Abstract
Objective
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) requires long‐term treatment, yet safety concerns and monitoring requirements make maintenance a challenge. This analysis of pooled Psoriatic Arthritis Long‐term Assessment of Clinical Efficacy (PALACE) 1, 2, and 3 data describes 3‐year apremilast safety and tolerability in PsA.
Methods
Patients with active PsA were randomized (1:1:1) to placebo, apremilast 30 mg twice daily, or apremilast 20 mg twice daily. Placebo patients were re‐randomized to apremilast 30 mg twice daily or 20 mg twice daily at week 16 (early escape) or 24. Double‐blind treatment continued to week 52; patients could continue apremilast during an open‐label, long‐term treatment phase.
Results
In total, 1493 patients received at least one dose of study medication and were included in the safety population (placebo: n = 495; apremilast 30 mg: n = 497; apremilast 20 mg: n = 501). Among patients receiving apremilast, 53.2% (767/1441) completed 3 years of treatment. Greater rates of adverse events (AEs) were reported with apremilast (61.1%; exposure‐adjusted incidence rate [EAIR]/100 patient‐years, 265.1) versus placebo (47.5%; EAIR/100 patient‐years, 200.7) in the placebo‐controlled period. During weeks 0 to ≤52, the most common AEs occurring in apremilast‐exposed patients were diarrhea (13.9%; EAIR/100 patient‐years, 18.6), nausea (12.3%; EAIR/100 patient‐years, 16.0), headache (9.4%; EAIR/100 patient‐years, 12.1), upper respiratory tract infection (9.1%; EAIR/100 patient‐years, 11.5), and nasopharyngitis (6.2%; EAIR/100 patient‐years, 7.7). Most AEs were mild/moderate with apremilast exposure ≤156 weeks. Rates of depression remained low (EAIR/100 patient‐years, 1.8). Major adverse cardiac events (EAIR/100 patient‐years, 0.5), malignancies (EAIR/100 patient‐years, 0.9), and serious opportunistic infections (EAIR/100 patient‐years, 0.0) were infrequent over the 3‐year exposure period. Discontinuation rates due to AEs were low (<7.5%) across all apremilast‐exposure periods. Incidences of clinically meaningful abnormalities in postbaseline laboratory values was low; most values returned to baseline levels with continued treatment and without intervention.
Conclusion
Apremilast demonstrated a favorable safety profile and was well tolerated up to 156 weeks.
INTRODUCTION
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic disease requiring long‐term treatment to achieve continuous control of systemic inflammation and to minimize joint damage and physical disability (1, 2, 3). Rheumatologists and patients report difficulties in choosing and adhering to a treatment regimen for active PsA because of safety concerns (4, 5). Many patients discontinue a prescribed conventional or biologic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) within 12 months in part because of adverse events (AEs) (6, 7), and treatment is limited by concerns about long‐term safety and tolerability and ongoing safety monitoring requirements due to laboratory abnormalities (4, 5) as well as loss of response due to immunogenicity with biologics (8, 9).
In addition, PsA has been linked to an increased risk of certain comorbidities, including cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke (10, 11), gastrointestinal (GI) diseases such as Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis, peptic ulcer disease, and irritable bowel syndrome (12), and depression (13), making cardiovascular and GI safety and risk of depression with PsA treatments important considerations when choosing treatment. Findings on the underlying risk of malignancy in PsA are limited and mixed, with comparisons of general population cohorts revealing a similar (14) or greater (15) incidence of malignancy in patients with PsA.
Apremilast is an oral phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor that works within immune cells to modulate the production of multiple inflammatory mediators implicated in the pathogenesis of PsA (16). Apremilast has demonstrated efficacy and safety in the Psoriatic Arthritis Long‐term Assessment of Clinical Efficacy (PALACE) 1, 2, and 3 phase III studies in patients with active PsA despite prior conventional DMARDs and/or biologics, including biologic failures (limited to ≤10%) (17, 18, 19). These studies are continuing to evaluate the efficacy and safety of apremilast treatment for up to 5 years.
The current report describes the long‐term safety of apremilast treatment for up to 3 years, based on a large pooled database of patients from the PALACE 1, 2, and 3 studies.
METHODS
Study design
PALACE 1 (NCT01172938), PALACE 2 (NCT01212757), and PALACE 3 (NCT01212770) are phase III, multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled studies with similar designs. Full details of the study designs and methods have been previously published (18, 19, 20). After the placebo‐controlled period (weeks 0 to 24), all patients received apremilast 30 or 20 mg twice daily and continued double‐blind treatment through week 52. Upon completion of the 52‐week, double‐blind period, patients were eligible to enter a long‐term, open‐label extension phase, for a total follow‐up of up to 5 years.
Institutional review boards at each investigation site approved the study protocols in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the International Conference on Harmonisation Guideline E6: Good Clinical Practice. All patients provided written informed consent before any study‐related procedures were done.
Key inclusion/exclusion criteria
Adult patients (≥18 years of age) with a documented diagnosis of PsA for ≥6 months who met the Classification Criteria for Psoriatic Arthritis (CASPAR) at study entry were eligible to participate if they had at least three swollen and at least three tender joints despite past or current DMARDs. Patients with prior use of conventional DMARDs and/or biologics, including failures, were permitted, and tumor necrosis factor blocker efficacy failures were limited to 10% or fewer patients. Patients were not allowed to have therapeutic failure of more than three agents for PsA (conventional DMARDs or biologics) or more than one tumor necrosis factor blocker. Patients in PALACE 3 were required to have at least one plaque psoriasis lesion 2 cm or larger. Patients were excluded from the study if they had tuberculosis, HIV, hepatitis B or C infection, malignancies (with some exceptions), any other significant comorbidities or laboratory abnormalities, or past exposure to certain medications.
Concomitant medications
Patients taking concurrent DMARDs at baseline were allowed to continue stable doses of methotrexate (≤25 mg/wk), leflunomide (≤20 mg/d), sulfasalazine (≤2 g/d), or a combination thereof; other DMARDs or immunosuppressive systemic therapies were prohibited. A single reduction in DMARD dose was allowed after week 24. Low potency topical corticosteroids were allowed within specific parameters. Stable doses of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), narcotic analgesics, or oral corticosteroids (prednisone ≤10 mg/d or an equivalent) were permitted. After week 52, if a patient had worsening of PsA activity, the investigator could adjust or add concomitant treatment with an NSAID (change type and/or dose), conventional DMARD (add or increase dose or change route of administration [methotrexate]), or corticosteroid (intramuscular injections or short courses of oral tablets), within specific parameters. Topical therapy or phototherapy was permitted for patients with worsening skin psoriasis after week 52.
Safety analysis
Safety outcomes were analyzed among the safety population, which included all patients who received at least one dose of study medication. Patient disposition relative to the start of apremilast treatment was provided by apremilast‐exposure period, and retention rates were presented by Kaplan‐Meier plots. Safety outcomes were summarized descriptively. Safety assessments included collection of AEs, clinical laboratory testing, physical examination findings, and vital signs at each visit and 12‐lead electrocardiogram at screening; baseline; weeks 16, 24, and 52; and at 52‐week intervals during the long‐term, open‐label extension phase as well as in the event of early withdrawal. Clinically meaningful changes in hematology and clinical chemistry postbaseline laboratory values were predefined and included alanine aminotransferase more than three times the upper limit of normal (ULN), aspartate aminotransferase more than three times the ULN, creatinine >1.7 × ULN, leukocytes <1.5 × 109/l, neutrophils <1 × 109/l, platelets <75 × 109/l, and hemoglobin <10.5 g/dl for men and <8.5 g/dl for women.
Safety data were assessed by actual exposure to placebo, apremilast 30 mg twice daily, and apremilast 20 mg twice daily. Placebo‐exposure data included data through 16 weeks of exposure for placebo patients who escaped and data through 24 weeks for patients who continued on placebo until 24 weeks. Apremilast exposure data included all available apremilast treatment data for all patients who received at least one dose of apremilast. These data were assessed by length of exposure (0 to ≤52 weeks, >52 to ≤104 weeks, and >104 to ≤156 weeks). When no long‐term placebo‐exposure data were available for comparison, exposure‐adjusted incidence rates (EAIRs) were used to assess rare instances, such as major adverse cardiac events (MACEs), malignancies, and serious infections, during 0 to ≤52, 0 to ≤104, and 0 to ≤156 weeks of exposure. EAIR/100 patient‐years is defined as 100 times the number of patients (n) reporting the event divided by patients’ total exposure, up to the first event start date for patients reporting the event, in years.
RESULTS
Patients
A total of 1493 patients received at least one dose of study medication and were included in the safety population (placebo: n = 495; apremilast 30 mg: n = 497; apremilast 20 mg: n = 501). Of those who were treated with apremilast, 53.2% (767/1441) completed 3 years of apremilast treatment (Figures 1 and 2). The most commonly reported reasons for discontinuation of apremilast treatment during the apremilast‐exposure periods are shown in Figure 1. The five most common AEs reported as leading to discontinuation of apremilast throughout the three exposure periods were nausea (n = 24), diarrhea (n = 22), headache (n = 16), upper abdominal pain (n = 7), and vomiting (n = 7). In the weeks 0 to ≤52 period, 1441 patients received apremilast twice daily (30 mg: n = 721, patient‐years = 608.7; 20 mg: n = 720, patient‐years = 600.6). In the weeks >52 to ≤104 period, 1028 patients received apremilast twice daily (30 mg: n = 520, patient‐years = 477.9; 20 mg: n = 508, patient‐years = 459.9). During weeks >104 to ≤156 of the apremilast‐exposure period, 865 patients received apremilast twice daily (30 mg: n = 443, patient‐years = 424.4; 20 mg: n = 422, patient‐years = 395.1).
Figure 1.
Patient disposition through week 156 in apremilast patients, as treated. All patients exposed to apremilast are included, regardless of when the apremilast exposure started. For follow‐up, 0 to 52 weeks or less is defined as 364 days or less, more than 52 to 104 weeks or less is defined as 365 to 728 days, and more than 104 to 156 weeks or less is defined as 729 to 1092 days. Abbreviation: BID, twice daily.
Figure 2.
Withdrawal due to any reason from start of apremilast 30 mg twice daily (A) and apremilast 20 mg twice daily (B). Patients’ day of withdrawal is defined as the day after their last day on apremilast. Patients who took at least one dose of apremilast and did not discontinue by week 156 are censored. The n values represent the number of patients available at the time point. Abbreviation: BID, twice daily.
Baseline patient demographics, disease characteristics, and prior and concurrent therapy were comparable across treatment groups (Table 1). In the overall study population, most patients (92.4%) had a history of at least one comorbid illness at baseline. The most common comorbid conditions were hypertension (40.1%), hypercholesterolemia (15.1%), depression (14.5%), gastroesophageal reflux disorder (13.0%), and obesity (11.9). In line with this pattern of comorbidities, some of the most frequently used concurrent medications were for acid‐related disorders (29.8%), renin‐angiotensin system antagonists (28.1%), lipid‐modifying agents (20.9%), psychoanaleptics (14.7%), beta‐blocking agents (13.9%), calcium channel blockers (11.1%), and medications for diabetes control (10.3%).
Table 1.
Baseline patient demographics and clinical characteristics a
|
Placebo n = 495 |
Apremilast | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
30 mg BID n = 497 |
20 mg BID n = 501 |
||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 50.5 (11.6) | 50.6 (11.4) | 49.8 (11.7) |
| Female, n (%) | 255 (51.5) | 275 (55.3) | 269 (53.7) |
| Race, n (%) | |||
| White | 462 (93.3) | 472 (95.0) | 463 (92.4) |
| Black | 4 (0.8) | 1 (0.2) | 3 (0.6) |
| Asian | 18 (3.6) | 11 (2.2) | 23 (4.6) |
| Native American, Alaskan, Hawaiian, Pacific Islander | 3 (0.6) | 1 (0.2) | 3 (0.6) |
| Other | 7 (1.4) | 12 (2.4) | 9 (1.8) |
| Region, n (%) | |||
| North America | 164 (33.1) | 170 (34.2) | 169 (33.7) |
| Europe | 220 (44.4) | 221 (44.5) | 223 (44.5) |
| Rest of world | 111 (22.4) | 106 (21.3) | 109 (21.8) |
| Weight, mean (SD), kg | 86.4 (21.1) | 84.5 (19.6) | 86.1 (21.2) |
| Body mass index, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 30.0 (6.5) | 29.7 (6.2) | 30.1 (6.8) |
| PsA clinical features, mean (SD) | |||
| PsA duration, years | 7.3 (7.3) | 7.5 (7.8) | 7.6 (7.7) |
| SJC (0‐76) | 11.0 (8.0) | 11.6 (8.2) | 11.4 (8.9) |
| TJC (0‐78) | 19.9 (14.8) | 21.9 (15.2) | 21.1 (16.4) |
| MASES (0‐13) | 3.1 (3.5) | 3.0 (3.4) | 2.9 (3.4) |
| Dactylitis severity score (0‐20) | 1.4 (2.7) | 1.5 (2.7) | 1.4 (2.8) |
| CDAI score (0‐76) | 26.6 (11.8) | 27.6 (11.5) | 26.7 (12.0) |
| DAS‐28 (CRP) | 4.7 (1.1) | 4.7 (1.0) | 4.6 (1.1) |
| CRP, mg/dl | 1.03 (1.43) | 0.96 (1.40) | 0.98 (1.73) |
| Psoriasis duration, years | 17.1 (13.4) | 17.4 (13.0) | 17.2 (13.5) |
| PASI score (0‐72) b | 8.4 (8.8) | 8.3 (7.9) | 7.5 (6.9) |
| Psoriasis‐involved BSA, % | 7.8 (15.5) | 7.3 (13.3) | 6.8 (11.9) |
| PsA treatment patterns, n (%) | |||
| Prior use of conventional DMARDs only | 375 (75.8) | 382 (76.9) | 383 (76.4) |
| Prior use of biologics | 112 (22.6) | 107 (21.5) | 115 (23.0) |
| TNF inhibitor | 104 (21.0) | 98 (19.7) | 108 (21.6) |
| Prior biologic therapeutic failures | 39 (7.9) | 35 (7.0) | 42 (8.4) |
| Baseline conventional DMARD use | 325 (65.7) | 319 (64.2) | 329 (65.7) |
| Methotrexate (mean dose, 15.4 mg/wk) | 276 (55.8) | 261 (52.5) | 277 (55.3) |
| Leflunomide (mean dose, 18.1 mg/d) | 33 (6.7) | 38 (7.6) | 39 (7.8) |
| Sulfasalazine (mean dose, 1.96 g/d) | 45 (9.1) | 46 (9.3) | 44 (8.8) |
| Baseline corticosteroid use | 48 (9.7) | 64 (12.9) | 95 (19.0) |
| Baseline NSAID use | 340 (68.7) | 355 (71.4) | 360 (71.9) |
Abbreviations: BID, twice daily; BSA, psoriasis‐involved body surface area; CDAI, Clinical Disease Activity Index; CRP, C‐reactive protein; DAS‐28, 28‐item Disease Activity Score; DMARD, disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug; MASES, Maastricht Ankylosing Spondylitis Enthesitis Score; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug; PASI, Psoriasis Area and Severity Index; PsA, psoriatic arthritis; SD, standard deviation; SJC, swollen joint count; TJC, tender joint count; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.
The n reflects the number of patients who received at least one dose of the study medication; actual number of patients with data available for each parameter may vary.
Examined among patients with psoriasis involvement of the BSA of at least 3% at baseline who had data at baseline.
AE overview
During the placebo‐controlled phase, 47.5% (EAIR/100 patient‐years, 200.7) of patients receiving placebo, 60.8% (EAIR/100 patient‐years, 272.0) of patients receiving apremilast 30 mg twice daily, and 61.5% (EAIR/100 patient‐years, 258.8) receiving apremilast 20 mg twice daily reported an AE. Across all exposure periods examined, most AEs were mild to moderate in severity. During the placebo‐controlled period, similar rates of serious AEs (SAEs) were observed among patients receiving either dose of apremilast compared with placebo. During weeks 0 to ≤52, 6.5% (EAIR/100 patient‐years, 7.9) of patients receiving apremilast 30 mg twice daily and 5.6% (EAIR/100 patient‐years, 6.8) receiving 20 mg twice daily reported an SAE; the incidence of SAEs during the longer‐term apremilast‐exposure periods was generally similar (Table 2).
Table 2.
Overview of adverse events
| Placebo‐Controlled Period a | Apremilast‐Exposure Period b | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weeks 0 to 24 | Weeks 0 to ≤52 | Weeks >52 to ≤104 | Weeks >104 to ≤156 | |||||||||||||||
| Apremilast | Apremilast | Apremilast | Apremilast | |||||||||||||||
| AE Overview, n (%) | Placebo n = 495 | EAIR/100 pt‐yrs | 30 mg BID n = 497 | EAIR/100 pt‐yrs | 20 mg BID n = 501 | EAIR/100 pt‐yrs | 30 mg BID n = 721 | EAIR/100 pt‐yrs | 20 mg BID n = 720 | EAIR/100 pt‐yrs | 30 mg BID n = 520 | EAIR/100 pt‐yrs | 20 mg BID n = 508 | EAIR/100 pt‐yrs | 30 mg BID n = 443 | EAIR/100 pt‐yrs | 20 mg BID n = 422 | EAIR/100 pt‐yrs |
| Any AE | 235 (47.5) | 200.7 | 302 (60.8) | 272.0 | 308 (61.5) | 258.8 | 524 (72.7) | 194.9 | 507 (70.4) | 178.5 | 316 (60.8) | 109.1 | 325 (64.0) | 120.2 | 284 (64.1) | 112.6 | 272 (64.5) | 114.2 |
| Any SAE | 19 (3.8) | 11.5 | 19 (3.8) | 9.2 | 17 (3.4) | 8.0 | 47 (6.5) | 7.9 | 40 (5.6) | 6.8 | 35 (6.7) | 7.5 | 39 (7.7) | 8.8 | 40 (9.0) | 9.8 | 33 (7.8) | 8.6 |
| Any AE leading to study drug withdrawal | 21 (4.2) | 12.5 | 36 (7.2) | 17.4 | 28 (5.6) | 13.3 | 56 (7.8) | 9.3 | 52 (7.2) | 8.7 | 13 (2.5) | 2.7 | 11 (2.2) | 2.4 | 7 (1.6) | 1.7 | 9 (2.1) | 2.3 |
| Any AE leading to death | 0 (0.0) | 0.0 | 0 (0.0) | 0.0 | 1 c (0.2) | 0.5 | 0 (0.0) | 0.0 | 1 c (0.1) | 0.2 | 1 d (0.2) | 0.2 | 0 (0.0) | 0.0 | 0 (0.0) | 0.0 | 0 (0.0) | 0.0 |
| AEs reported by ≥5% of patients in any treatment group, n (%) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Diarrhea | 14 (2.8) | 8.5 | 82 (16.5) | 45.0 | 63 (12.6) | 32.8 | 112 (15.5) | 20.9 | 88 (12.2) | 16.2 | 20 (3.8) | 4.3 | 10 (2.0) | 2.2 | 12 (2.7) | 2.9 | 13 (3.1) | 3.3 |
| Nausea | 23 (4.6) | 14.0 | 80 (16.1) | 43.3 | 50 (10.0) | 25.5 | 108 (15.0) | 19.8 | 69 (9.6) | 12.3 | 11 (2.1) | 2.3 | 8 (1.6) | 1.8 | 10 (2.3) | 2.4 | 4 (0.9) | 1.0 |
| URTI | 15 (3.0) | 9.1 | 30 (6.0) | 14.8 | 35 (7.0) | 17.1 | 60 (8.3) | 10.4 | 71 (9.9) | 12.7 | 27 (5.2) | 5.8 | 40 (7.9) | 9.1 | 24 (5.4) | 5.8 | 30 (7.1) | 7.9 |
| Headache | 23 (4.6) | 14.1 | 57 (11.5) | 29.5 | 42 (8.4) | 21.2 | 75 (10.4) | 13.3 | 61 (8.5) | 10.8 | 17 (3.3) | 3.6 | 14 (2.8) | 3.1 | 12 (2.7) | 2.9 | 11 (2.6) | 2.8 |
| Nasopharyngitis | 13 (2.6) | 7.8 | 20 (4.0) | 9.8 | 2 (4.4) | 10.6 | 41 (5.7) | 7.0 | 48 (6.7) | 8.3 | 31 (6.0) | 6.7 | 29 (5.7) | 6.5 | 20 (4.5) | 4.8 | 30 (7.1) | 7.9 |
Abbreviations: AE, adverse event; BID, twice daily; EAIR, exposure‐adjusted incidence rate; pt‐yrs, patient‐years; SAE, serious adverse event; URTI, upper respiratory tract infection.
Includes data up to week 16 for early escaped placebo patients and up to week 24 for all other patients.
Includes all patients who received apremilast during the exposure interval, relative to the start of apremilast administration.
Multiorgan failure not suspected to be treatment related.
Motor vehicle accident on study day 489.
The most common AEs occurring in 5% or more of patients in any treatment group during the placebo‐controlled period were diarrhea (placebo, 2.8%; apremilast 30 mg, 16.5%; apremilast 20 mg, 12.6%), nausea (placebo, 4.6%; apremilast 30 mg, 16.1%; apremilast 20 mg, 10.0%), upper respiratory tract infection (placebo, 3.0%; apremilast 30 mg, 6.0%; apremilast 20 mg, 7.0%), and headache (placebo, 4.6%; apremilast 30 mg, 11.5%; apremilast 20 mg, 8.4%), with greater AE rates reported with apremilast treatment compared with placebo (Table 2). During weeks 0 to ≤52, AEs occurring in 5% or more of apremilast‐exposed patients were diarrhea (13.9%; EAIR/100 patient‐years, 18.6), nausea (12.3%; EAIR/100 patient‐years, 16.0), headache (9.4%; EAIR/100 patient‐years, 12.1), upper respiratory tract infection (9.1%; EAIR/100 patient‐years, 11.5), and nasopharyngitis (6.2%; EAIR/100 patient‐years, 7.7). Lower rates of diarrhea, nausea, and headache were observed during weeks >52 to ≤104 and >104 to ≤156 than was observed during weeks 0 to ≤52.
Discontinuations due to AEs during the placebo‐controlled phase occurred in 4.2% of patients receiving placebo, 7.2% receiving apremilast 30 mg twice daily, and 5.6% receiving 20 mg twice daily; during weeks 0 to ≤52, 7.8% receiving apremilast 30 mg twice daily and 7.2% receiving apremilast 20 mg twice daily discontinued use because of AEs. During weeks >52 to ≤104 and >104 to ≤156, fewer patients discontinued because of AEs (Table 2).
The majority of diarrhea and nausea events occurred during the first 2 weeks of apremilast treatment (Figure 3) and resolved within 30 days. Diarrhea and nausea events were predominantly mild or moderate in severity across all apremilast‐exposure periods examined. The incidence of these GI AEs was low with longer‐term apremilast exposure (Table 2).
Figure 3.
Time to onset of diarrhea with apremilast 30 mg twice daily (versus placebo). Percentages in each category of onset are based on the total number of events in each treatment group. Patients who received placebo and then switched to apremilast could contribute events to both treatment groups. Data after day 30 are not displayed. Abbreviations: AE, adverse event; BID, twice daily.
Likewise, GI AEs leading to discontinuation in more than two patients in any treatment group were infrequent with longer‐term apremilast exposure (Table 3). Discontinuations due to diarrhea and nausea were low and most occurred among apremilast‐treated patients during the placebo‐controlled period. Among patients receiving apremilast 30 mg twice daily, one patient discontinued use because of diarrhea during weeks >52 to ≤104, and none discontinued due to diarrhea or nausea during weeks >104 to ≤156. Among patients receiving apremilast 20 mg twice daily, none discontinued because of diarrhea or nausea during weeks >52 to ≤104, and one discontinued due to diarrhea during weeks >104 to ≤156.
Table 3.
GI AEs leading to discontinuation in more than two patients
|
Patients c , n (%) |
Placebo‐Controlled Period a | Apremilast‐Exposure Period b | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weeks 0 to 24 | Weeks 0 to ≤52 | Weeks >52 to ≤104 | Weeks >104 to ≤156 | ||||||
|
Placebo n = 495 |
Apremilast | Apremilast | Apremilast | Apremilast | |||||
|
30 mg BID n = 497 |
20 mg BID n = 501 |
30 mg BID n = 721 |
20 mg BID n = 720 |
30 mg BID n = 520 |
20 mg BID n = 508 |
30 mg BID n = 443 |
20 mg BID n = 422 |
||
| Any GI AE | 6 (1.2) | 25 (5.0) | 13 (2.6) | 35 (4.9) | 19 (2.6) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) |
| Diarrhea | 3 (0.6) | 11 (2.2) | 5 (1.0) | 14 (1.9) | 6 (0.8) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) |
| Nausea | 3 (0.6) | 13 (2.6) | 7 (1.4) | 16 (2.2) | 8 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Vomiting | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.6) | 1 (0.2) | 6 (0.8) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
|
Upper abdominal pain |
0 (0.0) | 2 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | 3 (0.4) | 4 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Abbreviations: AE, adverse event; BID, twice daily; GI, gastrointestinal.
Includes data up to week 16 for early escaped placebo patients and up to week 24 for all other patients.
Includes all patients who received apremilast during the exposure interval, relative to the start of apremilast administration.
Patients are counted under each AE that led to apremilast discontinuation.
Fewer than 2% of patients experienced an AE of weight decrease during the apremilast‐exposure periods (apremilast 30 mg: weeks 0 to ≤52, 13/721 [1.8%], weeks >52 to ≤104, 1/520 [0.2%], weeks >104 to ≤156, 1/443 [0.2%]; apremilast 20 mg: weeks 0 to ≤52, 9/720 [1.3%], weeks >52 to ≤104, 2/508 [0.4%], weeks >104 to ≤156, 0/422 [0.0%]). During the placebo‐controlled period, 22.1% of patients treated with apremilast with weight loss greater than 5% experienced AEs of diarrhea, 14.5% experienced nausea, and 2.3% experienced vomiting.
During weeks 0 to ≤52, the mean percent change from baseline weight (kg) was −1.03% in patients receiving apremilast 30 mg twice daily, with similar weight change observed with apremilast 20 mg twice daily; weight change was generally similar for the apremilast‐exposure periods (weeks >52 to ≤104 and weeks >104 to ≤156) (Table 4). Most patients maintained their weight within 5% of baseline during each of the three long‐term apremilast‐exposure periods. Results with apremilast 20 mg twice daily were similar (Table 4).
Table 4.
Weight change from baseline in the apremilast‐exposure period a
| Apremilast | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weeks 0 to ≤52 | Weeks >52 to ≤104 | Weeks >104 to ≤156 | ||||
|
30 mg BID n = 721 |
20 mg BID n = 720 |
30 mg BID n = 520 |
20 mg BID n = 508 |
30 mg BID n = 443 |
20 mg BID n = 422 |
|
| Weight change from baseline, mean, kg b | −0.92 | −1.20 | −1.32 | −1.36 | −1.31 | −1.14 |
| Percent weight change from baseline, mean, kg b | −1.03 | −1.26 | −1.44 | −1.30 | −1.37 | −1.09 |
| Patients with ≥5% change in weight from baseline, n/m c (%) b | ||||||
| >5% loss from baseline | 99/711 (13.9) | 103/708 (14.5) | 123/517 (23.8) | 117/501 (23.4) | 99/441 (22.4) | 100/419 (23.9) |
| >5% gain from baseline | 36/711 (5.1) | 27/708 (3.8) | 44/517 (8.5) | 58/501 (11.6) | 46/441 (10.4) | 57/419 (13.6) |
Abbreviation: BID, twice daily.
Includes all patients who received apremilast during the exposure interval, relative to the start of apremilast administration.
Data include the last postbaseline value during the exposure interval, including data up to 28 days after the last dose of apremilast (including the observational follow‐up visit).
n/m indicates the number of patients with 5% or greater change (loss or gain) in weight from baseline/number of patients with postbaseline weight data available during the exposure interval, including data up to 28 days after the last dose of apremilast (including the observational follow‐up visit).
Other AEs of interest
Overall, serious infection rates during the placebo‐controlled phase were low among patients receiving apremilast 30 mg twice daily (0.6%) and placebo (0.4%). No patients receiving apremilast 20 mg twice daily reported a serious infection during the placebo‐controlled period. During each of the three apremilast‐exposure periods, rates of serious infections remained low (≤1.6%) in patients receiving either dose of apremilast.
A serious opportunistic infection (cause unknown) occurred in one patient receiving placebo (ie, suppurative tenosynovitis) during weeks 0 to 24. No serious opportunistic infections were experienced with apremilast 30 mg twice daily up to 156 weeks. One (0.2%) patient, a 60‐year‐old female who received 20 mg of apremilast twice daily, experienced a serious opportunistic infection (Herpes zoster limited to one dermatome) during weeks >104 to ≤156. The event was rated as mild in severity.
No cases of tuberculosis (new or reactivation) were reported with either apremilast dose, despite study sites in areas with endemic tuberculosis, such as South Korea, South Africa, and the Russian Federation (21), and also despite enrollment of patients with a tuberculosis‐related medical history (terms reported: latent tuberculosis, n = 12; pulmonary tuberculosis, n = 5; and other tuberculosis, n = 6).
AEs of depressed mood and depression during the placebo‐controlled period were reported in zero (0.0%) and four (0.8%) patients receiving placebo, one (0.2%) and four (0.8%) receiving apremilast 30 mg twice daily, and one (0.2%) and eight (1.6%) receiving apremilast 20 mg twice daily, respectively.
During weeks 0 to ≤52, AEs of depressed mood and depression were reported in 4 (0.6%) and 7 (1.0%) patients receiving apremilast 30 mg twice daily, and 2 (0.3%) and 17 (2.4%) patients receiving apremilast 20 mg twice daily, respectively. A history of depression and/or bipolar disorder was present among patients receiving apremilast 30 mg twice daily (n = 73 [14.7%]) and 20 mg twice daily (n = 84 [16.8%]). No increase in the rates of depression or depressed mood was observed with longer‐term apremilast exposure.
No patients receiving placebo (0/495) or apremilast 30 mg twice daily (0/497) experienced suicidal ideation or suicide attempt during the placebo‐controlled period; instances of suicidal ideation (n = 1) and suicide attempt (n = 1) were observed in 0.4% (2/501) of patients receiving apremilast 20 mg twice daily. No additional AEs of suicidal ideation or suicide attempt occurred in patients receiving apremilast 20 mg twice weekly during weeks 0 to ≤52, and neither of these AEs was reported in any patient receiving apremilast 30 mg twice daily during this apremilast treatment period.
During weeks >52 to ≤104, a patient receiving apremilast 30 mg twice daily with a history of depression, bipolar affective disorder, and physical/emotional abuse attempted suicide (1/520 [0.2%]), and a patient receiving apremilast 20 mg twice daily experienced suicidal ideation (1/508 [0.2%]). Neither of these AEs was observed in any patient during weeks >104 to ≤156.
Rates (EAIRs/100 patient‐years of apremilast exposure) of malignancies were low across the apremilast dose groups throughout the 156‐week exposure period (weeks 0 to ≤52: 0.6; weeks 0 to ≤104: 0.7; weeks 0 to ≤156: 0.9) (Supplementary Table 1).
MACEs were defined to include sudden unwitnessed death, cardiovascular death (ie, sudden cardiac death, death due to MI, heart failure, stroke, or other cardiovascular death), MI, and stroke. Overall, across both apremilast dose groups, EAIRs per 100 patient‐years of apremilast exposure for adjudicated MACEs were low and remained consistent through weeks 0 to ≤52 (0.2), weeks 0 to ≤104 (0.4), and weeks 0 to ≤156 (0.5). MI and acute MI were the most frequently reported events over 156 weeks (n = 9), with five occurring in patients 65 years of age and older; relevant medical history for cardiac disorders included coronary artery disease. Other MACEs that occurred during the 156 weeks of apremilast exposure were ischemic stroke (n = 2; 0.1 EAIR/100 patient‐years), cerebrovascular accident (n = 1; 0.0 EAIR/100 patient‐years), cerebral infarction (n = 1; 0.0 EAIR/100 patient‐years), and brain stem stroke (n = 1; 0.0 EAIR/100 patient‐years) (Supplementary Table 1).
During all three apremilast‐exposure periods, few patients experienced clinically meaningful abnormalities in hematology and clinical chemistry postbaseline laboratory values, and most values returned to baseline with continued treatment. Additionally, observed clinically meaningful abnormalities in laboratory values had no meaningful treatment or dose effect (Table 5). Most patients exhibited values within the normal range at baseline for all laboratory parameters evaluated, including neutrophils, leukocytes, and platelets, and the majority of patients continued to maintain values within the normal range for all parameters throughout longer‐term apremilast exposure to 156 weeks or fewer. Clinically important shifts in patients with normal baseline laboratory values were infrequent (Supplementary Table 2). Longer‐term apremilast exposure lacked new safety signals and was consistent with previously reported safety results up to week 52 (17, 18, 19).
Table 5.
Clinically meaningful abnormalities in select clinical laboratory variables in the apremilast‐exposure period a
| Patients, n/m b (%) | Apremilast | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weeks 0 to ≤52 | Weeks >52 to ≤104 | Weeks >104 to ≤156 | ||||
|
30 mg BID n = 721 |
20 mg BID n = 720 |
30 mg BID n = 520 |
20 mg BID n = 508 |
30 mg BID n = 443 |
20 mg BID n = 422 |
|
| ALT >3x ULN | 9/713 (1.3) | 8/713 (1.1) | 2/518 (0.4) | 1/502 (0.2) | 2/442 (0.5) | 2/419 (0.5) |
| AST >3x ULN | 4/713 (0.6) | 4/713 (0.6) | 1/518 (0.2) | 1/502 (0.2) | 3/442 (0.7) | 3/419 (0.7) |
| Creatinine >1.7x ULN | 1/713 (0.1) | 1/713 (0.1) | 0/518 (0.0) | 0/502 (0.0) | 0/442 (0.0) | 1/419 (0.2) |
| Leukocytes <1.5, 109/l | 0/713 (0.0) | 0/712 (0.0) | 0/517 (0.0) | 0/503 (0.0) | 0/442 (0.0) | 0/419 (0.0) |
| Neutrophils <1, 109/l | 2/713 (0.3) | 4/712 (0.6) | 3/517 (0.6) | 2/502 (0.4) | 2/442 (0.5) | 1/419 (0.2) |
| Platelets <75, 109/l | 0/713 (0.0) | 0/712 (0.0) | 0/517 (0.0) | 1/503 (0.2) | 1/441 (0.2) | 1/419 (0.2) |
| Hemoglobin <10.5 g/dl male, <8.5 g/d female | 5/713 (0.7) | 5/712 (0.7) | 4/517 (0.8) | 0/503 (0.0) | 5/442 (1.1) | 2/419 (0.5) |
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BID, twice daily.
Represents all patients who received apremilast during the exposure interval, relative to the start of apremilast administration.
Represents the number of patients with one or more occurrences of the abnormality at any time point/number of patients with one or more postbaseline values.
DISCUSSION
Based on the analysis of clinical trial cohorts of patients with active PsA (N = 1493), apremilast demonstrated an acceptable safety profile and was generally well tolerated for up to 156 weeks in the PALACE 1, 2, and 3 studies.
As with other PDE4 inhibitors, apremilast was associated with GI AEs of predominantly mild or moderate diarrhea and nausea among patients in the PALACE safety population. The events tended to occur within the first 2 weeks of treatment and, with continued treatment, resolved within 30 days. The mechanism of diarrhea is thought to be related to PDE4 inhibition and increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels, which lead to the activation of membrane chloride channels (22) and subsequent fluid secretion in the gut, resulting in diluted digested products and watery diarrhea (23). Similarly, increases in cyclic adenosine monophosphate occurring centrally in neurons of the area postrema within the central nervous system, which controls emesis (24), and peripherally in gastric mucosal parietal cells, which subsequently increase gastric acid secretion, are thought to contribute to the mechanism of nausea related to PDE4 inhibition (25). If patients develop severe diarrhea, nausea, or vomiting with apremilast use, a dose reduction or suspension of apremilast should be considered, as noted in package labeling.
During the placebo‐controlled period, 4.6% of patients receiving placebo, 12.3% receiving apremilast 30 mg twice daily, and 14.0% receiving apremilast 20 mg twice daily experienced weight loss greater than 5%. Of these patients, 4.3%, 24.6%, and 20.0% experienced diarrhea, 4.3%, 9.8%, and 18.6% experienced nausea, and 0.0%, 3.3%, and 1.4% experienced vomiting, respectively. During the long‐term apremilast‐exposure period, approximately 20% of patients experienced weight loss greater than 5%. Weight loss was not associated with GI AEs of diarrhea or nausea and was not linked to major consequences typically associated with abnormal or severe weight loss. Weight loss observed with apremilast in the current analyses was consistent with that observed in the ESTEEM phase III studies in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. Inhibition of PDE4 increases plasma levels of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) (26), which stimulates insulin secretion and inhibits glucagon secretion (27). GLP‐1 mimetics are used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and are associated with weight loss (28), and a GLP‐1‒related mechanism may account for the weight loss documented with PDE4 inhibitors, including apremilast. As per guidance in apremilast package labeling, if unexplained or clinically significant weight loss occurs, weight loss should be evaluated and discontinuation of apremilast should be considered.
Although depression has been reported as an AE with PDE4 inhibitors (29), rates of depression in this analysis were not elevated when compared with rates seen in patients with PsA (13). Attempted suicide and suicidal ideation during the long‐term exposure period were rare. According to data from the 2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 3.7% of individuals 18 years of age or older in the United States had thoughts of suicide, 1.0% had made plans to commit suicide, and 0.5% had attempted suicide (30).
Concerns with long‐term treatment options for PsA include serious opportunistic infections, MACEs, and malignancies. In this analysis, rates for these events were low, with no increase over long‐term exposure. MACEs and malignancy rates were aligned with those in the general PsA population (31). Background incidence rates per 100 patient‐years of 0.39 for acute MI and 0.32 for stroke have been reported in a cohort of PsA patients in a large US claims database analysis (31).
Rates of overall malignancy reported in the literature vary depending on the approach used in capturing and verifying such events. An incidence of 0.56 per 100 patient‐years in PsA patients was reported in an analysis of the CORRONA database (32), and a 0.98 standardized incidence rate was reported in a cohort from the University of Toronto Psoriatic Arthritis Clinic (14).
Breast cancer and nonmelanoma skin cancer were reported in 3 and 11 patients, respectively, with EAIRs in the expected range; background incidence rates per 100 patient‐years of 0.20 for breast cancer and 0.21 for nonmelanoma skin cancer have been reported in the CORRONA analysis (32). Most other cancer types were reported in one patient each in the current analysis. Also consistent with the CORRONA analysis (32), patients 65 years of age or older in the current analysis had slightly higher rates of malignancy overall, but there were a limited number of events (n = 5) and only one case for each of the cancer types encountered.
Despite the availability of DMARD and biologic treatments for patients with active PsA, a desire still exists for long‐term therapy that does not require routine laboratory monitoring or temporary or permanent discontinuation due to laboratory abnormalities or tolerability issues. The current analysis further demonstrates that discontinuations of apremilast treatment due to AEs remains low over time and routine laboratory monitoring may not be required; clinically meaningful abnormalities were infrequent and transient, and most patients maintained laboratory parameters within the normal range across all three apremilast‐exposure periods.
The studies discussed in the current analysis did not include a long‐term placebo‐controlled arm; therefore, it is not possible to assess the long‐term rates of AEs within this study for patients not on apremilast. Because of the controlled setting associated with clinical trials, and the limited comorbidities and biologic failures in the PALACE population, results from our analyses may not be easily interpreted to PsA patients in the general community. Data on the efficacy and safety of apremilast in the real‐world setting are providing insight into the use of apremilast in the general population (33, 34).
In conclusion, this pooled safety analysis of patients with active PsA demonstrates that long‐term treatment with apremilast is generally safe and well tolerated, with no need for routine laboratory monitoring; no new safety concerns were identified with long‐term treatment.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
All authors were involved in drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual contact, and all authors approved the final version to be published. Dr. Mease had full access to all of the data in the pooled study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Study conception and design
Mease, Gladman.
Acquisition of data
Mease, Gladman, Gomez‐Reino, Hall, Kavanaugh, Lespessailles, Schett, Paris, Delev, Teng, Wollenhaupt.
Analysis and interpretation of data
Mease, Gladman, Gomez‐Reino, Hall, Kavanaugh, Lespessailles, Schett, Paris, Delev, Teng, Wollenhaupt.
Supporting information
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Writing support was funded by Celgene Corporation and Amgen, Inc, and provided by Kristin Carlin, RPh, MBA, of Peloton Advantage, LLC, an OPEN Health company. Qualified researchers may request data from Amgen clinical studies. Complete details are available at http://www.amgen.com/datasharing.
These studies were sponsored by Celgene Corporation.
Dr. Mease has received grant and research support from and served as a consultant for AbbVie, Amgen Inc, Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Celgene Corporation, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Genentech, Gilead, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Sun, and UCB (less than $10,000 each for grant and research support; more than $10,000 each for consulting), and has served on the speakers bureau for AbbVie, Amgen Inc, Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Genentech, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB (less than $10,000 each). Dr. Gladman has received grant and research support and has served as a consultant for AbbVie, Amgen Inc, Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Celgene Corporation, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Gilead, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB (less than $10,000 each). Dr. Gomez‐Reino has received grant and research support from Roche and Schering‐Plough and has served as a consultant for Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Roche, Schering‐Plough, and UCB (less than $10,000 each). Dr. Hall has served as a consultant to Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Roche, Schering‐Plough, Servier, and Wyeth (less than $10,000 each); has been a paid instructor for Amgen Inc, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Centocor, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, Sanofi Aventis, Sanofi Pasteur, Schering‐Plough, Serono, and Wyeth; and has served on the speakers bureau for Boehringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi Aventis, Schering‐Plough, and Wyeth (less than $10,000 each). Dr. Kavanaugh has received grant and research support from Abbott, Amgen Inc, AstraZeneca, Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Celgene Corporation, Centocor, Janssen, Pfizer, Roche, and UCB (less than $10,000 each). Dr. Lespessailles has received grant and research support from and served on the speakers bureau for Amgen Inc, Eli Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, and UCB (less than $10,000 each). Dr. Schett has received grant and research support and served as a consultant for Abbott, Celgene Corporation, Roche, and UCB (less than $10,000). Dr. Paris, Dr. Delev, and Dr. Teng are employees of Amgen Inc and former employees of Celgene Corporation. Dr. Wollenhaupt has received grant and research support from and served as a consultant for Abbott, Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, and UCB (less than $10,000). No other disclosures relevant to this article were reported.
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Supplementary Material