Surge in Delayed Myocardial Infarction Presentations

Abstract

This case series summarizes our experience of delayed acute myocardial infarction presentations during the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic predominantly driven by patient fear of contracting the virus in the hospital. Many presented with complications rarely seen in the primary percutaneous coronary intervention era including ventricular septal rupture, left ventricular pseudoaneurysm, and right ventricular infarction. (Level of Difficulty: Beginner.)

Graphical abstract

This case series summarizes our experience of delayed acute myocardial infarction presentations during the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic predominantly…

Several reports have emerged highlighting a drastic drop in the number of acute myocardial infarctions (MIs), particularly ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions (STEMI), since the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic began late last year. This seemingly has been an unintended yet not unexpected consequence of “social distancing,” which has “flattened” the curve of COVID-19 cases on the one hand while also dramatically decreasing STEMI presentations to the hospital. Is this phenomenon an added blessing of social distancing whereby elimination of the many population-attributable triggers of MI such as traffic exposure, air pollution, moderate to intense physical exertion, and stress have actually decreased the incidence of MI? (1). The concerning antithesis to this assumption is the following: Are patients with MIs too afraid to seek prompt medical attention out of fear of potential health care exposure to the virus with consequent morbidity and mortality? Although it may be too late to wait for the real answer until population-based studies with sound scientific methods are conducted, the recently reported 400% increase in at-home cardiac arrests in New York City being solely attributed to COVID-19 is alarming. Could a large proportion of these patients represent MI cases who are too petrified to come to the emergency department?

Learning Objectives

• •To understand the potential scope and adverse outcomes of late MI presentations during the pandemic due to fear of contracting infection.
• •To institute public awareness and education regarding the potential hazards of delayed presentation with concerning symptoms of MI.

New Jersey is the second most affected state in the United States by the COVID-19 pandemic with over 134,000 confirmed cases and nearly 9,000 deaths as of May 8, 2020 (2). We have seen a dramatic drop in all spectra of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) cases over the past 6 weeks. Among those who have presented with acute MI to our hospital, we present a case series of 10 patients from our cardiac catheterization laboratory in central New Jersey highlighting a concerning pattern.

This case series provides a troubling snapshot of acute MI presentations in non-COVID patients at one of the busiest cardiac care hospitals in New Jersey during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. From March 1, 2020, to April 25, 2020, our cardiac catheterization laboratory saw a significant drop in the number of STEMI cases. Ten patients presenting with acute MI, all of whom had delayed presentation, are summarized in Table 1. Details of their clinical presentations, electrocardiograms, procedures, and outcomes are summarized in the Supplemental Appendix and Supplemental Figures 1 to 20.

Table 1.

Case Series of 10 Acute MI Patients With Delayed Presentations

Case #	Age (yrs)/Sex	Time to Presentation (Onset of Symptoms to Presentation to ER)	ECG Findings	Anatomic Findings	Complications	LVEF (%)
1	77/male	48 h	Inferior STE and Q waves (II, III, aVF)	100% RCA occlusion, TIMI flow grade 0	CHF	45
2	76/male	48 h	Anteroseptal STE and Q waves (V1–V3)	100% ostial LAD occlusion, TIMI flow grade 0	LVEDP 36 mm Hg CHF	35–40
3	86/female	72 h	Anteroseptal STE and Q waves (V1–V3)	95% mid-LAD stenosis, TIMI flow grade 2	LVEDP 29 mm Hg CHF	40–45
4	77/female	48 h	T-wave inversion V1, V2	99% mid-LAD, TIMI flow grade 1	None	50–55
5	75/female	7 days	Inferolateral STE Inferior Q waves Broad R waves V1–V2	Tortuous 100% mid-RCA occlusion with TIMI flow grade 0 80% distal left main 80% proximal LAD	Post-MI VSD Basal inferolateral wall pseudoaneurysm IABP	50–55
6	47/male	5 days	Inferior STE ST-segment depressions V1–V2	100% LCX, TIMI flow grade 0	Cardiac arrest on presentation CHF	35–40
7	79/male	24 h	Inferior STE Anterolateral STE	100% ostial RCA occlusion, TIMI flow grade 0 Cardiac standstill	Cardiogenic shock RV failure Ventricular fibrillation Impella CP	20–25
8	64/male	7 days	Inferior STE Posterior infarct	Multiple lesions in sequential saphenous venous graft to posterior descending artery with 100% occluded posterolateral branch	None	50
9	61/female	14 days	Sinus arrhythmia Nonspecific T-wave abnormalities	100% proximal RCA occlusion with TIMI flow grade 0	None	50
10	84/male	48 h	Biventricular pacing PVC	100% proximal LAD, TIMI flow grade 0, occluded LIMA to LAD 99% ramus intermedius stenosis Subtotally occluded left circumflex	Prolonged hospital course, CHF, hemodialysis due to contrast-induced nephropathy	20

CHF = congestive heart failure; LVEDP = left ventricular end-diastolic pressure; MI = myocardial infarction; STE = ST-segment elevation; VSD = ventricular septal defect; other abbreviations as in Figures 1 and 2.

A unifying theme among all cases was delayed presentation with extremely prolonged ischemic times defined as symptom onset to arrival to the emergency room. This delay was mainly driven by fear of seeking medical attention because of the risk of health care exposure and contracting the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. However, all patients eventually tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 by polymerase chain reaction assays. Patients often presented critically ill with high-risk features such as significant left ventricular dysfunction, atrioventricular block, ventricular arrhythmias, and cardiac arrest. The majority required complex coronary interventions with some requiring mechanical circulatory support for cardiogenic shock. For example, Case 7 illustrates a patient who presented with a total ischemic time over 18 h and was found to be in complete heart block (Figure 1A). On arrival to the catheterization laboratory, the patient developed cardiac arrest and underwent complex coronary intervention of a totally occluded ostial right coronary artery (RCA) during active cardiopulmonary resuscitation and repeated defibrillation therapy, ultimately requiring mechanical circulatory support (Figure 1B, Videos 1, 2, 3, and 4). Case 5 demonstrates a patient who presented with an inferolateral STEMI after having chest discomfort for 1 week (Figure 2A). She was found to have an occluded mid-RCA with severe left main disease and a totally occluded left circumflex artery. Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction flow grade 3 was established during percutaneous intervention, and an intra-aortic balloon pump was placed (Figure 2B, Videos 5 and 6). The patient developed a ventricular septal rupture and a posterior wall pseudoaneurysm and was taken urgently to surgery (Figure 2C, Videos 7, 8, 9, and 10).

Figure 1.

Delayed Presentation Inferior Wall MI

(A) A 12-lead electrocardiogram showing complete heart block and inferoposterolateral ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction with junctional escape rhythm in a 79-year-old man with delayed presentation complicated by cardiogenic shock. (B) (a) Ostial right coronary artery (RCA) occlusion (arrow); (b) establishment of flow after wire passage and angioplasty; (c) patent left main, ostial left anterior descending (LAD), and left circumflex arteries with cardiac standstill; (d) after drug-eluting stent placement with normalized flow in the RCA; (e) after Impella CP (Abiomed, Danvers, Massachusetts) placement with mid-LAD and diagonal disease; and (f) the final angiography of the RCA.

Online Video 1.

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Flush Occlusion of Ostial RCA in a 79-Year-Old Man With Delayed Presentation Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock

Online Video 2.

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Left Coronary Angiography

Cardiac standstill can be appreciated.

Online Video 3.

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PCI of RCA With Establishment of TIMI Flow Grade 3

Patient still in cardiac arrest requiring active chest compressions.

Online Video 4.

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Stabilization of Hemodynamics Following Impella Placement

Successful PCI of RCA with good flow.

Figure 2.

Delayed Presentation Inferolateral Wall MI

(A) A 12-lead electrocardiogram showing inferoposterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction with posterolateral infarct pattern. (B) (a) RCA occlusion; (b) severe distal left main disease, proximal LAD disease, and occluded LCX; and (c and d) post wiring improved TIMI flow grade 3, revealing a severely calcified mid-RCA lesion. (C) Basal inferolateral pseudoaneurysm and ventricular septal rupture. LCX = left circumflex artery; TIMI = Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction; other abbreviations as in Figure 1.

Online Video 5.

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Mid-RCA Occlusion With TIMI Flow Grade 3

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TIMI Flow Grade 3 in RCA With Persistent High-Grade Mid-RCA Stenosis

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Apical 4-Chamber View on Transthoracic Echocardiography Showing Basal Inferoseptal Ventricular Septal Defect With Left-to-Right Color Flow During Systole

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Subcostal 4-Chamber View on Echo Showing Ventricular Septal Defect With Left-to-Right Shunt

Online Video 9.

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Two-Chamber View on Echo Showing Basal Inferior Wall Pseudoaneurysm

Online Video 10.

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Contrast Echo Showing Basal Inferior Wall Pseudoaneurysm

Multiple reports from areas deeply impacted by COVID-19 have shown a similar drop in acute MI presentations to their hospitals. A recent study from 9 hospital systems in the United States demonstrated a 38% drop in acute MI cases (3). Another large study from Northern California demonstrated weekly rates of hospitalization for acute MI decreased by 48% during the COVID-19 period (4). Other countries have shown similar data with up to 40% declines in STEMIs in Spain and parts of Italy (5). One may expect an increase in the number of acute MIs during a pandemic because of heightened environmental and psychosocial stressors such as job and financial insecurity. However, while the exact reasons for the observed decline are not clearly understood, it is hypothesized that fear of contracting SARS-CoV-2 by presenting to health care facilities is a major determinant. Our experience demonstrates an alarming pattern of delayed MI presentations associated with higher rates of adverse outcomes such as left ventricular dysfunction, cardiogenic shock, mechanical complications, and death. Another very concerning aspect of our experience was that these cases were not due to patients being unable to recognize their symptoms but rather, that they were often ignoring their symptoms in the hope they would resolve, thereby avoiding any potential health care exposure risk.

Although the concern of contracting SARS-CoV-2 is real for both patients and health care workers, it is important that it not be a deterrent in providing optimal treatments known to improve outcomes. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic at our hospital, where we have treated over 1,200 COVID patients thus far, we have developed algorithms to help streamline patients who would benefit from immediate percutaneous coronary intervention while maintaining patient and health care worker safety. One major challenge is that patients with COVID-19 may present with a STEMI syndrome but often have other conditions such as myocarditis, stress cardiomyopathy, or supply-demand mismatch that differs from an acutely occluded coronary artery. Therefore, a high index of clinical suspicion and a low threshold for testing are critical in identifying patients with known or suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection. Once the decision has been made to take the patient urgently to the cardiac catheterization laboratory, the patient should be tested and treated as a COVID-19 person under investigation until the test has resulted. Staff must use proper personal protective equipment including N95 masks, face shields or fully protective eye goggles, a bouffant cap, standard sterile gloves and gown, and a powered air-purifying respirator when performing endotracheal intubations.

Our experience demonstrates the consequences of delaying seeking medical care for patients with acute coronary syndrome. As we start to experience a second surge of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, it is crucial to educate the public that even during this pandemic, we continue to use the necessary measures needed to minimize exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and to therefore not disregard symptoms out of fear but rather seek prompt medical attention.