Sorafenib in the treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and microvascular infiltration: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Objective

Microvascular invasion is shown to be an independent risk factor for liver cancer recurrence. Timely treatment may reduce the recurrence rate and prolong total survival time. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of sorafenib in treating patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and microvascular invasion

Methods

A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, web of science and Cochrane Library databases for articles published up to December 2019. Two researchers independently reviewed and cross-checked independent reports with sufficient information. A meta-analysis was conducted to assess the impact of sorafenib on mortality in patients with HCC and microvascular involvement.

Results

Four studies were included in the qualitative and quantitative analyses, comprising 955 cancer events and 505 cancer deaths. Meta-analyses showed that sorafenib treatment was associated with an improved survival rate versus no sorafenib treatment in patients with HCC and microvascular invasion (relative risk 1.369, 95% confidence interval 1.193, 1.570).

Conclusions

Sorafenib treatment may improve survival in patients with HCC and microvascular invasion. However, due to the potential for residual confounding, the results should be interpreted with caution.

Introduction

Liver cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. In particular, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death, the fifth most common cancer in men and the seventh most common cancer in women.^1,2 Partial hepatectomy is the preferred treatment for patients with early HCC,³ but approximately 70% of patients relapse within 5 years following hepatectomy,⁴ and about 30% of patients with recurrent HCC perform poorly at the time of mid-term diagnosis.⁵ Hepatocellular carcinoma with microvascular invasion is very common, and microvascular invasion is often associated with early recurrence of tumours and reduced survival. Microvascular invasion refers to the presence of cancer cell nests in the vascular lumen lined by endothelial cells, viewed under the microscope, mainly including branches of the portal vein (including intrathecal vessels).^6–8 Microvascular invasion occurs in approximately 15–60% of patients with HCC, and relevant studies have shown that microvascular invasion is an independent risk factor for early recurrence.^9–12 Although a few studies have shown that some complementary therapies may help,^13,14 there is no commonly accepted adjuvant therapy following hepatectomy.¹⁵

Sorafenib is an effective multi-kinase inhibitor that inhibits tumour angiogenesis and proliferation by interfering with the binding of serine/threonine kinases to receptor tyrosine kinases.¹⁶ In addition, sorafenib is known to effect both tumour cells and endothelial cells.¹⁷ Despite multiple studies, no reliable predictive biomarkers have been identified for the response of patients with HCC to sorafenib, including sorafenib targets such as mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). However, sorafenib is considered to be an effective treatment for advanced liver cancer, and this treatment has been maintained for nearly a decade.¹⁸

In view of the global prevalence of liver cancer and the high mortality rate in patients with cancer, it is of great clinical significance to explore sorafenib in the treatment of liver cancer in daily practice. In addition, a modest increase in cancer risk translates into a huge public health and social burden. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of sorafenib on cancer mortality in patients who have HCC with microvascular invasion, via a systematic review of original published reports and meta-analysis of the relevant data.

Materials and methods

Search strategy

In this systematic review and meta-analysis, two researchers (WG and ZT) independently searched the Medline, Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Libraries, and Web of science databases for all relevant articles published between January 2000 and December 2019. Medical subject heading terms used in the search included ‘liver cancer’, ‘hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)’, ‘hepatic carcinoma’, ‘hepatoma’, ‘sorafenib’, and ‘microvascular invasion’. Titles and abstracts of the retrieved articles were independently screened by the two researchers (WG and ZT) to exclude studies that did not meet the relevant research criteria. The same two researchers then independently reviewed the full text of the remaining articles to determine if they contained the relevant information, and references were examined for any further relevant studies. In cases of incomplete information, attempts were made to contact the corresponding author of the study for more information.

Selection criteria

Selection criteria for inclusion into the present analyses were as follows: (1) study type – cohort or case–control study, or randomized controlled trial; (2) study population – patients with microvascular invasion of HCC; (3) study design – an experimental group who received sorafenib therapy and a group who’s treatment did not include sorafenib; and (4) outcome data – hazard ratio (HR), relative risk (RR), or odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), or adequate research data for incorporation into the present meta-analysis. There were no language, time, or nationality restrictions. Studies in which each participant acted as their own control (self–controlled studies) were excluded.

Data extraction

For ease of administration, references were merged together using Endnote software, version X9 (Clarivate Analytics, Philadelphia, PA, USA). The two researchers (WG and ZT) independently extracted relevant data from eligible studies, including the study's lead author, publication date, country, research methods, data sources, research time, duration of follow-up, study population characteristics (age and sex), exposure, test dose definition, duration of relevant risk assessment (HR, RR, OR and 95% CI) and relevant confounding factors. To account for any combination therapy, the experimental group was defined as treatment with sorafenib and the control group was defined as treatment without sorafenib.

Quality assessment

The quality of cohort studies was evaluated using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale.¹⁹ In this scale, a study is divided into three categories and scored using a star system: subject selection (maximum 4 stars), study group comparability (maximum 2 stars), result/exposure assessment (maximum 3 stars). Studies are categorized into low quality (0–5 stars) or high quality (6–9 stars).

Statistical analyses

Study data were statistically analysed using STATA software, version 15 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA). All resultant P values were bilateral, and a P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using Higgins and Thompson's I² statistic, where I² >50% represents high heterogeneity and I² <50% indicates low heterogeneity.²⁰ Begg’s funnel plot method was used to test for publication bias. DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model or a fixed-effects model was used as the data pooling method.

Results

The results of the systematic search process are summarised in Figure 1. Four related studies were reviewed,^21–24 with a total of 955 patients with HCC and microvascular invasion, and 505 cancer-related deaths. The characteristics of the included studies are summarized in Table 1. All patients with liver cancer included in the sorafenib treatment group underwent hepatectomy and were treated with sorafenib after surgery.

Figure 1.

Flow chart of article selection.

Table 1.

Characteristics of the four studies included in the meta-analysis.

Publication	Design	Country	Study population	Total subjects	NOS score	Exposure and control definitions	Median follow-up, months	Adjusting factors
21Huang, 2019	Cohort	China	Patients with HCC and microvascular infiltration	49	6	Ex: sorafenib following hepatectomy (n = 16); C: no sorafenib following hepatectomy (n = 33)	22.2	Study exposure
22Peng, 2019	Cohort	China	Patients with recurrent HCC and microvascular infiltration following hepatectomy	127	6	Ex: sorafenib with TACE (n = 55); C: TACE alone (n = 72)	34.5	Study exposure and TACE
23Zhang, 2019	Cohort	China	Patients with HCC and microvascular infiltration	728	7	Ex: sorafenib following LR (n = 147); C: LR alone (n = 581)	Not reported	Study exposure
24Bi, 2019	Cohort	China	Patients with HCC and microvascular infiltration	51	6	Ex: sorafenib following hepatic resection (n = 27); C: hepatic resection alone (n = 24)	Not reported	Study exposure

Data presented as n prevalence.

HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; NOS, Newcastle–Ottawa scale; Ex, exposure group; C, controls; TACE, transarterial chemoembolization; LR, liver resection.

Sorafenib treatment was shown to be associated with significantly improved survival in patients with HCC and microvascular invasion versus patients without sorafenib treatment (RR 1.369, 95% CI 1.193, 1.570; P < 0.001; Figure 2). There was no significant heterogeneity between the four included studies (P = 0.352 >0.01; I² = 8.2%; Figure 2). A subgroup analysis of the three studies that used sorafenib alone also showed improved survival versus no sorafenib treatment (RR 1.368, 95% CI 1.188, 1.576; P < 0.001), and there was no obvious heterogeneity between the three studies (P = 0.195 >0.01; I² = 38.3%). Analyses of potential publication bias revealed that there was no publication bias (z = 1.02 >0.05, Pr > z = 0.308; Figure 3). Through the sensitivity analysis, it could be concluded that there is no significant difference among the four studies, with good consistency (Figure 4).

Figure 2.

Forest plot of the relationship between the use of sorafenib and outcome of treatment in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma with microvascular invasion.

Figure 3.

Begg’s funnel plot showing no publication bias in the four included studies.

Figure 4.

Sensitivity analysis of the four included studies.

Discussion

Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common cancers in the world.²⁵ With improvements in technology, the treatment of liver cancer has made great progress. Surgical resection remains the first-line treatment for early and intermediate HCC, however, the recurrence rate following tumour resection is high, and the long-term survival rate of patients is low.^26,27 Microvascular invasion is a manifestation of tumour invasion of endothelial cells, and microvascular invasion often leads to poor prognosis.^9,10 Hepatectomy is a safe and effective method to treat liver cancer, however, microvascular invasion greatly increases the risk of cancer recurrence following hepatectomy. Several studies have demonstrated that radiofrequency ablation and transarterial chemoembolization are effective treatments for recurrence after hepatectomy and for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma with venular invasion.^28–30 A study involving an orthotopic mouse model found that sorafenib prevented the recurrence and metastasis of liver tumours.³¹ Another study revealed a positive effect with sorafenib adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery in patients with liver cancer with microvascular invasion.³² Therefore, theoretically, the anti-angiogenesis, apoptosis and anti-proliferation effects of sorafenib make it an ideal drug choice following hepatectomy, but there are few relevant published studies to support the theory.

Although the mechanism behind the action of sorafenib is unclear, related studies suggest that sorafenib may be an enzyme inhibitor, whose effect is to inhibit vascular endothelial hyperplasia and thus inhibit microvascular invasion. For example, VEGF is a major factor in the mechanism of tumour angiogenesis and sorafenib has been shown to block serine/threonine kinases (c-RAF and b-RAF) and receptor tyrosine kinases (VEGF receptors 2 and 3, platelet-derived growth factor receptor levels, and FMS tyrosine kinase 3).³³ Sorafenib was also shown to significantly inhibit the growth and migration of cancer cells in a mouse model.³¹ Wang et al.³⁴ demonstrated that sorafenib, as an adjuvant therapy for liver cancer, can prevent early recurrence after hepatectomy. Studies have also found that use of sorafenib can significantly reduce the recurrence rate and improve the survival rate in patients with liver cancer.^34–37 However, the study results vary, and it has been shown that although sorafenib can reduce the mortality of patients after radical hepatectomy, and reduce the operation time, it may not reduce the risk of tumour recurrence.³⁸

At present, there are few relevant studies on the efficacy of sorafenib in patients with liver cancer with venular metastasis, and the sample sizes in existing studies are relatively small. Thus, a meta-analysis based on relevant studies was conducted in the present study, in which the efficacy of sorafenib in treating patients with HCC with microvascular invasion was systematically reviewed in four studies. Relevant literature searches were conducted in multiple databases in the hope of retrieving articles as comprehensively as possible, and rigorous scientific methods were used to extract valid data in relevant articles. The present meta-analysis analysis of four studies, involving 955 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma with microvascular invasion, found that the use of sorafenib significantly improved the survival rate of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma with venular invasion compared with patients not treated with sorafenib (RR 1.369; 95% CI 1.193, 1.570; P <0.001), and there was no statistically significant heterogeneity between the studies (I² = 8.2%). Since there was no significant heterogeneity between studies, any sources of heterogeneity were not further explored. In addition, further subgroup analysis did not show significant heterogeneity, and the positive therapeutic effect of sorafenib was supported.

The results of the present systematic analysis may be limited by the following factors. For example, the adjustments included in the study may be incomplete and inconsistent. Confounders, such as the patient's own status (tumour stage and related complications) and the lack of detail on sorafenib use (dose and duration) in most studies will affect the overall analysis. In addition, treatment information in the studies included in the present analysis was obtained through prescription information in the patient's medical records, and any differences between the prescribed dose and the actual dose may affect the outcome. Thus, given the potential for residual confounding, the results should be interpreted with caution. Further prospective studies are required to confirm the present results and to elucidate the prognostic benefits of sorafenib.

In conclusion, the use of sorafenib was associated with reduced mortality in patients with HCC with venular invasion. However, due to the limitation of relevant research design, and considering the presence of confounding factors, the conclusions should be interpreted with caution.

Declaration of conflicting interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Funding

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

ORCID iD

Wang Gu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8869-2691 Zhong Tong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6494-7119