 vein affected | – | 3 (37.5) | – | |
| 3 veins affected | – | 3 (37.5) | – | |
| 4 veins affected | – | 1 (12.5) | – | |
| 5 veins affected | – | 1 (12.5) | – | |
| Femoro-popliteal vein | – | 1 (12.5) | – | |
| Peroneal vein | – | 6 (75) | – | |
| Posterior tibial vein | – | 3 (37.5) | – | |
| Soleus vein | – | 5 (62.5) | – | |
| PE, no. (%) | ||||
| All | 4 (9.5) | 1 (12.5) | 3 (8.8) | – |
| Right sided | 3 (75) | 1 | 2 | |
| Bilateral | 2 (50) | 0 | 2 | |
| Proximal | 0 (0) | 0 | 0 | |
| Segmental or sub-segmental | 4 (100) | 1 | 3 | |
| Outcome no. (%) | ||||
| Hospitalisation | 3 (7.1) | 2 (25) | 1 (2.9) | 0.009* |
| Discharged | 34 (81) | 4 (50) | 30 (88.2) | |
| ICU | 3 (7.1) | 0 (0) | 3 (8.8) | |
| Died | 2 (4.8) | 2 (25) | 0 (0) | |
| d-dimer (μg/ml) | 1414 (951–3946) | 1988 (1374–6453) | 1253 (873–3432) | 0.11 |
| Fibrinogen (g/l) | 5.70 (4.87–6.68) | 6.06 (5.10–6.49) | 5.60 (4.82–6.76) | 0.73 |
| CRP (mg/l) | 85 (45–121) | 90 (50–138.8) | 85 (45–121) | 0.99 |
| Prothrombin ratio (%) | 79 (70–84.75) | 80.5 (77–82.5) | 79 (67–88) | 0.39 |
| APTT ratio | 1.100 (1.008–1.192) | 1.100 (1.008–1.192) | 1.100 (1.015–1.160) | 0.97 |
| Interleukin-6 (mg/l) | 42.75 (20.95–100.35) | 216.8 (216.8–216.8) | 38.50 (19.70–81.15) | 0.2 |
| Leukocyte count (per mm3) | 7.65 (6.10–12.4) | 8.65 (6.15–13.62) | 7.65 (6.10–10.60) | 0.61 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 12 (10.3–12.8) | 11.5 (10.6–12.2) | 12.2 (10.3–13.2) | 0.36 |
| Platelet count (109/l) | 258 (166–395) | 183 (158–285) | 275 (170–318) | 0.21 |
| Lymphocyte count (per mm3) | 0.89 (0.66–1.22) | 0.8 (0.53–1) | 0.89 (0.7–1.01) | 0.33 |
| Albumine (g/l) | 27 (23–32) | 25.5 (23.75–30) | 28 (23–32.5) | 0.84 |
| SPO2 (%) | 92.5 (90–95) | 89 (87–93) | 93 (90–95) | 0.17 |
| PaO2 (mmHg) | 73 (63–82) | 70 (58–84) | 73 (63–81) | 0.84 |
*p < 0.05
Discussion
In this study we found that 19% of unselected COVID-19 patients hospitalized in general wards of a tertiary care center developed asymptomatic DVT of the legs at a median time of 11 days (IQR: 8–15.7) after symptoms onset and 4 days (IQR: 2–6) after admission despite systematic in-hospital thromboprophylaxis. Four cases of symptomatic PE also occurred, leading to a 26% rate of VTE in our population. This rate is higher than usually encountered in hospitalized patients without COVID 19 infection (e.g., 5.5% before day 14 in the Medenox study [11], even if recent studies showed lower rates of asymptomatic DVT in this population [12]), emphasizing the severe prothrombotic profile of COVID-19 patients. Nevertheless, we cannot rule out a role of bedrest without thromboprophylaxis before admission in this high-risk population. Recent retrospective studies without systematic screening for DVT report a lower rate of symptomatic DVT in anticoagulated COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU (3% in Klok et al. [2], 2% in Lodigiani et al. [7]) or to general wards (1.2% in Lodgiani et al. [7]) but likely underestimate the real rates of VTE. Three studies report systematic CDU assessment in ICU patients: In a Chinese cohort of 81 patients without prophylactic anticoagulation, asymptomatic DVT was diagnosed in 25% of cases [1]. In another two recent studies of anticoagulated ICU COVID-19 patients, 69% of 26 patients [8] and 31% of 75 patients [9] were found positive for DVT using systematic screening. A few recent publications report conflicting results as regards to systematic screening for DVT in general wards: In two of them, the authors failed to detect any DVT out of 17 [3] and 64 [13] COVID-19 patients. If a CDU was performed was nevertheless not mentioned in these studies, and as only one proximal DVT was found in our work, compression ultrasound limited to proximal veins may be of limited relevance in this context. In another retrospective study, 22.5% out of 71 anticoagulated COVID-19 patients developed DVT, but symptomatic patients were included and CDU was performed at discharge (median after admission: 13 days) for asymptomatic patients [14]. In a recent prospective work, incidental DVT was diagnosed in 14.7% of 156 patients hospitalized in general wards at a median 9 days of hospitalization, but this study only focused on high risk patients with initial d-dimer level exceeding 1000 ng/ml [15]. Our study shed a new light on the epidemiology of VTE in COVID-19 patients as it showed that asymptomatic DVT occurs early in the course of the disease, and can also affect patients with mild activation of coagulation.
Our retrospective data may suggest poorer outcomes in COVID-19 patients with DVT, in line with previous publications especially in ICU [1, 3, 7]. Only one patient with asymptomatic (proximal) DVT suffered from PE in our cohort. Asymptomatic DVT may be thus be considered as a hallmark of clinical severity rather than a high risk of lethal PE in COVID-19 patients. On the other hand, the diagnosis of asymptomatic DVT led to initiation of therapeutic anticoagulation, which may have prevented the occurrence of PE in most cases. The high prevalence of DVT in our cohort argues against the unique in situ immuno-thrombosis hypothesis for PE in COVID-19 pneumonia, with a likely role of conventional thromboembolic origin [2, 13].
We acknowledged the preliminary nature of these findings: Our study is limited by its small sample size, the lack of a control group and its retrospective and single-center nature. A prospective study is needed to investigate the true occurrence and fatality rates of VTE in unselected anticoagulated COVID-19 patients. However the high prevalence of asymptomatic DVT in our cohort advocate for a more systematic screening for DVT in the first days after admission and for more individualized assessment of thromboprophylaxis regimen in general wards.
Electronic supplementary material
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Author’s contribution
SLJ designed the study, collected data and wrote the manuscript. JS, RB, FF, UW, RD collected data and wrote the manuscript. FM and CP performed the CDU.
Funding
None.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
This retrospective chart review study involving human participants was in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Footnotes
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