Abstract
There is a sparsity of data regarding the mental health status of dermatologists during COVID‐19 pandemic. Evaluate the effects of pandemic on mental health of dermatologists on a large scale and identify risk factors for mental distress. 733 dermatologists were included in this cross‐sectional, web‐based survey. Mental distress was reported by 77.2% of responders. Considerable percentages of participants experienced stress (73.9%), irritation (33.7%), insomnia (30%), or depression (27.6%), and 78.6% were overwhelmed with the amount of pandemic information they were receiving. Mental distress was significantly associated with practice years, volume of patients seen per week before pandemic, personal protective equipment availability at hospital (P = .001 for each), practice location (continent; P < .001), and participant's assessment that the healthcare system was not equipped for the pandemic (P = .003). Stress was associated with hospital service (P = .003), and depression with being overwhelmed with the amount of pandemic information received (P = .004). In a logistic model, teledermatology use was the most powerful predictor of mental distress (OR, 1.57 [95% CI, 1.07‐2.32]). Mental distress was common among dermatologists during this pandemic. Teledermatology use was the most powerful predictor of mental distress. Preventative strategies and psychosocial interventions should be implemented.
Keywords: COVID‐19, depression, dermatologist, distress, personal protective equipment, stress, teledermatology
1. INTRODUCTION
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has caused a widespread emotional distress and increased risk for psychiatric disease. 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 Healthcare providers (HCPs) are undergoing enormous psychological stress due to its highly contiguous nature, considerable morbidity and mortality, lack of effective treatment, and uncertain prognosis. 5 , 6 The fear of bringing the virus home to family members, and the reality of losing colleagues to the disease increases the toll to HCPs. The emphasis on social distancing enhances the risk of loneliness, isolation, and anxiety. 7 The rapid pace of the disease has created challenges for healthcare systems and forced HCPs to grapple with additional stressors, including shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE), ventilators and intensive care unit beds. 8 , 9 , 10
Recent studies have shown that HCPs are at an increased risk of experiencing high levels of stress, anxiety, depression, burnout, addiction, and post‐traumatic stress disorder, which could have long‐term consequences for their mental health. 11 , 12 The pandemic appears to have created a secondary crisis of psychological distress and mental health system spillover. 13 While there have been several studies addressing mental health in HCPs during this pandemic, there is a sparsity of data regarding dermatologists. Dermatology is considered a non‐emergency specialty and, hence, mental health concerns often remain under‐addressed. 14 Two studies on mental health of Indian dermatologists were published recently but included only frontline dermatologists in quarantined environments. 15 , 16
Our study addresses several mental health conditions in COVID‐19 dermatologists on a large scale, taking into account demographic data, that is, location (continent), practice setting and population density, and practice years. We performed comparative analyses to identify clinically meaningful associations of mental distress in dermatologists during the pandemic. Finally, a logistic regression model was built to identify risk factors for mental distress.
2. METHODS
2.1. Survey instrument and administration
The questionnaire was prepared after a thorough literature review, then formatted in Google forms and pilot tested to ensure proper flow, salience, and acceptability of the questions. The survey instrument was distributed electronically from April 1 to 20, 2020 to the principal investigators' contacts on social media sites, specifically Board‐certified dermatologists. Participants could access the survey via a link that was provided. Reminder emails were sent to increase participation. This was an anonymous survey, there was no process of data linkage, and recording or dissemination did not generate identifiable information. An exemption was obtained from R. D. Gardi Institutional Review Board.
2.2. Statistical analysis
A group of 733 participants that responded to mental health questions of the survey was used for statistical analysis. Frequencies and percentages of respondents that experienced mental distress (defined as stress, irritability, insomnia, or depression), and felt overwhelmed with pandemic information are provided. Assessments of associations between pairs of categorical variables were performed with χ2 test. We tried to identify statistically significant associations with other variables in the survey, such as demographic data, patient volumes, hospital service, teledermatology (TD) use, and PPE availability at hospital. Threshold of significance, that is, respective P value, was adjusted for multiple comparisons by using False Discovery Rate. 17
Finally, we created a logistic regression model for mental distress. Independent factors included variables that could be associated with changes in mental distress during this pandemic, such as demographic factors (continent, population density of practice, practice setting), patient volume, TD use, and PPE availability at hospital. The estimated odds ratio (OR) for each predictor is the factor by which the base rate OR would be multiplied if that predictor = “yes” in order to obtain the OR of the dependent variable being endorsed “yes.” Precision estimates (95% Confidence Intervals), z values (OR: SE), and P values for estimated ORs are provided. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata 15.1, Statacorp, TX.
3. RESULTS
3.1. Demographic data
The demographic data of responders are depicted in Table 1. A total of 733 valid responses were received from qualified dermatologists from all continents. The largest group was Asia (47.6%). Almost half (45%) of responders were within 10 years of practice while 27% had more than 20 practice years. Almost half of participants (47.2%) were involved exclusively in private practice, and three quarters (78.6%) practiced in an urban area.
TABLE 1.
Practice demographics
| Characteristic | Survey distribution a |
|---|---|
| Years in practice | |
| ≤10 | 330 (45.0) |
| 11‐20 | 205 (28.0) |
| >20 | 198 (27.0) |
| Continent | |
| Asia | 349 (47.6) |
| North America b | 137 (18.7) |
| Central/South America | 131 (17.9) |
| Europe | 102 (13.9) |
| Other | 14 (1.9) |
| Population density of practice | |
| Urban | 576 (78.6) |
| Suburban | 137 (18.7) |
| Rural | 20 (2.7) |
| Practice setting | |
| Private | 346 (47.2) |
| Private and hospital | 249 (34.0) |
| Tertiary hospital | 91 (12.4) |
| General hospital | 47 (6.4) |
Data are reported as number (percentage) of respondents. Percentages are rounded to the decimal place.
Includes predominantly US participants.
3.2. Descriptive data
More than three quarters (77.2%) of responders indicated that the pandemic had caused mental distress (Table 2). Substantial percentages of responders experienced stress (73.9%), irritation (33.7%), insomnia (30%), or depression (27.6%). The majority of responders (78.6%) were overwhelmed with the amount of information they were receiving about the pandemic.
TABLE 2.
Mental health status during pandemic
| Characteristic | Survey distribution a |
|---|---|
| Did you experience any of the following? (n = 733) | |
| Yes | 566 (77.2) |
| Stress (n = 594) | 439 (73.9) |
| Irritability (n = 594) | 200 (33.7) |
| Insomnia (n = 594) | 182 (30) |
| Depression (n = 594) | 164 (27.6) |
| Overwhelmed with amount of information receiving about the pandemic? (n = 733) | |
| Yes | 576 (78.6) |
Data are reported as number (percentage) of respondents. Percentages are rounded to the decimal place.
3.3. Comparative statistics
Mental distress was significantly associated with practice years, volume of patients seen per week before the pandemic, availability of PPE at hospital (P = .001 for each) and location (continent; P < .001; Table 3). There was more distress among dermatologists practicing in North America (83.9%) and Asia (81.4%) than in Central/South America (CSA; 68.7%) and Europe (65.3%; North America vs CSA, P = .003 and Asia vs CSA, P = .002). There were no statistically significant differences in Asia vs North America, and CSA vs Europe comparisons. Mental distress was also associated to participant's assessment that their healthcare system was not equipped for the pandemic (P = .003). Stress was associated with hospital service (P = .003), and depression with being overwhelmed by the amount of pandemic information received (P = .004).
TABLE 3.
Statistically significant associations *
| Mental distress during pandemic | P value a | Group analyses b | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mental distress c (n = 733) | Practice years | .001 | <10 (79.7); 11–20 (81.9); >20 (68.2) |
| Continent | <.001 |
Y/GT d : NA (83.9); A (81.4); CSA (68.7); E (65.3) A vs CSA (P = .002) |
|
| Patients/wk before pandemic | .001 |
<10 (72.3); 11–20 (77.1); >20 (87.6) 10‐20 vs >20 (P = .007) |
|
| Telehealth during pandemic | .010 | ||
| PPE availability at hospital? | .001 |
“No” (78.4); “Yes” (70.1); “Do not know” (85.1) “No” vs “Yes” (P = .031) |
|
| Healthcare system equipped for the pandemic? | .003 |
“No” (86.2); “Yes” (73.4) “Not sure” (83.9) “No” vs “Yes” (P = .001) |
|
| Stress | Hospital service (n = 433) | .003 | |
| Depression | Overwhelmed by amount of pandemic information? (n = 490) | .004 | “No” (23.5); “Yes” (37.2) |
Abbreviations: A, Asia; CSA, Central and South America; E, Europe; NA, North America; PPE, personal protective equipment; wk, week; Y/GT, yes: group's total.
Only statistically significant P values are shown on Table. All P values have been adjusted for multiple comparisons.
Refers to groups of variable in second column.
Defined as presence of stress, irritability, insomnia, or depression.
Y:GT is given as percentage (number rounded to decimal place) in a parenthesis, and percentages in a group are listed in descending order.
Chi‐square test performed unless otherwise noted.
3.4. Logistic regression model
In a logistic model, the factor with the largest increase in OR for mental distress was TD use during the pandemic (OR, 1.57 [95% CI, 1.07‐2.32]), followed by having seen >100 patients per week before the pandemic (OR, 1.47 [95% CI, 1.03‐2.10]; Table 4). Negative predictors of mental health disease were urban practice (OR, 0.57 [95% CI, 0.35‐0.93]), and >20 practice years (OR, 0.53 [95% CI, 1.07‐2.32]).
TABLE 4.
Logistic regression model of mental distress
| Dependent variable | Independent variables | LR χ2 | P value | OR | SE | z a | P value | 95% Confidence interval |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mental distress (stress, irritability, insomnia or depression) during pandemic | 29.40 | <.0001 | ||||||
| Telehealth during pandemic | 1.57 | 0.31 | 2.30 | .021 | 1.07–2.32 | |||
| >100 Patients/wk before pandemic | 1.47 | 0.26 | 2.14 | .033 | 1.03–2.10 | |||
| Urban practice | 0.57 | 0.14 | −2.21 | .026 | 0.35–0.93 | |||
| >20 Years in practice | 0.53 | 0.10 | −3.26 | .001 | 0.37‐0.78 | |||
| _cons b | 2.36 | 1.84 | 1.96 | .049 | 1.08‐5.58 |
Note: Numbers are rounded to two decimal places in all but P value (three decimal places) columns.
Abbreviations: LR, likelihood ratio; OR, odds ratio; PPE, personal protective equipment; wk, week.
z, defined as OR:SE.
_cons estimates baseline odds.
4. DISCUSSION
HCPs are at an increased risk for high levels of stress, anxiety, poor sleep quality, and depression, burnout, and post‐traumatic stress disorder during the pandemic. 11 , 18 A multi‐centric survey in China found considerable percentages of depression (50.7%), anxiety (44.7%), insomnia (36.1%), and stress (73.4%) in COVID‐19 HCPs. 19 However, there are very limited data on dermatologists' mental health. Two studies were performed recently in India but are limited by a small sample size (40 and 133 participants) 15 , 16 or focusing solely on stress. 16 The study by Sil et al included only eight dermatologists (the remaining 33 were residents and trainees) and did not provide comparative statistics and logistic regression. 15 Our study reports on larger scale which helps minimize recall and other biases. Also, these studies involved only frontline dermatologists in quarantined milieu. 15 , 16 Here, we present the data of a global, cross‐sectional survey that included a large number of participants and explored clinically meaningful associations of mental distress and risk factors.
Our study indicates that a remarkable percentage (77.2%) of participants experienced distress during the pandemic. Stress (59.9%) was the most common (59.9%) followed by irritability (27.3%), insomnia (24.8%), and depression (22.4%). Overall, these were associated with practice location (most strongly for North America and Asia; Table 3). This may be related to the unpreparedness of healthcare systems, as indicated by a significant association between mental distress and the participant's response that healthcare system was not adequately equipped for this pandemic (Table 3). Also, it may be related to financial uncertainties, for example, in most developing Asian countries HCPs are dependent on their own savings if they become ill. Mental distress was also associated with the number of patients seen per week before the pandemic. This might be related to the fact that caring for higher numbers of patients before the pandemic would incur additional responsibility to provide continuity of care and might be associated with substantially higher economic losses.
The prevalence of stress in our study was high (73.9%) but lower than that of Indian dermatologists (85.9% with moderate/severe stress). 16 This is possibly due to the latter's inclusion of exclusively frontline dermatologists in quarantined milieu. Interestingly, hospital service by dermatologists was also associated with stress (Table 3). Sources of emotional distress may include rapidly evolving practice environments (eg, non‐hospital‐based dermatologists serving in ICUs), witnessing large volumes of infections and deaths, experiencing burnout, and lack of PPE availability at hospital. 20 , 21 , 22 Without adequate PPE protection, the paramount fear expressed by HCPs is that they will not only become sick, but also spread the virus to their patients and families. 23 Our study revealed a significant association between lack of PPE and mental distress (Table 3). This confirms the finding of Podder et al that lack of PPE and consequent risk of self‐infection was the second most common risk factor for stress. 16
Our finding of substantial percentages of dermatologists experiencing irritability and insomnia has not been reported. Depression was noted in 27.6% of participants overall compared to 26.8% of frontline Indian dermatologists. 15 Depression may result from a feeling that one has failed to help patients that died of the disease, even if death was inevitable. That effect might be most pronounced among frontline HCPs, especially those at hospitals that have been hit by surges of patients. Cases of suicide among frontline HCPs have been reported by US media. 24 The loneliness of quarantine for dermatologists who stopped working and a lack of leisure activities may also contribute to depression. Finally, feeling overwhelmed by the amount of pandemic information received was also associated with depression (Table 3). Daily reminders of patient losses and lack of effective treatment as so often reported in the media might also contribute to depression.
In our logistic model, TD use during the pandemic was the most powerful factor increasing the OR for mental distress in the participant. This could be due to the fact that establishing TD during pandemic might have been stressful in itself. Barriers to establishing TD including a lack of reimbursement in many countries and suboptimal readiness of healthcare systems may add to the stress. 25 Urban practice and >20 practice years were negative predictors of mental distress. Inadequate government support for suburban and rural practices in many geographic areas may affect the dermatologist mentally. Also, younger practitioners may experience higher stress levels because they may not be as well established as their older colleagues.
Strategies for ameliorating distress would include occupational mental health resources, support for illness and family leave, ensuring adequate staffing, and a safe practice environment with adequate PPE. 26 Team support, stress monitoring, taking breaks regularly, and connecting with others would also enhance resilience. 27 Along with training on mental help and crisis management, these would enhance the well‐being of dermatologists in the face of the pandemic. 11 , 27 A Chinese study suggested that psychological and social interventions might improve the well‐being of HCPs during the COVID‐19 outbreak. 21
4.1. Limitations
This study provides only a “snapshot” of distress during the pandemic that could materially change given the dynamically evolving situation. Recall biases cannot be excluded but the large sample size and representative distribution possibly diminished them.
Questions regarding stress prior to pandemic were not included; however, distress among dermatologists before the pandemic has never been reported at such high frequency as in our study (77.2%). Stress before the pandemic has been more prevalent in emergency and surgical specialties than dermatology (a non‐emergency outpatient specialty), and was associated with burnout. In a recent study of female dermatologists with major family responsibilities including children care, 57.6% were “stressed or very stressed.” 28 There are no reports of high prevalence of “feeling down” or insomnia among dermatologists before the pandemic (27.6% and 30%, respectively, in our study). As per 2019 Medscape National Physician Burnout, Depression and Suicide Report, the average physician burnout rate was 44% but only 38% among dermatologists, and the average depression rate among physicians was 15% (11% colloquial and 4% clinical depression). 29
5. CONCLUSIONS
To our knowledge, this is the first large‐scale, global study of mental distress in dermatologists during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Considerable percentages of dermatologists in this study reported distress, with TD being the most powerful factor increasing the OR. The results shed some light as well on several other risk factors for COVID‐19 dermatologists. Preventive strategies should incorporate measures to reduce dermatologists' levels of stress and increase their resilience.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
All persons designated as authors contributed substantially to this study to take public responsibility for appropriate portions of the content. Furthermore, each author certifies that this material or similar material has not been and will not be submitted to or published in any other publication before its appearance in Dermatologic Therapy. Drs Bhargava and Kroumpouzos had full access to all data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of data and accuracy of data analysis. Statistical analysis was performed by Dr. Kroumpouzos. All authors have contributed to the concept/design, acquisition of data, and drafting of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final version to be published. The list of authors on the manuscript has been approved by Drs. Bhargava, Sarkar, and Kroumpouzos.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are thankful to Mohamad Goldust, MD for his assistance in data collection.
Bhargava S, Sarkar R, Kroumpouzos G. Mental distress in dermatologists during COVID‐19 pandemic: Assessment and risk factors in a global, cross‐sectional study. Dermatologic Therapy. 2020;33:e14161. 10.1111/dth.14161
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.